Enhancement of the Localization Effect during Electrochemical Machining of Inconel 718 by Using an Alkaline Solution

Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a cost-effective method for the machining of difficult-to-cut Inconel 718 superalloy. However, the machining accuracy of ECM is still limited by the poor localization effect due to the existence of stray corrosion. In this paper, a mixed solution of neutral NaNO3 and alkaline NaOH is used to improve the localization effect during ECM of Inconel 718. The potentiodynamic polarization curves and current efficiencies for metal dissolution are measured, and the micro morphologies are examined. The results show that the use of an alkaline solution can promote the formation of a compact passive film on the surface of Inconel 718. ECM tests with cylindrical electrodes are specially designed to verify the effect of alkaline solution on the localization of anodic dissolution. The experimental results indicated that the stray corrosion of the non-machined surface of Inconel 718 alloy can be effectively eliminated by using a mixed solution of NaNO3 and NaOH. The surface roughness of the non-machined area can be noticeably improved.


Introduction
Inconel 718 is a type of nickel-based super alloy that has been widely employed in the aerospace industry because of its high-temperature strength.However, this kind of super alloy has high hardness, high cutting force, large elastic deformation and low heat conductivity coefficient.Thus, it has become one of the most typical difficult-to-cut materials in industry, and is time-consuming and high-cost to machine using traditional mechanical machining [1][2][3].
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an anodic dissolution process, which can be used to remove materials efficiently regardless of the material's hardness.Compared with traditional machining methods, there is virtually no tool wear, residual stress or metallurgical defects [4,5].Thus, ECM is especially suitable for the machining of difficult-to-cut materials and has become an important processing technology in the aerospace industry [6,7].
However, the machining accuracy of ECM is greatly limited by the poor localization effect of anodic dissolution, which is generally known as stray corrosion [4].Stray corrosion is a common phenomenon that occurs on the non-machined surface adjacent to the machining area.It will cause unwanted material removal and can lead to poor machining accuracy and surface quality to the machining part.Researchers have made many attempts to improve the localization effect of anodic dissolution in ECM.For example, the use of pulsed power has been proved to be an effective method to localize the anodic dissolution and minimize the inter-electrode gap on many occasions [8,9].Auxiliary electrodes have been applied to change the electric field distribution.By eliminating the stray currents on the non-machined area, stray corrosion can be effectively reduced [10][11][12].Recently, hybrid machining processes such as vibration-assisted ECM [13], laser-assisted ECM [14] and a combined electrical discharge machining (EDM)-ECM process [15] have also been used to obtain the desired machining accuracy.
In particular, the use of a passivating NaNO 3 electrolyte is a widely-used method to improve the machining accuracy in ECM of steel, due to the passivation characteristic [16,17].A compact passive film of several nanometers can be formed at low current density in NaNO 3 , and thereby hinder the metal dissolution [18].Pa used a NaNO 3 solution to obtain a smooth and bright surface in a finishing process with ultrasonic and magnetic assistance [19].De Silva et al. used a low concentration of NaNO 3 to localize the anodic dissolution in ECM [20].Béjar and Eterovich used NaNO 3 solution in a wire electrochemical cutting process to achieve more accurate cuts [21].
However, studies have also verified that the use of NaNO 3 electrolyte may be ineffective in reducing stray corrosion.Due to the prominent effects of chromium, an active metal dissolution was found for the Ni-20%Cr-Co alloys [22].The polarization curves of cobalt also presented an active cobalt dissolution in NaNO 3 solution [23].Furthermore, the nickel-based super alloy Inconel 718 has also been found to suffer serious stray corrosion in NaNO 3 solution due to the formation of a porous oxide film on the specimen surface, as reported in our previous studies [24,25].
As reported in some studies [26,27], the use of an alkaline solution can help promote the formation of a passive film on the surface during the ECM process.Thus, the use of a mixed solution of NaNO 3 and NaOH was investigated to improve the localization effect during the ECM of Inconel 718 alloy.The potentiodynamic polarization curves and current efficiencies for metal dissolution were measured and showed that the use of an alkaline solution can help promote the formation of a compact passive film, and the anodic metal dissolution can be completely eliminated by adding a certain proportion of NaOH into the NaNO 3 solution.ECM tests of revolution surface were also conducted to verify the effectiveness of the alkaline solution.The experimental results showed that the non-machined surface of Inconel 718 alloy can be effectively protected by a compact passive film formed in alkaline solution.The anodic dissolution can be effectively localized, and the stray corrosion was eliminated.

