Evaluation of Sodium Omadine for Short-Term Preservation of Nitrate-N and Orthophosphate in Water Samples
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Nutrient Analyses
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Source Water Characterization
3.2. Nutrient Concentrations from Preserved Samples
3.2.1. Nitrate-N Results
3.2.2. Orthophosphate Results
3.3. Summary of Findings
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Research and Development. Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation of Water and Wastewater, 82nd ed.; National Service Center for Environmental Publications: Cincinnati, OH, USA, 1983; Volume 4, pp. xv–xx.
- Rainwater, F.H.; Thatcher, L.L. Methods for Collection and Analysis of Water Samples; U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Govt. Print. Off.: Washington, DC, USA, 1960; pp. 30–32.
- Fishman, M.J.; Schroder, L.J.; Shockey, M.W. Evaluation of methods for preservation of water samples for nutrient analysis. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 1986, 26, 231–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lentz, R.D. Delayed sample filtration and storage effects on dissolved nutrients measured in agricultural runoff. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2013, 44, 2952–2960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Worsfolda, P.J.; Gimberta, L.J.; Mankasingha, U.; Omakaa, O.N.; Hanrahanb, G.; Gardolinskic, P.C.; Haygarthd, P.M.; Turnere, B.L.; Keith-Roacha, M.J.; McKelvief, I.D. Sampling, sample treatment and quality assurance issues for the determination of phosphorus species in natural waters and soils. Talanta 2005, 66, 273–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gardolinski, P.C.; Hanrahan, G.; Achterberg, E.P.; Gledhill, M.; Tappin, A.D.; House, W.A.; Worsfold, P.J. Comparison of sample storage protocols for the determination of nutrients in natural waters. Water Res. 2001, 35, 3670–3678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jarvie, H.P.; Withers, J.A.; Neal, C. Review of robust measurement of phosphorus in river water: Sampling, storage, fractionation and sensitivity. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2002, 6, 113–131. [Google Scholar]
- Klingaman, E.D.; Nelson, E.D. Evaluation of methods for preserving the levels of soluble inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen in unfiltered water samples. J. Environ. Qual. 1976, 5, 42–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kotlash, A.R.; Chessman, B.C. Effects of Water Sample Preservation and Storage on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Determinations: Implications for the Use of Automated Sampling Equipment. Water Res. 1998, 32, 3731–3737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burke, P.M.; Hill, S.; Iricanin, N.; Douglas, C.; Essex, P.; Tharin, D. Evaluation of preservation methods for nutrient species collected by automatic samplers. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2002, 80, 149–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Howe, L.H.; Holley, C.W. Comparisons of mercury(II) chloride and sulfuric acid as preservatives for nitrogen forms in water samples. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1969, 3, 478–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avanzino, R.J.; Kennedy, V.C. Long-term frozen storage of stream water samples for dissolved orthophosphate, nitrate plus nitrite, and ammonia analysis. Water Resour. Res. 1993, 29, 3357–3362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Shaarawi, A.H.; Neilson, M.A. Changes in nutrient levels of lake water stored at 4C. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1984, 41, 985–988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yorks, T.; McHale, P.J. Effects of cold storage on anion, ammonium, and total nitrogen concentrations in soil water. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2000, 31, 141–148. [Google Scholar]
- Maher, W.; Woo, L. Procedures for the Storage and Digestion of Natural Waters for the Determination of Filterable Reactive Phosphorus, Total Filterable Phosphorus and Total Phosphorus. Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 375, 5–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Environmental Protection Agency. R.E.D. Fact Sheet: Sodium Omadine; United States Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA, 1996; pp. 1–8.
