Development and Evaluation of Light-Weight Active Noise Cancellation Earphones

This paper presents the development of active noise control (ANC) for light-weight earphones, and proposes using music or natural sound to estimate the critical secondary path model instead of extra random noise. Three types of light-weight ANC earphones including in-ear, earbud, and clip phones are developed. Real-time experiments are conducted to evaluate their performance using the built-in microphone inside KEMAR’s ear and to compare with commercially-available ANC headphones and earphones. Experimental results show that the developed light-weight ANC earphones achieve higher noise reduction than the commercial ANC headphones and earphones, and the in-ear ANC earphone has the best noise reduction performance.


Introduction
Portable devices like smart phones and MP3 players with wearable headphones or earphones are widely used by every age group from youth to the elderly.These portable devices bring convenience to people for communication and entertainment in any environment, for example in public buildings and on transportation [1].Unfortunately, the performance of these devices will be degraded by annoying environmental noise.The acoustic noise problem has become more serious as increased numbers of equipment such as engines, blowers, fans, air-conditioners, and compressors are used in many installations, air planes, automobiles, etc. [2].
In general, there are two ways to reduce the environmental noise for portable devices: passive and active.The passive method uses thick acoustic earmuffs to cover the ear completely to block the environmental noise.However, they are relatively large, bulky, costly, and ineffective at low frequency range.The active method uses the ANC system to cancel the unwanted noise based on the principle of superposition [3].Specifically, an anti-noise of equal amplitude and opposite phase is generated and actively combined with the primary noise, thus resulting in the cancellation of both noises.
Several studies were published on the application of ANC headphones [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].In addition, several ANC headphones are commercially available and have been carefully evaluated [12].Basically, there are three types of ANC headphones on the market.The first type of headphone (type A) has earmuffs that sit on top of the ears.The second type (type B) completely encloses the ears.These two types of ANC headphones are over-ear headphones and rely on large and bulky passive earmuffs clamping on the ears to reduce high frequency noise, thus they are not portable while performing outdoor activities.Furthermore, these passive headphones are not comfortable to wear due to the pressure experienced on the side of the head restricting blood flow and hence producing discomfort over time [13].Users experience mild headaches, feel headphones pushing the ears against the head (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo [14]), and feel clamping pressure on their eardrum.The last type is an in-ear ANC earphone (type C) which was developed recently.Therefore, light-weight ANC earphones are the future trend; they are more comfortable and they are efficient for users to reduce environmental noise.
As shown in Figure 1, this paper develops three different light-weight ANC earphones: in-ear, earbud, and clip phones, and compares their noise reduction with commercially available ANC headphones (types A, B and C) of a leading brand company.The rest of the paper is organized as follows.Section II introduces the ANC algorithms used for the earphones and proposes using natural sound for modeling the required secondary path.Section III presents real-time experimental results and compares and analyzes their performance.
Appl.Sci.2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 11 against the head (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo [14]), and feel clamping pressure on their eardrum.The last type is an in-ear ANC earphone (type C) which was developed recently.Therefore, light-weight ANC earphones are the future trend; they are more comfortable and they are efficient for users to reduce environmental noise.As shown in Figure 1, this paper develops three different light-weight ANC earphones: in-ear, earbud, and clip phones, and compares their noise reduction with commercially available ANC headphones (types A, B and C) of a leading brand company.The rest of the paper is organized as follows.Section II introduces the ANC algorithms used for the earphones and proposes using natural sound for modeling the required secondary path.Section III presents real-time experimental results and compares and analyzes their performance.

ANC Algorithms for Earphones
This section introduces the single-channel adaptive feedback ANC algorithm, which requires only one error sensor for each side of the earphone.

Adaptive Feedback ANC Algorithm
The basic principle of the adaptive feedback ANC is to estimate the primary noise to be canceled to use it as the reference signal ( ) x n for the adaptive filter ( ) W z .As shown in Figure 2, the secondary signal ( ) y n generated by the adaptive filter is filtered by the secondary path model ˆ( ) S z and then added with ( ) e n measured from the error sensor to synthesize the reference signal ( ) x n .The secondary signal ( ) y n is generated as where ( ), ( 0,1, , 1) are the coefficients of ( ) W z at time n, and L is the filter length.These filter coefficients are updated by the filtered-X least-mean-square (FXLMS) algorithm [3] expressed as where  is the step size.The filtered signal is where ˆ( ), ( 0,1, , 1) are the coefficients of the FIR filter ˆ( ) S z (with length M) that is the secondary path estimate.Figure 2 clearly shows that the reference signal ( ) x n equals the primary noise ( ) d n if the perfect secondary model is available, i.e., ˆ( ) ( ) S z S z  .The method of modeling the secondary path is presented in the following subsection.

