A New Hybrid Reciprocating Compressor Model Coupled with Acoustic FEM Characterization and Gas Dynamics

Accurate comprehension of thermodynamic demeanor and pressure pulsation propagation is of great attractiveness in a reciprocating compressor system. To consider the reciprocal interaction between compressor and pipelines, a hybrid numerical model is thus built by coupling the in-cylinder lumped parameter approach, in-pipe 1D gas dynamics and 3D acoustic characteristics of chambers. The transmission and reflection coefficients of a geometrically complex chamber are achieved by the definition of an acoustic characterization method based on acoustic FEM simulation data, with a high level of accuracy. Numerical results of this new hybrid model are compared with predictions from the traditional hybrid model with in-pipe 1D gas dynamics, together with experimental data. Through comparison analysis, the advantages are highlighted in using the acoustic FEM characterization for complex elements since the new model performs numerical solution without introducing any simplifications to the geometry of fluid domain.


Introduction
Energy demands in developing countries such as South Africa, India, Brazil and China have marked a sharp increase based on the statistical data among 69 countries [1].To be conclusive, most energy supply rooting from fossil fuels is the main energy consumption characteristic in these countries.On one hand, currently improper energy structure should be improved by increasing application of renewable energy such as wind, solar and biomass; on the other hand, techniques should be developed to enhance the overall energy efficiency.
One possible way to improve energy efficiency is optimizing the working performance and reliability of reciprocating compressor since it is an important component in many industries such as refrigeration systems, petrochemical plants and civil applications, and has a significant role among the total energy consumption.Particular attention should be paid to the enhancement of thermodynamic efficiency and the control of pressure pulsation which may induce local noise and piping vibration.In this view, contribution of a well-tuned numerical model in the preliminary design process is unquestionable for evaluating the compressor performance and preventing its matching mistakes.
The developed model must preserve the accuracy to meet the engineering demands without damaging the computational cost.
Reciprocating compressor models based on 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) give the most detailed characterization of performance without simplifying complex geometries.Aigner [2] investigated valve motion and internal flow inside compression chamber by employing simplified effective flow area within the valve flow and force.Kim et al. [3] applied 3D compressible Reynolds-averaged numerical model to examine the compressor flow and acoustic behavior of a suction muffler.Wang et al. [4] presented an examination on the delayed colure of the suction valve in a reciprocating refrigerator compressor by varying the rotational speed and valve parameters.Although most account of compressor complex geometries is taken, the 3D CFD model cannot be suitable for specific goals especially in the preliminary design phase due to the unacceptable computational cost.
The lumped parameter models being the simplified ones give results efficiently and describe the compressor performance globally.Damle et al. [5] reported a simulation model to predict thermodynamic values and energy consumption of the compressor during the compression phase.Considering leakages and frictions, Yang et al. [6] established a comprehensive numerical model to analyze the thermodynamic performance of a semi-hermetic CO2 reciprocating compressor.Liu et al. [7] examined the effects of key valve parameters on the performance of a trans-critical refrigeration compressor.Farzaneh-Gord et al. [8] numerically analyzed the effects of natural gas compositions on thermodynamic process and it was demonstrated that natural gas with lower molar weight consumes more power per cycle than natural gas with higher molar weight.Tuhovcak et al. [9] compared various integral correlations of heat transfer inside the cylinder for different compressor settings and fluids.The lumped parameter models which in-cylinder conditions are predicted by resolving energy and mass equations of cylinder control volume; however, poorly account for the reciprocal interaction between compressor and the connected pipelines.
In an attempt to handle the limitations of lumped parameter models, a few linear hybrid models have emerged in the literature which couple the acoustic description of pipelines to the lumped parameter approach.Elson and Soedel [10] reported the importance of examining pulsation effects on the thermodynamic process of reciprocating compressor with a hybrid model by using acoustic wave theory.The acoustic characteristics of pipelines were represented by four-pole method through combining the simplified acoustic elements such as pipes and volumes.Zhou et al. [11] conducted an iteration scheme to overcome the poor convergence problem of suction pressure.In all the above works the pipeline system were strongly approximated as simple pipe elements and plenum geometries together with additional correction to match experimental results.To model a detailed characterization of complex fluid domain, some authors took advantage of acoustic finite element method (FEM) for geometries with single input and single outlet [12] and geometries with multi-port [13].However, the linear hybrid models are mainly limited in the event of acoustic resonant response or pressure pulsations with large amplitude [14], especially for variable-speed compression systems due to the impossible whole resonance avoidance.
Numerical calculation of 1D unsteady gas-dynamics is much more appropriate in the analysis of pulsations.Benson et al. [15] applied the Euler method to solve equations of first thermodynamic law and mass conservation for cylinder volume and the Method of Characteristics (MOC) to calculate the second-order hyperbolic non-linear partial differential equations.Xu et al. [16] applied finite disturbance theory and four-pole method to predict pressure pulsations in a reciprocating compressor system and highlighted that the predictions of finite disturbance theory were much more accordance with experimental data than results from acoustic wave theory.Liu and Duan [17] developed a transient gas dynamic mathematical model for the simulation of compressor performance and pressure pulsations, which considered thermodynamics with gas leakage, kinematics, valve dynamics, gas flow through valves and transient unsteady flow in the duct system.Brun et al. [18] revealed that pulsations can be damped by large piping volumes with weak impedances, and conversely amplified by strong impedance systems.In a general conclusion of these first studies, one can deduce that the hybrid model with in-pipe 1D gas dynamics results in great benefits respect to both the levels of accuracy and the computational cost.This up to date case is to model complex fluid domains.
To summarize the aforesaid discussion, a question occurs: a variable-speed reciprocating compressor with multi-port complex plena is how to be modelled with a high level of trade-off between accuracy and computational cost.The previous literature survey demonstrates that few works have answered this question.This work aims to handle with this question through building in detail a new hybrid numerical model which, to the authors' best knowledge, represents a further step in the compressor modelling.This hybrid model extensively combines the lumped parameter approach, gas dynamics and acoustic FEM characterization.The modeling technique shares the advantages of the existing modelling method previously commented in the sense of mutual interaction between compressor and the pipelines, high level of details for complex fluid domains, large amplitudes of pressure pulsation and low computational cost.To this end, the hybrid model is implemented in commercially available software MATLAB and thermodynamic properties of the working fluid are obtained by calling the NIST REFPROP database [19].A comparison analysis between this model and the hybrid model with gas dynamics is carried out, together with experimental data.