Specimen Preparation
Inconel 718 specimens in the form of cuboids of dimensions 5 mm × 5 mm × 8 mm were used for electrochemical analysis and current efficiency measurements, and cylinders of dimensions Φ200 mm × 30 mm were specially prepared for the ECM tests.Inconel 718 is a type of nickel-chrome-iron alloy with some additional elements, such as Nb, Mo and Ti [25].Inconel 718 specimens were purchased from Shanghai Lanzhu Super Alloy Materials Company.

Electrochemical Analysis
The electrochemical behavior of Inconel 718 was investigated using an electrochemical workstation (R0232, Zennium E, Zahner Instruments Inc., Kronach, Germany).A platinum net and a saturated calomel electrode were prepared to be the counter-electrode and reference electrode, respectively.The cuboid Inconel 718 specimens were used as working electrodes, and all but one of the surfaces were insulated using acrylic resin glue.The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves were studied in neutral 106 g/L NaNO 3 solution, 30 g/L alkaline NaOH solution and a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO 3 and 30 g/L NaOH.

Current Efficiency Measurement
In ECM, an oxygen evolution might simultaneously occur as a side reaction in parallel with the anodic metal dissolution, due to the formation of a passive film.The efficiency for anodic dissolution can reflect the localization effect for materials in ECM.Generally, large current efficiency can be obtained in a high-current-density region, leading to efficient anodic dissolution.However, to avoid stray corrosion, small current efficiency is expected at low current density.Thus, the current efficiencies at different current densities are essential to reflect the localization effect for anodic dissolution in ECM.
The current efficiencies for Inconel 718 at different current densities were measured on the basis of weight-loss measurements.According to Faraday's Law, the theoretical weight loss M theo can be calculated as follows: where I is the current value, t is the dissolution time, F is the Faraday constant, A j is the atomic weight of the dissolving atoms type, and n j is the valence of dissolution.The valences of the metallic elements are assumed to be Ni 2+ , Fe 2+ , Cr 3+ , Nb 3+ , Ti 4+ , Mo 4+ and Al 3+ .A specific flow channel was designed [25], and the machining current and time were precisely controlled.To obtain the experimental weight loss M exp accurately, the specimen was rinsed, dried and weighed carefully before and after each experiment.The current efficiency η in each run can be determined to be: 2.4.SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDX (Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) To examine the corroded surfaces of the Inconel 718 specimens in different solutions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were carried out using a Hitachi S-3400N with an acceleration voltage of 20 kV.

ECM (Electrochemical Machining) Tests of Revolution Surface
To verify the effect of alkaline solution on the localization of anodic dissolution, ECM tests with cylindrical electrodes were specially designed.Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the ECM test.A cylindrical cathode tool with hollow windows was typically used.The side walls of the hollow windows were electrically insulated.During the ECM process, the anode workpiece and cathode tool were counter-rotating at the same angular velocity.With high-speed electrolytes flushing the narrow inter-electrode gap, the materials on the surface of the anode workpiece can be dissolved electrochemically, except for the corresponding areas of the hollow windows.As a result, the shapes of the hollow windows can be printed on the surface of the anode workpiece.This counter-rotating ECM method can be used in the rolling process or to machine the complex outer surface of the aero-engine casing parts [28,29].
efficiencies at different current densities are essential to reflect the localization effect for anodic dissolution in ECM.
The current efficiencies for Inconel 718 at different current densities were measured on the basis of weight-loss measurements.According to Faraday's Law, the theoretical weight loss Mtheo can be calculated as follows: where I is the current value, t is the dissolution time, F is the Faraday constant, Aj is the atomic weight of the dissolving atoms type, and nj is the valence of dissolution.The valences of the metallic elements are assumed to be Ni 2+ , Fe 2+ , Cr 3+ , Nb 3+ , Ti 4+ , Mo 4+ and Al 3+ .A specific flow channel was designed [25], and the machining current and time were precisely controlled.To obtain the experimental weight loss Mexp accurately, the specimen was rinsed, dried and weighed carefully before and after each experiment.The current efficiency η in each run can be determined to be:

SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDX (Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy)
To examine the corroded surfaces of the Inconel 718 specimens in different solutions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were carried out using a Hitachi S-3400N with an acceleration voltage of 20 kV.

ECM (Electrochemical Machining) Tests of Revolution Surface
To verify the effect of alkaline solution on the localization of anodic dissolution, ECM tests with cylindrical electrodes were specially designed.Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the ECM test.A cylindrical cathode tool with hollow windows was typically used.The side walls of the hollow windows were electrically insulated.During the ECM process, the anode workpiece and cathode tool were counter-rotating at the same angular velocity.With high-speed electrolytes flushing the narrow inter-electrode gap, the materials on the surface of the anode workpiece can be dissolved electrochemically, except for the corresponding areas of the hollow windows.As a result, the shapes of the hollow windows can be printed on the surface of the anode workpiece.This counter-rotating ECM method can be used in the rolling process or to machine the complex outer surface of the aeroengine casing parts [28,29].During the rotation of the electrodes, the surfaces of the printed patterns will inevitably suffer stray current attack due to the expansion of the inter-electrode gap.To obtain the current density distribution of the stray currents, the finite element method based on COMSOL 5.2 software During the rotation of the electrodes, the surfaces of the printed patterns will inevitably suffer stray current attack due to the expansion of the inter-electrode gap.To obtain the current density distribution of the stray currents, the finite element method based on COMSOL 5.2 software (COMSOL Inc., Stockholm, Sweden, 2017) was used, and a proper proportion of a mixed solution of NaNO 3 and NaOH was chosen to localize the anodic dissolution.A neutral NaNO 3 solution and a mixed solution of NaNO 3 and NaOH were used, respectively.The surface roughness was examined using a profile meter (M1, Mahr, Esslingen, Germany).

Anodic Polarization Curves
Figure 2 shows the potentiodynamic polarization curves of Inconel 718 in neutral NaNO 3 solution, alkaline NaOH solution and a mixture of both.The potential ranges from −2 V to 2 V with a scan rate of 1 mV/s.From the variation tendencies of the current density, the anodic reactions for Inconel 718 come through the active, passive and transpassive regions in the three different solutions.The polarization curve shifts to left with increasing pH value of the solution.The passive region can be attributed to the formation of a passive oxidation film on the specimen surface [30]: The passive film can hinder the anodic reaction remarkably, leading to a decrease in the current density.From the slopes of polarization curves in the passive region, the current densities in alkaline solutions decreased faster than those in the neutral NaNO 3 solution.This indicates that the use of alkaline solution can promote the formation of the passive film.In addition, when the potential is over −0.05 V, an obvious second passivation can be observed in the alkaline solution, from which it can be assumed that the passive oxide film is further oxidized to a higher valence state [26]: Appl.Sci.2019, 9, x 4 of 10 (COMSOL Inc.Stockholm, Sweden, 2017) was used, and a proper proportion of a mixed solution of NaNO3 and NaOH was chosen to localize the anodic dissolution.A neutral NaNO3 solution and a mixed solution of NaNO3 and NaOH were used, respectively.The surface roughness was examined using a profile meter (M1, Mahr, Esslingen, Germany).