Water Quality Indicator | Preservation Method | Maximum Holding Time |
---|---|---|
Nitrate-N | Cool 4 °C | 48 h |
Nitrite + Nitrate-N | Cool 4 °C, H2SO4 (pH below 2) | 28 days |
Orthophosphate | Filter on-site, cool 4 °C | 48 h |
Parameter | Tile Water | Pond Water | Stream Water |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 7.72 | 8.36 | 8.23 |
Conductivity (mS/cm) | 0.42 | 0.75 | 0.46 |
Turbidity (FAU) | 4 | 13 | 3 |
DAY | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
High Temperature (°F) | 82 | 82 | 83 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 83 | |
Low Temperature (°F) | 57 | 57 | 60 | 60 | 68 | 65 | 61 | |
Average Temperature (°F) | 70 | 70 | 72 | 73 | 77 | 76 | 72 | |
TILE WATER | Control (no preservation) | |||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 14.959 | 15.026 | 14.891 | 14.541 | 14.051 | 14.350 | 14.972 | |
% change from baseline | 0.00% | 0.45% | 0.45% | −2.79% | −6.07% | −4.07% | 0.09% | |
Filtered | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 14.715 | 14.554 | 14.880 | 15.148 | 14.502 | 14.180 | 13.841 | |
% change from baseline | −1.63% | −2.71% | −0.53% | 1.26% | −3.06% | −5.21% | −7.47% | |
Sulfuric Acid | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 14.974 | 15.114 | 15.722 | 15.615 | 15.844 | 15.221 | 14.584 | |
% change from baseline | 0.10% | 1.04% | 5.10% | 4.39% | 5.92% | 1.75% | -2.51% | |
Sodium Omadine | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 14.458 | 14.120 | 14.795 | 13.893 | 14.292 | 13.944 | 14.046 | |
% change from baseline | −3.35% | −5.61% | −1.10% | −7.13% | −4.46% | −6.79% | −6.10% | |
POND WATER | Control (no preservation) | |||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 10.574 | 10.534 | 10.614 | 10.568 | 10.561 | 10.422 | 10.814 | |
% change from baseline | 0.00% | −0.38% | 0.38% | −0.06% | −0.12% | −1.44% | 2.27% | |
Filtered | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 10.375 | 10.603 | 10.147 | 10.517 | 9.946 | 10.146 | 10.078 | |
% change from baseline | −1.88% | 0.27% | −4.04% | −0.54% | −5.94% | −4.05% | −4.69% | |
Sulfuric Acid | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 11.191 | 10.398 | 10.671 | 10.980 | 10.282 | 11.231 | 10.228 | |
% change from baseline | 5.84% | −1.66% | 0.92% | 3.84% | −2.76% | 6.21% | −3.27% | |
Sodium Omadine | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 9.863 | 9.638 | 10.088 | 10.233 | 9.997 | 9.892 | 10.228 | |
% change from baseline | −6.72% | −8.85% | −4.60% | −3.22% | −5.46% | −6.45% | −3.27% | |
STREAM WATER | Control (no preservation) | |||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 12.567 | 12.432 | 12.701 | 13.601 | 12.259 | 12.378 | 13.407 | |
% change from baseline | 0.00% | −1.07% | 1.07% | 8.23% | −2.45% | −1.50% | 6.68% | |
Filtered | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 12.240 | 12.562 | 11.918 | 12.579 | 11.868 | 12.408 | 12.866 | |
% change from baseline | −2.60% | −0.04% | −5.16% | 0.10% | −5.56% | −1.27% | 2.38% | |
Sulfuric Acid | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 13.248 | 12.163 | 13.814 | 12.112 | 12.701 | 11.781 | 12.856 | |
% change from baseline | 5.42% | −3.21% | 9.92% | −3.62% | 1.07% | −6.25% | 2.30% | |
Sodium Omadine | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 11.934 | 11.986 | 11.881 | 11.783 | 11.786 | 11.803 | 12.583 | |
% change from baseline | −5.04% | −4.62% | −5.46% | −6.24% | −6.21% | −6.08% | 0.13% |
Tile Water | ||||||||
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | Day | ||||||
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Baseline | Control | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.875 | 0.428 | 0.132 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Filtered | 0.900 | 0.563 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.430 | 0.044 | 0.667 |
Baseline | Sulfuric Acid | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.055 | 0.604 | 0.900 | 0.754 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Sodium Omadine | 0.795 | 0.060 | 0.900 | 0.205 | 0.140 | 0.019 | 0.849 |
Pond Water | ||||||||
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | Day | ||||||
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Baseline | Control | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.736 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Filtered | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.627 | 0.900 | 0.115 | 0.046 | 0.518 |
Baseline | Sulfuric Acid | 0.448 | 0.857 | 0.900 | 0.728 | 0.692 | 0.003 | 0.770 |
Baseline | Sodium Omadine | 0.422 | 0.003 | 0.526 | 0.826 | 0.161 | 0.002 | 0.770 |
Stream Water | ||||||||
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | Day | ||||||
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Baseline | Control | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.152 | 0.499 | 0.900 | 0.345 |
Baseline | Filtered | 0.775 | 0.900 | 0.273 | 0.900 | 0.055 | 0.900 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Sulfuric Acid | 0.169 | 0.501 | 0.014 | 0.770 | 0.900 | 0.690 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Sodium Omadine | 0.291 | 0.200 | 0.231 | 0.358 | 0.032 | 0.708 | 0.900 |
DAY | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
High Temperature (°F) | 82 | 82 | 83 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 83 | |
Low Temperature (°F) | 57 | 57 | 60 | 60 | 68 | 65 | 61 | |