Hybrid Model
The new hybrid numerical model includes three sub-models: (1) reciprocating compressor sub-model which is on the basis of a 0D quasi-steady method; (2) in-pipe gas dynamic sub-model; (3) acoustic FEM characterization of multi-port plena.The following sections describe different features of these sub-models respectively and the corresponding algorithm.

Reciprocating Compressor Sub-Model
Figure 1 schematically depicts a basic line of reciprocating compressor working unit with spring-loaded suction and discharge valves.The connecting rod converts the rotary motion of crankshaft to the linear movement of piston.In the modelling process, the piston end face, cylinder wall and cylinder cover enclose a varying control volume regulated by the increments of crank-angle.Evaluation of thermodynamic properties is performed by taking advantage of a 0D quasi-steady approach through solving the equations of first thermodynamic law and mass conservation.great benefits respect to both the levels of accuracy and the computational cost.This up to date case is to model complex fluid domains.
To summarize the aforesaid discussion, a question occurs: a variable-speed reciprocating compressor with multi-port complex plena is how to be modelled with a high level of trade-off between accuracy and computational cost.The previous literature survey demonstrates that few works have answered this question.This work aims to handle with this question through building in detail a new hybrid numerical model which, to the authors' best knowledge, represents a further step in the compressor modelling.This hybrid model extensively combines the lumped parameter approach, gas dynamics and acoustic FEM characterization.The modeling technique shares the advantages of the existing modelling method previously commented in the sense of mutual interaction between compressor and the pipelines, high level of details for complex fluid domains, large amplitudes of pressure pulsation and low computational cost.To this end, the hybrid model is implemented in commercially available software MATLAB and thermodynamic properties of the working fluid are obtained by calling the NIST REFPROP database [19].A comparison analysis between this model and the hybrid model with gas dynamics is carried out, together with experimental data.