Anodic Polarization Curves
Figure 2 shows the potentiodynamic polarization curves of Inconel 718 in neutral NaNO3 solution, alkaline NaOH solution and a mixture of both.The potential ranges from −2 V to 2 V with a scan rate of 1 mV/s.From the variation tendencies of the current density, the anodic reactions for Inconel 718 come through the active, passive and transpassive regions in the three different solutions.The polarization curve shifts to left with increasing pH value of the solution.The passive region can be attributed to the formation of a passive oxidation film on the specimen surface [30]: The passive film can hinder the anodic reaction remarkably, leading to a decrease in the current density.From the slopes of polarization curves in the passive region, the current densities in alkaline solutions decreased faster than those in the neutral NaNO3 solution.This indicates that the use of alkaline solution can promote the formation of the passive film.In addition, when the potential is over −0.05 V, an obvious second passivation can be observed in the alkaline solution, from which it can be assumed that the passive oxide film is further oxidized to a higher valence state [26]:

Current Efficiency of Metal Dissolution
Figure 3 shows the current efficiencies at different current densities in the mixed solutions of NaNO3 and NaOH.The concentration of the NaNO3 solution was 106 g/L, and the concentration of the mixed NaOH solution ranged from 1 to 30 g/L.The variation tendencies of the measured current efficiency are strongly dependent on the concentration of the hydroxyl.For the 106 g/L NaNO3 solution, a downward trend for the current efficiency was found with increasing current density.The current efficiency at low current density up to 3 A/cm 2 is much larger than that at higher current density, indicating serious stray corrosion occurring even at very low current density.

Current Efficiency of Metal Dissolution
Figure 3 shows the current efficiencies at different current densities in the mixed solutions of NaNO 3 and NaOH.The concentration of the NaNO 3 solution was 106 g/L, and the concentration of the mixed NaOH solution ranged from 1 to 30 g/L.The variation tendencies of the measured current efficiency are strongly dependent on the concentration of the hydroxyl.For the 106 g/L NaNO 3 solution, a downward trend for the current efficiency was found with increasing current density.The current efficiency at low current density up to 3 A/cm 2 is much larger than that at higher current density, indicating serious stray corrosion occurring even at very low current density.In contrast, by adding a small proportion of NaOH into the NaNO3 solution, the variation tendency changed dramatically.The current efficiency can be reduced to 0 at 0.2 A/cm 2 for a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO3 and 1 g/L NaOH.This means the anodic dissolution can be completely eliminated at small current density up to 0.2 A/cm 2 , which is favorable to localizing the anodic dissolution.When the current density was over 0.2 A/cm 2 , the current efficiency increased rapidly with increasing current density and reached a large value of 0.62 at 1.6 A/cm 2 .The value of 0.2 A/cm 2 is generally defined as the cut-off current density.For higher concentrations of NaOH, a rightward shift can be observed for the ascending curve.When a high proportion of 30 g/L NaOH was used, the cut-off current density could be increased to 7.5 A/cm 2 .The higher cut-off current density indicates a superior localization effect for the anodic dissolution in ECM.

Micro-Morphology
The Inconel 718 specimens were corroded at a current density of 5 A/cm 2 in 106 g/L NaNO3 solution and a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO3 and 30 g/L NaOH. Figure 4a shows the micromorphology of the specimen surface in 106 g/L NaNO3 solution.It can be seen that the specimen was seriously corroded with a solid black product film on the surface.This result agrees with the high current efficiency shown in Figure 3.According to the EDX result in Figure 4b, the machining products are mainly the metallic oxides and metallic carbides.The serious corrosion on the surface can be attributed to the formation of a porous oxide film in NaNO3 solution, as reported in the literature [26].In contrast, by adding a small proportion of NaOH into the NaNO 3 solution, the variation tendency changed dramatically.The current efficiency can be reduced to 0 at 0.2 A/cm 2 for a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO 3 and 1 g/L NaOH.This means the anodic dissolution can be completely eliminated at small current density up to 0.2 A/cm 2 , which is favorable to localizing the anodic dissolution.When the current density was over 0.2 A/cm 2 , the current efficiency increased rapidly with increasing current density and reached a large value of 0.62 at 1.6 A/cm 2 .The value of 0.2 A/cm 2 is generally defined as the cut-off current density.For higher concentrations of NaOH, a rightward shift can be observed for the ascending curve.When a high proportion of 30 g/L NaOH was used, the cut-off current density could be increased to 7.5 A/cm 2 .The higher cut-off current density indicates a superior localization effect for the anodic dissolution in ECM.