ANC Algorithms for Earphones
This section introduces the single-channel adaptive feedback ANC algorithm, which requires only one error sensor for each side of the earphone.

Adaptive Feedback ANC Algorithm
The basic principle of the adaptive feedback ANC is to estimate the primary noise to be canceled to use it as the reference signal x(n) for the adaptive filter W(z).As shown in Figure 2, the secondary signal y(n) generated by the adaptive filter is filtered by the secondary path model Ŝ(z) and then added with e(n) measured from the error sensor to synthesize the reference signal x(n).The secondary signal y(n) is generated as where w l (n), (l = 0, 1, • • • , L − 1) are the coefficients of W(z) at time n, and L is the filter length.These filter coefficients are updated by the filtered-X least-mean-square (FXLMS) algorithm [3] expressed as where µ is the step size.The filtered signal is where ŝm (n), (m = 0, 1, • • • , M − 1) are the coefficients of the FIR filter Ŝ(z) (with length M) that is the secondary path estimate.Figure 2 clearly shows that the reference signal x(n) equals the primary noise d(n) if the perfect secondary model is available, i.e., Ŝ(z) ∼ = S(z).The method of modeling the secondary path is presented in the following subsection.

Natural Sound for Secondary Path Modeling
As shown in Figure 2, the adaptive feedback ANC algorithm requires the secondary path model ˆ( ) S z for synthesizing the reference signal ( ) x n , and compensating the effects of secondary path ( ) S z for updating ( ) W z .The most popular method for estimating the secondary path is adaptive system identification using a white noise as the excitation signal.Unfortunately, extra random noise is undesired for consumer electronics such as earphones.Therefore, this paper proposes to use natural sound instead of white noise for the secondary path modeling.
Figure 3 shows the block diagram of using audio signal for the secondary path modeling.The natural sound signal ( ) a n stored in memory is used as the excitation signal to drive the loudspeaker, and it also served as the input signal for the adaptive filter ˆ( ) S z .The desired signal ( ) b n is received by the error sensor.

Anti-Aliasing
Filter The modeling error signal is computed as

Natural Sound for Secondary Path Modeling
As shown in Figure 2, the adaptive feedback ANC algorithm requires the secondary path model Ŝ(z) for synthesizing the reference signal x(n), and compensating the effects of secondary path S(z) for updating W(z).The most popular method for estimating the secondary path is adaptive system identification using a white noise as the excitation signal.Unfortunately, extra random noise is undesired for consumer electronics such as earphones.Therefore, this paper proposes to use natural sound instead of white noise for the secondary path modeling.
Figure 3 shows the block diagram of using audio signal for the secondary path modeling.The natural sound signal a(n) stored in memory is used as the excitation signal to drive the loudspeaker, and it also served as the input signal for the adaptive filter Ŝ(z).The desired signal b(n) is received by the error sensor.

Natural Sound for Secondary Path Modeling
As shown in Figure 2, the adaptive feedback ANC algorithm requires the secondary path model ˆ( ) S z for synthesizing the reference signal ( ) x n , and compensating the effects of secondary path ( ) S z for updating ( ) W z .The most popular method for estimating the secondary path is adaptive system identification using a white noise as the excitation signal.Unfortunately, extra random noise is undesired for consumer electronics such as earphones.Therefore, this paper proposes to use natural sound instead of white noise for the secondary path modeling.
Figure 3 shows the block diagram of using audio signal for the secondary path modeling.The natural sound signal ( ) a n stored in memory is used as the excitation signal to drive the loudspeaker, and it also served as the input signal for the adaptive filter ˆ( ) S z .The desired signal ( ) b n is received by the error sensor.

Anti-Aliasing
Filter The modeling error signal is computed as The modeling error signal is computed as

Power Amplifier
where c(n) is computed as In (5), ŝm (n) is the m-th coefficient of the secondary path estimation filter Ŝ(z) at time n.The adaptive filter is updated using the traditional least mean square (LMS) algorithm, Both the reconstruction and anti-aliasing filters are lowpass filters.
It is important to note that Figures 2 and 3 can be combined to form the audio integrated ANC algorithm for on-line modeling of secondary path using the audio signal played by the ANC earphones [15].

Real-Time Experiments
This section presents real-time experimental results showing noise reduction achieved by the ANC earphones and compares them with commercial-available ANC earphones and headphones.