Hybrid Model
The new hybrid numerical model includes three sub-models: (1) reciprocating compressor sub-model which is on the basis of a 0D quasi-steady method; (2) in-pipe gas dynamic sub-model; (3) acoustic FEM characterization of multi-port plena.The following sections describe different features of these sub-models respectively and the corresponding algorithm.

Reciprocating Compressor Sub-Model
Figure 1 schematically depicts a basic line of reciprocating compressor working unit with spring-loaded suction and discharge valves.The connecting rod converts the rotary motion of crankshaft to the linear movement of piston.In the modelling process, the piston end face, cylinder wall and cylinder cover enclose a varying control volume regulated by the increments of crank-angle.Evaluation of thermodynamic properties is performed by taking advantage of a 0D quasi-steady approach through solving the equations of first thermodynamic law and mass conservation.The equation of mass conservation in the control volume of Figure 1 is given by [8]: Mass flow rate through valves can be determined by the following equations which have been successfully and widely used as the standard approach for compressors [8,20]: Without considering the potential and kinetic energy reasonably, energy balance equation over the control volume based on the first law of thermodynamics is governed as follow: With the equation: Equation ( 3) is re-written as follow: in which heat exchange rate is given by the well-known formulation: To determine the convective heat transfer coefficient α, the Woschni correlation is used in this paper.It is developed and frequently used for heat transfer studies in IC engines.Also, it has been widely used in reciprocating compressors since, by neglecting the combustion source term, the common peak of the convective coefficient close to a crank angle of 180 • is shifted to the end of the compression step as it is expected for reciprocating compressors [8,21].The equation of heat transfer coefficient is defined as: In the above equation, u equals to 6.18u p for suction and discharge phases and 2.28u p for compression and expansion phases.
The instantaneous in-cylinder working volume from top dead center is: Reciprocating compressor valves are automatic, i.e., their motion is determined by pressure difference between the cylinder and suction/discharge ambient.Main hypotheses for valve dynamic calculation are: valve is a one-degree-of-freedom system, valve displacement is restricted by limiter and valve plate is rigid.Finally, the resulting equation of valve motion represented by a 2nd ordinary differential form is described by: where c eq = 2ξ kk eq m eq is damping coefficient and is often neglected [9] as its value is usually low and hard to obtain; C D is the drag coefficient which could be obtained from previous investigation [2]; ∆p is pressure difference described by p s − p cv for suction valve and described by p cv − p d for discharge valve; in order to consider the collision impact between the valve plate and valve limiter/seat, a rebound coefficient of 0.3 [22] is introduced here:

In-Pipe Gas Dynamic Sub-Model
Gas dynamic models solve the 1D non-homentropic unsteady flow with considering the variation of cross-sectional area, friction and heat transfer processes.Naturally, a non-homogeneous hyperbolic set of the continuity, momentum and energy equations with a much more conservative arrangement is given by the following equations [23]: where B 1 and B 2 are the source term vectors denoting separately the effect of area variation and the effect of heat transfer and friction between gas and wall.Closure of the conservation system is performed by equation of gas properties.Since the hyperbolic system cannot be solved analytically, it could be only computed by recurring to numerical techniques.