Micro-Morphology
The Inconel 718 specimens were corroded at a current density of 5 A/cm 2 in 106 g/L NaNO 3 solution and a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO 3 and 30 g/L NaOH. Figure 4a shows the micro-morphology of the specimen surface in 106 g/L NaNO 3 solution.It can be seen that the specimen was seriously corroded with a solid black product film on the surface.This result agrees with the high current efficiency shown in Figure 3.According to the EDX result in Figure 4b, the machining products are mainly the metallic oxides and metallic carbides.The serious corrosion on the surface can be attributed to the formation of a porous oxide film in NaNO 3 solution, as reported in the literature [26].In contrast, by adding a small proportion of NaOH into the NaNO3 solution, the variation tendency changed dramatically.The current efficiency can be reduced to 0 at 0.2 A/cm 2 for a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO3 and 1 g/L NaOH.This means the anodic dissolution can be completely eliminated at small current density up to 0.2 A/cm 2 , which is favorable to localizing the anodic dissolution.When the current density was over 0.2 A/cm 2 , the current efficiency increased rapidly with increasing current density and reached a large value of 0.62 at 1.6 A/cm 2 .The value of 0.2 A/cm 2 is generally defined as the cut-off current density.For higher concentrations of NaOH, a rightward shift can be observed for the ascending curve.When a high proportion of 30 g/L NaOH was used, the cut-off current density could be increased to 7.5 A/cm 2 .The higher cut-off current density indicates a superior localization effect for the anodic dissolution in ECM.

Micro-Morphology
The Inconel 718 specimens were corroded at a current density of 5 A/cm 2 in 106 g/L NaNO3 solution and a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO3 and 30 g/L NaOH. Figure 4a shows the micromorphology of the specimen surface in 106 g/L NaNO3 solution.It can be seen that the specimen was seriously corroded with a solid black product film on the surface.This result agrees with the high current efficiency shown in Figure 3.According to the EDX result in Figure 4b, the machining products are mainly the metallic oxides and metallic carbides.The serious corrosion on the surface can be attributed to the formation of a porous oxide film in NaNO3 solution, as reported in the literature [26].In contrast, the specimen surface in a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO 3 and 30 g/L NaOH is well reserved without any corrosion, and the initial topography of the surface is still visible (Figure 5a).Taking the results in Figures 2 and 3 together, a compact passive film can be assumed to have formed on the specimen surface in alkaline solution after two passivation stages.The passive film is indestructible at low current density, and thereby protected the inner materials from corrosion.From the EDX result shown in Figure 5b, the detected metallic element contents are consistent with the main metal compositions of Inconel 718.No significant oxygen or carbon peaks can be detected.This is because the thickness of the passive film was approximately a few nanometers [31], which is much thinner than the information depth of EDX (1-2 µm) [26].
Appl.Sci.2019, 9, x 6 of 10 In contrast, the specimen surface in a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO3 and 30 g/L NaOH is well reserved without any corrosion, and the initial topography of the surface is still visible (Figure 5a).Taking the results in Figures 2 and 3 together, a compact passive film can be assumed to have formed on the specimen surface in alkaline solution after two passivation stages.The passive film is indestructible at low current density, and thereby protected the inner materials from corrosion.From the EDX result shown in Figure 5b, the detected metallic element contents are consistent with the main metal compositions of Inconel 718.No significant oxygen or carbon peaks can be detected.This is because the thickness of the passive film was approximately a few nanometers [31], which is much thinner than the information depth of EDX (1-2 μm) [26].