Average Temperature (°F) | 70 | 70 | 72 | 73 | 77 | 76 | 72 | |
TILE WATER | Control (no preservation) | |||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.033 | 0.972 | 1.009 | 1.003 | 0.973 | 0.976 | 0.999 | |
% change from baseline | 0.00% | −5.91% | −2.32% | −2.90% | −5.81% | −5.52% | −3.29% | |
Filtered | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 0.978 | 0.960 | 0.995 | 0.964 | 0.980 | 0.934 | 0.875 | |
% change from baseline | −5.32% | −7.07% | −3.68% | −6.68% | −5.13% | −9.58% | −15.30% | |
Sulfuric Acid | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.015 | 0.993 | 1.024 | 0.854 | 0.998 | 1.024 | 1.013 | |
% change from baseline | −1.74% | −3.87% | −0.87% | −17.33% | −3.39% | −0.87% | −1.94% | |
Sodium Omadine | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 0.965 | 0.942 | 0.987 | 1.037 | 0.970 | 1.063 | 1.148 | |
% change from baseline | −6.58% | −8.81% | −4.45% | 0.39% | −6.10% | 2.90% | 11.13% | |
POND WATER | Control (no preservation) | |||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.026 | 0.938 | 0.967 | 0.962 | 0.936 | 0.966 | 0.999 | |
% change from baseline | 0.00% | −8.58% | −5.75% | −6.24% | −8.77% | −5.85% | −2.63% | |
Filtered | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 0.888 | 0.850 | 0.906 | 0.875 | 0.816 | 0.863 | 0.923 | |
% change from baseline | −13.45% | −17.15% | −11.70% | −14.72% | −20.47% | −15.89% | −10.04% | |
Sulfuric Acid | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.082 | 1.041 | 1.090 | 1.069 | 1.090 | 0.950 | 1.113 | |
% change from baseline | 5.46% | 1.46% | 6.24% | 4.19% | 6.24% | −7.41% | 8.48% | |
Sodium Omadine | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 0.956 | 0.864 | 0.917 | 0.838 | 0.875 | 0.891 | 0.892 | |
% change from baseline | −6.82% | −15.79% | −10.62% | −18.32% | −14.72% | −13.16% | −13.06% | |
STREAM WATER | Control (no preservation) | |||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.095 | 1.056 | 1.067 | 1.135 | 1.028 | 1.043 | 0.965 | |
% change from baseline | 0.00% | −3.56% | −2.56% | 3.65% | −6.12% | −4.75% | −11.87% | |
Filtered | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.001 | 0.987 | 1.014 | 1.032 | 1.014 | 0.965 | 0.991 | |
% change from baseline | −8.58% | −9.86% | −7.40% | −5.75% | −7.40% | −11.87% | −9.50% | |
Sulfuric Acid | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.059 | 1.009 | 1.056 | 0.975 | 0.951 | 0.987 | 1.069 | |
% change from baseline | −3.29% | −7.85% | −3.56% | −10.96% | −13.15% | −9.86% | −2.37% | |
Sodium Omadine | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.134 | 1.040 | 1.103 | 0.971 | 1.076 | 1.019 | 0.998 | |
% change from baseline | 3.56% | −5.02% | 0.73% | −11.32% | −1.74% | −6.94% | −8.86% |
Tile Water | ||||||||
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | Day | ||||||
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Baseline | Control | 0.900 | 0.164 | 0.510 | 0.900 | 0.028 | 0.246 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Filtered | 0.115 | 0.049 | 0.160 | 0.900 | 0.088 | 0.021 | 0.156 |
Baseline | Sulfuric Acid | 0.876 | 0.393 | 0.900 | 0.500 | 0.262 | 0.900 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Sodium Omadine | 0.073 | 0.014 | 0.071 | 0.900 | 0.021 | 0.741 | 0.389 |
Pond Water | ||||||||
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | Day | ||||||
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Baseline | Control | 0.900 | 0.052 | 0.139 | 0.022 | 0.081 | 0.900 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Filtered | 0.135 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.485 | 0.305 |
Baseline | Sulfuric Acid | 0.797 | 0.900 | 0.099 | 0.134 | 0.281 | 0.900 | 0.451 |
Baseline | Sodium Omadine | 0.663 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.634 | 0.124 |
Stream Water | ||||||||
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | Day | ||||||
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Baseline | Control | 0.900 | 0.538 | 0.223 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.103 |
Baseline | Filtered | 0.082 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.900 | 0.821 | 0.267 | 0.232 |
Baseline | Sulfuric Acid | 0.762 | 0.037 | 0.054 | 0.617 | 0.416 | 0.430 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Sodium Omadine | 0.782 | 0.246 | 0.900 | 0.591 | 0.900 | 0.764 | 0.285 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dunderman, L.; Verma, S.; Davidson, P. Evaluation of Sodium Omadine for Short-Term Preservation of Nitrate-N and Orthophosphate in Water Samples. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071450
Dunderman L, Verma S, Davidson P. Evaluation of Sodium Omadine for Short-Term Preservation of Nitrate-N and Orthophosphate in Water Samples. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(7):1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071450
Chicago/Turabian StyleDunderman, Lucia, Siddhartha Verma, and Paul Davidson. 2019. "Evaluation of Sodium Omadine for Short-Term Preservation of Nitrate-N and Orthophosphate in Water Samples" Applied Sciences 9, no. 7: 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071450
APA StyleDunderman, L., Verma, S., & Davidson, P. (2019). Evaluation of Sodium Omadine for Short-Term Preservation of Nitrate-N and Orthophosphate in Water Samples. Applied Sciences, 9(7), 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071450