Acoustic FEM Characterization Sub-Model
As depicted in Figure 2, a certain fluid domain is described with multiple connecting pipes.In each pipe, pressure wave could be decomposed linearly in a natural way as a forward acoustic pressure wave p * FW i and a backward acoustic pressure wave p * BW i by means of acoustic theory.For the sake of convenience, positive direction denotes the orientation to configuration.As shown in this figure, we may interpret that p * FW i takes information with regard to the flow toward configuration.Conversely, p * BW i carries the resulting effect of the configuration on pressure wave propagation.It is summed up that p * BW i can be expressed in a linear way as a function of p * FW i with correlative transmission and reflection coefficients: where Y = ρa is acoustic impedance.
To obtain all the transmission and reflection coefficients, n FEM simulations are needed by imposing the incident pressure p * FW i at one boundary and anechoic termination to other boundaries.At i-th simulation, the reflection coefficient rc i and transmission coefficient tc ij are produced.Equation ( 13) could be written more clearly in a matrix form: Acoustic FEM has been extensively employed in compressor field [12,13].The thereon based 3D Helmholtz equation is given by: where When calculating Equation ( 16), boundary conditions (i.e., acoustic pressure, particle velocity or acoustic impedance) in the fluid domain must be defined firstly.Subsequently, the fluid domain is discretized into finite elements to obtain the matrices of each element respect to acoustic stiffness, acoustic mass and acoustic damping.Finally, the direct-response frequency-analysis procedure can be employed to evaluate each nodal acoustic pressure by solving the total algebraic matrices determined by summarizing each element matrix.The Galerkin weighted residual method is used to transform Equation ( 16) into finite element equations as: in which K a , C a and M a are in sequence the total matrices of acoustic stiffness, acoustic damping and acoustic mass; F a is the vector of acoustic forces combining the contribution of the boundary conditions and acoustic source vector.We can see from Equation where Y=ρa is acoustic impedance.To obtain all the transmission and reflection coefficients, n FEM simulations are needed by imposing the incident pressure at one boundary and anechoic termination to other boundaries.At i-th simulation, the reflection coefficient rci and transmission coefficient tcij are produced.Equation ( 13) could be written more clearly in a matrix form: Schematic acoustic description of a multi-port configuration.

Numerical Procedure
As stated before, the hybrid model consists of the compressor, gas dynamic and acoustic FEM characterization sub-models.The former two sub-models work in the time domain, whereas the last Appl.Sci.2019, 9, 1179 7 of 16 one is in frequency domain.Reciprocal interaction among sub-models is determined by the coupling algorithm, as shown in Figure 3.Moreover, in order to guarantee the implementation of this method, the compressor suction/discharge valve channels are approximately treated as equivalent short ducts (ESDs).The numerical procedure is inspired by the points that the in-pipe pressure perturbation in the way of 1D unsteady flow may be decomposed as a forward pressure component and a backward pressure component [24]: , p BW = p re f 1 + a re f /a A β /2 2γ/(γ−1) (18) where λ and β are given by: and a multi-port complex fluid domain could be well described by the transmission and reflection coefficients through acoustic FEM characterization.Mutual transformation between time domain and frequency domain is obtained by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and its inverse.
conditions and acoustic source vector.We can see from Equation ( 17) that the acoustic response of geometry is determined only by fluid domain, boundary conditions and fluid state.More in detail, the fluid density and sound speed play a vital role on the fluid state.