ECM Results of Revolution Surface
To avoid stray corrosion in ECM, the cut-off current density (see Figure 3) using a mixed solution of NaNO3 and NaOH should be higher than the maximum current density on the non-machined surface of the printed patterns.In order to choose the proper proportion of a mixed solution of NaNO3 and NaOH to localize the anodic dissolution, the current density distribution on the anode surface was calculated using the finite element method.As shown in Figure 6, a potential difference of 20 V was applied between anode workpiece and cathode tool, and the electric potential distribution φ within the electrolyte domain satisfies Laplace's equation: Figure 7 shows the current density distributions on the anode surface at different rotation angles.Each line represents a current density distribution at a certain rotation angle.A valley area of the current density can be found along the arc length, which corresponds with the surface of the printed pattern.Even though the current density in the valley area is much smaller than the other sections, the value remains approximately 0.5 A/cm 2 in the center to more than 7 A/cm 2 in the margin area of

ECM Results of Revolution Surface
To avoid stray corrosion in ECM, the cut-off current density (see Figure 3) using a mixed solution of NaNO 3 and NaOH should be higher than the maximum current density on the non-machined surface of the printed patterns.In order to choose the proper proportion of a mixed solution of NaNO 3 and NaOH to localize the anodic dissolution, the current density distribution on the anode surface was calculated using the finite element method.As shown in Figure 6, a potential difference of 20 V was applied between anode workpiece and cathode tool, and the electric potential distribution ϕ within the electrolyte domain satisfies Laplace's equation: Appl.Sci.2019, 9, x 6 of 10 In contrast, the specimen surface in a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO3 and 30 g/L NaOH is well reserved without any corrosion, and the initial topography of the surface is still visible (Figure 5a).Taking the results in Figures 2 and 3 together, a compact passive film can be assumed to have formed on the specimen surface in alkaline solution after two passivation stages.The passive film is indestructible at low current density, and thereby protected the inner materials from corrosion.From the EDX result shown in Figure 5b, the detected metallic element contents are consistent with the main metal compositions of Inconel 718.No significant oxygen or carbon peaks can be detected.This is because the thickness of the passive film was approximately a few nanometers [31], which is much thinner than the information depth of EDX (1-2 μm) [26].