Numerical Procedure
As stated before, the hybrid model consists of the compressor, gas dynamic and acoustic FEM characterization sub-models.The former two sub-models work in the time domain, whereas the last one is in frequency domain.Reciprocal interaction among sub-models is determined by the coupling algorithm, as shown in Figure 3.Moreover, in order to guarantee the implementation of this method, the compressor suction/discharge valve channels are approximately treated as equivalent short ducts (ESDs).The numerical procedure is inspired by the points that the in-pipe pressure perturbation in the way of 1D unsteady flow may be decomposed as a forward pressure component and a backward pressure component [24]: where λ and β are given by: and a multi-port complex fluid domain could be well described by the transmission and reflection coefficients through acoustic FEM characterization.Mutual transformation between time domain and frequency domain is obtained by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and its inverse.The flowchart of the hybrid approach is shown in Figure 4.The acoustic FEM simulations of complex geometries are first performed based on the approach described in Section 2.3.The obtained acoustic coefficients are then introduced in main procedure.The time steps are determined based on FFT and CFL condition.The flow computation for main pipes are carried out based on the approach described in Section 2.2 for one whole cycle, and then the compressor thermodynamic calculation (Section in 2.1) and flow calculation in ESDs are also performed for a whole cycle.Subsequently, the hybrid coupling procedure described in Section 2.4 is carried out.The obtained acoustic boundary will used in next cycle.As coupling of acoustic characterization needs time-domain variables i FW p for a necessarily whole period, the numerical procedure follows a period iterative fashion.The procedure includes three loops totally.The pipe system loop is The flowchart of the hybrid approach is shown in Figure 4.The acoustic FEM simulations of complex geometries are first performed based on the approach described in Section 2.3.The obtained acoustic coefficients are then introduced in main procedure.The time steps are determined based on FFT and CFL condition.The flow computation for main pipes are carried out based on the approach described in Section 2.2 for one whole cycle, and then the compressor thermodynamic calculation (Section 2.1) and flow calculation in ESDs are also performed for a whole cycle.Subsequently, the hybrid coupling procedure described in Section 2.4 is carried out.The obtained acoustic boundary will used in next cycle.As coupling of acoustic characterization needs time-domain variables p FW i for a necessarily whole period, the numerical procedure follows a period iterative fashion.The procedure includes three loops totally.The pipe system loop is performed to solve the governing equations in the main pipe and the boundary conditions.Subsequently, the ESDs loop is performed with solution of compressor thermodynamics and the unsteady flow in ESDs.The above two loops are included inside a main loop which regulates the well-running of execution.Also, the main loop calculates the values β (k+1) i with k + 1 indicating the period-iterative times, which will be imposed in the next period as boundary conditions at the pipe-end connected to the FEM characterized configuration.
Subsequently, the ESDs loop is performed with solution of compressor thermodynamics and the unsteady flow in ESDs.The above two loops are included inside a main loop which regulates the well-running of execution.Also, the main loop calculates the values ( ) β + with k+1 indicating the period-iterative times, which will be imposed in the next period as boundary conditions at the pipe-end connected to the FEM characterized configuration.Before implementing the loop calculation, it is firstly to perform acoustic FEM simulations of the complex geometries at the given mean thermodynamic conditions in the range of frequencies interested in.The results are processed to determine the transmission and reflection coefficients indexed on wave number concerning to each simulation frequency.The coefficient values will be Before implementing the loop calculation, it is firstly to perform acoustic FEM simulations of the complex geometries at the given mean thermodynamic conditions in the range of frequencies interested in.The results are processed to determine the transmission and reflection coefficients indexed on wave number concerning to each simulation frequency.The coefficient values will be then interpolated based on multiples of the compressor fundamental frequency for loop calculation.In addition, in order to extend application of the acoustic representation to different thermodynamic conditions, a simple correction that keeps the wave number the same is employed instead of further FEM calculation [24].
The time-step of loop calculation must be properly set.It is common sense that the setup of spatial mesh size ∆x is carried out by users with a suitable trade-off between accuracy and computational

Case 1: Geometries with Multi Ports
A double-acting reciprocating air compressor is firstly studied, which is equipped with two suction valves and two discharge valves.The suction chamber is geometrically identical with the discharge one and both have three boundaries, as shown in Figure 5. Two of them fit together with the valves and the third one with the pipeline.Geometric properties and thermodynamic conditions of this examined compressor are listed in Table 1.The commercial code VirtualLab is used to perform the acoustic FEM simulations in the scope of frequencies between 1 Hz and 1501 Hz with a step of 10 Hz.The thermodynamic conditions reported in Table 1 are considered.The fluid domain is discretized with the unstructured, tetrahedral elements.The cell size is about 20 times smaller than the minimum wavelength considered [13], which can behave a well balance between accuracy and computational time.For each chamber, three simulations are required.Each simulation is carried out by imposing particle velocity on one boundary and anechoic termination on the others.
process works until the procedure ending is obtained.

Results and Discussion
This section is focused on evaluation of the developed hybrid model.Two common and representative chamber geometries are examined: (1) geometries with multi ports and (2) geometries with single input and output, consisting of complex internals.

Case 1: Geometries with Multi Ports
A double-acting reciprocating air compressor is firstly studied, which is equipped with two suction valves and two discharge valves.The suction chamber is geometrically identical with the discharge one and both have three boundaries, as shown in Figure 5. Two of them fit together with the valves and the third one with the pipeline.Geometric properties and thermodynamic conditions of this examined compressor are listed in Table 1.The commercial code VirtualLab is used to perform the acoustic FEM simulations in the scope of frequencies between 1 Hz and 1501 Hz with a step of 10 Hz.The thermodynamic conditions reported in Table 1 are considered.The fluid domain is discretized with the unstructured, tetrahedral elements.The cell size is about 20 times smaller than the minimum wavelength considered [13], which can behave a well balance between accuracy and computational time.For each chamber, three simulations are required.Each simulation is carried out by imposing particle velocity on one boundary and anechoic termination on the others.By processing numerical results, the transmission and reflection coefficients of each chamber are calculated corresponded to each predefined frequency.For the sake of clarity, only the  By processing numerical results, the transmission and reflection coefficients of each chamber are calculated corresponded to each predefined frequency.For the sake of clarity, only the operations of discharge chamber are shown in Figure 6 when the particle velocity is imposed on the boundary of head-end valve.Moreover, the acoustic coefficients obtained can be extensively applied for different thermodynamic conditions by expressing them as a function of the wavenumber which corresponds to each frequency.This simplest approach needs no further acoustic FEM simulations of the chamber.In addition, the acoustic coefficients are interpolated to obtain the acoustic operations versus the compressor harmonics.
It is worth pointing out that the compressor model with in-pipe 1D gas dynamics has been successfully applied to very simple compression system.A comparison analysis is performed between it and the developed hybrid model with acoustic FEM characterization.Figure 7 shows the comparison of pressure profile and its amplitude-frequency characteristics at the suction and discharge pipe-ends connected to the chamber.Generally, the two models give similar results when an acoustic response is not dominated by chamber.In particular, the attention is focused on the influence of complex geometries on compressor simulation.It can be seen that the model with 1D gas dynamics poorly involves the acoustic response of chamber as it simply considers the chamber as a volume cavity.Conversely, the hybrid model predicts clearly marked acoustic response of the chamber due to the acoustic FEM characterization.operations of discharge chamber are shown in Figure 6 when the particle velocity is imposed on the boundary of head-end valve.Moreover, the acoustic coefficients obtained can be extensively applied for different thermodynamic conditions by expressing them as a function of the wavenumber which corresponds to each frequency.This simplest approach needs no further acoustic FEM simulations of the chamber.In addition, the acoustic coefficients are interpolated to obtain the acoustic operations versus the compressor harmonics.It is worth pointing out that the compressor model with in-pipe 1D gas dynamics has been successfully applied to very simple compression system.A comparison analysis is performed between it and the developed hybrid model with acoustic FEM characterization.Figure 7 shows the comparison of pressure profile and its amplitude-frequency characteristics at the suction and discharge pipe-ends connected to the chamber.Generally, the two models give similar results when an acoustic response is not dominated by chamber.In particular, the attention is focused on the influence of complex geometries on compressor simulation.It can be seen that the model with 1D gas dynamics poorly involves the acoustic response of chamber as it simply considers the chamber as a volume cavity.Conversely, the hybrid model predicts clearly marked acoustic response of the chamber due to the acoustic FEM characterization.
Figure 8 depicts the in-cylinder pressure variation between the two models.The predictions are in good agreement due to the low response of compressor cycle to the pressure pulsation inside pipelines.However, by comparing in detail the thermodynamic cycle at the suction and discharge phase, it is noticed that in-cylinder pressure oscillation trend is directly linked to the pulsating pressure profiles inside the pipeline system.Figure 8 depicts the in-cylinder pressure variation between the two models.The predictions are in good agreement due to the low response of compressor cycle to the pressure pulsation inside pipelines.However, by comparing in detail the thermodynamic cycle at the suction and discharge phase, it is noticed that in-cylinder pressure oscillation trend is directly linked to the pulsating pressure profiles inside the pipeline system.

Case 2: Geometries with Single Input and Output
For further assess and verify the proposed model, numerical predictions have been compared to experimental data from a refrigerator compressor with the working fluid R600a.Detail description about the experimental system is presented in previous published paper [4].Due to the limitation of the experimental investigation, only the suction system is studied and the discharge system is modelled with constant pressure profiles.Figure 9 shows the tested compressor suction system.Due to the complexity of the geometries, the modelling of suction chamber with simple volume element could be very difficult and inaccurate.Consequently, the use of acoustic FEM modeling strategy is necessary to study the acoustic response of the chamber.The transmission and