ECM Results of Revolution Surface
To avoid stray corrosion in ECM, the cut-off current density (see Figure 3) using a mixed solution of NaNO3 and NaOH should be higher than the maximum current density on the non-machined surface of the printed patterns.In order to choose the proper proportion of a mixed solution of NaNO3 and NaOH to localize the anodic dissolution, the current density distribution on the anode surface was calculated using the finite element method.As shown in Figure 6, a potential difference of 20 V was applied between anode workpiece and cathode tool, and the electric potential distribution φ within the electrolyte domain satisfies Laplace's equation:  Figure 7 shows the current density distributions on the anode surface at different rotation angles.Each line represents a current density distribution at a certain rotation angle.A valley area of the current density can be found along the arc length, which corresponds with the surface of the printed pattern.Even though the current density in the valley area is much smaller than the other sections, the value remains approximately 0.5 A/cm 2 in the center to more than 7 A/cm 2 in the margin area of Figure 7 shows the current density distributions on the anode surface at different rotation angles.Each line represents a current density distribution at a certain rotation angle.A valley area of the current density can be found along the arc length, which corresponds with the surface of the printed pattern.Even though the current density in the valley area is much smaller than the other sections, the value remains approximately 0.5 A/cm 2 in the center to more than 7 A/cm 2 in the margin area of the printed pattern.According to the current efficiency curve shown in Figure 3, the current efficiency was persistently high even at low current density in NaNO 3 solution, which will lead to serious stray corrosion on the surface of the printed pattern.
the printed pattern.According to the current efficiency curve shown in Figure 3, the current efficiency was persistently high even at low current density in NaNO3 solution, which will lead to serious stray corrosion on the surface of the printed pattern.Thus, a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO3 and 30 g/L NaOH is suitable, with which the cut-off current density can reach a high value of 7.5 A/cm 2 (Figure 3).The surface of the printed pattern can be completely passivated.The material dissolution on the non-machined surface can be effectively eliminated, and thereby the anodic dissolution in ECM can be localized accordingly.
Based on the studies above, the revolving Inconel 718 workpieces were tested during the ECM process shown in Figure 1.A neutral NaNO3 solution and a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO3 and 30 g/L NaOH were used, respectively.The machining parameters are listed in Table 1. Figure 8 shows images of the machined surfaces in different solutions.It can be seen that the rectangular shape was printed on the surface of the anode workpiece.However, the surface of the printed pattern was seriously corroded in 106 g/L NaNO3 solution, leading to a rough machining surface, as shown in Figure 8a.In contrast, the initial bright rectangular shape can still be observed on the surface in the mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO3 and 30 g/L NaOH (Figure 8b), indicating a favorable localization effect.The surfaces of the printed patterns were measured using a profile meter three times in different areas, and the average roughness values were obtained.As shown in Figure 9, the average roughness Ra of the surface in NaNO3 solution was as high as 2.34 μm due to the serious stray corrosion.The surface roughness profile in the mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO3 and 30 g/L NaOH presents a period characteristic, and the average roughness Ra was determined to be only 1.48 μm, which mainly depends on the initial roughness of turning.Thus, a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO 3 and 30 g/L NaOH is suitable, with which the cut-off current density can reach a high value of 7.5 A/cm 2 (Figure 3).The surface of the printed pattern can be completely passivated.The material dissolution on the non-machined surface can be effectively eliminated, and thereby the anodic dissolution in ECM can be localized accordingly.
Based on the studies above, the revolving Inconel 718 workpieces were tested during the ECM process shown in Figure 1.A neutral NaNO 3 solution and a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO 3 and 30 g/L NaOH were used, respectively.The machining parameters are listed in Table 1. Figure 8 shows images of the machined surfaces in different solutions.It can be seen that the rectangular shape was printed on the surface of the anode workpiece.However, the surface of the printed pattern was seriously corroded in 106 g/L NaNO 3 solution, leading to a rough machining surface, as shown in Figure 8a.In contrast, the initial bright rectangular shape can still be observed on the surface in the mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO 3 and 30 g/L NaOH (Figure 8b), indicating a favorable localization effect.The surfaces of the printed patterns were measured using a profile meter three times in different areas, and the average roughness values were obtained.As shown in Figure 9, the average roughness Ra of the surface in NaNO 3 solution was as high as 2.34 µm due to the serious stray corrosion.The surface roughness profile in the mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO 3 and 30 g/L NaOH presents a period characteristic, and the average roughness Ra was determined to be only 1.48 µm, which mainly depends on the initial roughness of turning.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Principle of the electrochemical machining (ECM) test of revolution surface.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Principle of the electrochemical machining (ECM) test of revolution surface.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Potentiodynamic polarization curves of Inconel 718 in NaNO3, NaOH and a mixture of both.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Potentiodynamic polarization curves of Inconel 718 in NaNO 3 , NaOH and a mixture of both.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Current efficiency of Inconel 718 dissolution in different electrolyte solutions.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results for the corroded specimen in 106 g/L NaNO3 solution.(a) SEM image of the specimen surface; (b) EDX of machining products.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Current efficiency of Inconel 718 dissolution in different electrolyte solutions.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Current efficiency of Inconel 718 dissolution in different electrolyte solutions.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results for the corroded specimen in 106 g/L NaNO3 solution.(a) SEM image of the specimen surface; (b) EDX of machining products.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results for the corroded specimen in 106 g/L NaNO 3 solution.(a) SEM image of the specimen surface; (b) EDX of machining products.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. SEM and EDX results for the corroded specimen in a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO3 and 30 g/L NaOH.(a) SEM image of the specimen surface; (b) EDX of machining products.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Numerical simulation model in cross-section.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. SEM and EDX results for the corroded specimen in a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO 3 and 30 g/L NaOH.(a) SEM image of the specimen surface; (b) EDX of machining products.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. SEM and EDX results for the corroded specimen in a mixed solution of 106 g/L NaNO3 and 30 g/L NaOH.(a) SEM image of the specimen surface; (b) EDX of machining products.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Numerical simulation model in cross-section.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Numerical simulation model in cross-section.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Current density distribution on the anode surface at different rotation angles.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Current density distribution on anode surface at different rotation angles.