Case 2: Geometries with Single Input and Output
For further assess and verify the proposed model, numerical predictions have been compared to experimental data from a refrigerator compressor with the working fluid R600a.Detail description about the experimental system is presented in previous published paper [4].Due to the limitation of the experimental investigation, only the suction system is studied and the discharge system is modelled with constant pressure profiles.Figure 9 shows the tested compressor suction system.Due to the complexity of the geometries, the modelling of suction chamber with simple volume element could be very difficult and inaccurate.Consequently, the use of acoustic FEM modeling strategy is necessary to study the acoustic response of the chamber.The transmission and reflection coefficients of the tested suction chamber are computed and presented in Figure 9, in which boundary 1 is the pipe-end adjacent to cylinder valve and boundary 2 is the inlet pipe-end.Figure 10a shows the comparison of the suction pressure profiles between the simulation and experiment.Through the figure, it can be highlighted that the new hybrid model demonstrates better agreement with experimental results compared to the hybrid model with gas dynamics.The latter model simplifies the complex chamber as a volume element with neglecting the pressure pulsations at high frequency and underestimating the pulsation amplitude.However, the new Figure 10a shows the comparison of the suction pressure profiles between the simulation and experiment.Through the figure, it can be highlighted that the new hybrid model demonstrates better agreement with experimental results compared to the hybrid model with gas dynamics.The latter model simplifies the complex chamber as a volume element with neglecting the pressure pulsations at high frequency and underestimating the pulsation amplitude.However, the new model is suitable for describing the high level of chamber details.The in-cylinder pressure variation between simulation and experiment is illustrated in Figure 10b.Generally, both the two models possess the potential of reproducing thermodynamic cycle.However, the new model can describe the trend of the measured in-cylinder pressure oscillation with a better agreement, the details of the suction phase, as shown in Figure 10c.

Conclusions
In this work, a hybrid linear/nonlinear model of a reciprocating compressor has been established to predict the in-cylinder thermodynamic cycle and pressure pulsations in pipelines system.Mass conservation equation and the first law of thermodynamics are solved in compressor Appl.Sci.2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 18
(17) that the acoustic response of geometry is determined only by fluid domain, boundary conditions and fluid state.More in detail, the fluid density and sound speed play a vital role on the fluid state.Appl.Sci.2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 18

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Schematic acoustic description of a multi-port configuration.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Schematic description of the compressor hybrid model.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Schematic description of the compressor hybrid model.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Flowchart of the hybrid model programme layout.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Flowchart of the hybrid model programme layout.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The examined chamber: (a) fluid domain and (b) finite element mesh.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The examined chamber: (a) fluid domain and (b) finite element mesh.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Amplitude of the transmission and reflection coefficients of discharge chamber with particle velocity imposed on the boundary of head-end valve.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Amplitude of the transmission and reflection coefficients of discharge chamber with particle velocity imposed on the boundary of head-end valve.Appl.Sci.2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 18

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.Comparison of: (a) pressure profile and (b) amplitude-frequency characteristics at the suction pipe-end; (c) pressure profile and (d) the amplitude-frequency characteristics at the discharge pipe-end.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.Comparison of: (a) pressure profile and (b) amplitude-frequency characteristics at the suction pipe-end; (c) pressure profile and (d) the amplitude-frequency characteristics at the discharge pipe-end.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.Comparison of: (a) pressure profile and (b) amplitude-frequency characteristics at the suction pipe-end; (c) pressure profile and (d) the amplitude-frequency characteristics at the discharge pipe-end.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Comparsion of in-cylinder pressure oscillations between the hybrid model with FEM and gas dynamics and the hybrid model with gas dynamics.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Comparsion of in-cylinder pressure oscillations between the hybrid model with FEM and gas dynamics and the hybrid model with gas dynamics.
Appl.Sci.2019,12,  x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 18 reflection coefficients of the tested suction chamber are computed and presented in Figure9, in which boundary 1 is the pipe-end adjacent to cylinder valve and boundary 2 is the inlet pipe-end.

18 Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Comparsion of the predictions with experimental results: (a) suction pressure profiles; (b) in-cylinder pressure oscillations of a cycle and (c) suction phase detail.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Comparsion of the predictions with experimental results: (a) suction pressure profiles; (b) in-cylinder pressure oscillations of a cycle and (c) suction phase detail.

Table 1 .
Main specifications of the reciprocating compressor.

Table 1 .
Main specifications of the reciprocating compressor.