Experimental Setups
At first, we attached an error microphone each to our in-ear, earbud and clip earphones.Figure 4a shows the example of the clip earphone with the attached microphone.For the testing setup shown in Figure 4b, a loudspeaker is used as a noise source to generate the primary noise.The speaker is located 20 cm away from the KEMAR's right ear.The loudspeaker inside the light-weight earphone is used as the secondary loudspeaker to generate the anti-noise, and a MEMS microphone serving as the error microphone is attached on a suitable location of the earphone that is close to the ear canal.A digital signal processing (DSP) development platform (Texas Instrument, TMS320C6713 DSK) is used for implementing the adaptive feedback ANC algorithm.The ADC and DAC card (Heg Co. Ltd., 6713IFB, Mandideep, India) is used to do the signal conversion.The sampling rate is 8 kHz, and the cutoff frequency of both the lowpass filters (the reconstruction and anti-aliasing filters) is 3.2 kHz.The experimental results are measured by the built-in microphone inside the KEMAR's ear, which has input impedance closely resembling that of an average human ear.
where ( ) c n is computed as In ( 5), ˆ( ) s n is the m-th coefficient of the secondary path estimation filter ˆ( ) S z at time n.The adaptive filter is updated using the traditional least mean square (LMS) algorithm, Both the reconstruction and anti-aliasing filters are lowpass filters.
It is important to note that Figures 2 and 3 can be combined to form the audio integrated ANC algorithm for on-line modeling of secondary path using the audio signal played by the ANC earphones [15].

Real-Time Experiments
This section presents real-time experimental results showing noise reduction achieved by the ANC earphones and compares them with commercial-available ANC earphones and headphones.

Experimental Setups
At first, we attached an error microphone each to our in-ear, earbud and clip earphones.Figure 4a shows the example of the clip earphone with the attached microphone.For the testing setup shown in Figure 4b, a loudspeaker is used as a noise source to generate the primary noise.The speaker is located 20 cm away from the KEMAR's right ear.The loudspeaker inside the light-weight earphone is used as the secondary loudspeaker to generate the anti-noise, and a MEMS microphone serving as the error microphone is attached on a suitable location of the earphone that is close to the ear canal.The pinna of KEMAR's ear is a soft rubber like a real human ear, as shown Figure 4.In the experiments, the clip phone covers the KEMAR's pinna, and the error microphone is located inside the clip phone ear pad.The earbud earphone is placed on the outer ear, and the error microphone is attached on the earphone close to the ear canal.The in-ear earphone's plastic cap is inserted inside the KEMAR's ear canal.For comparison, we also place the commercial headsets-type A to cover the KEMAR's ear, type B to enclose the KEMAR's ear, and the plastic cap of the type C earphone is inserted inside the KEMAR's ear for measuring their performance.All the experiments are performed in a quiet room, and the primary noise is played at the same level for all experiments.

Secondary Path Modeling Using Natural Sound
We placed the light-weight ANC earphones on the KEMAR's ear to perform the secondary path modeling.We evaluated different natural sounds and decided to use a rain sound as the excitation signal for all earphones.Both white noise and natural sound used as the excitation signal were compared for estimating the secondary path ( ) S z .Only those music segments which have flat magnitude responses are applicable to identify the secondary path.In this paper, we have tested several natural sounds such as wave, water fall, the rain sound, etc.Among them, the rain sound has the similar spectrum with the white noise, shown in Figure 5a.So, we used the rain sound to identify the secondary path.Figure 5b shows magnitude responses of the estimated secondary paths using the traditional white noise as the excitation signal (solid lines), and the results obtained using the rain natural sound (dotted line).Comparing the solid lines with the same color dotted lines, the results show the secondary path modeling using white noise and natural sound obtained similar magnitude responses, thus natural sound can be used for modeling.These results also show that the in-ear earphone has the best response in a low frequency range to achieve better noise reduction, which will be shown in the following subsection.The pinna of KEMAR's ear is a soft rubber like a real human ear, as shown Figure 4.In the experiments, the clip phone covers the KEMAR's pinna, and the error microphone is located inside the clip phone ear pad.The earbud earphone is placed on the outer ear, and the error microphone is attached on the earphone close to the ear canal.The in-ear earphone's plastic cap is inserted inside the KEMAR's ear canal.For comparison, we also place the commercial headsets-type A to cover the KEMAR's ear, type B to enclose the KEMAR's ear, and the plastic cap of the type C earphone is inserted inside the KEMAR's ear for measuring their performance.All the experiments are performed in a quiet room, and the primary noise is played at the same level for all experiments.

Secondary Path Modeling Using Natural Sound
We placed the light-weight ANC earphones on the KEMAR's ear to perform the secondary path modeling.We evaluated different natural sounds and decided to use a rain sound as the excitation signal for all earphones.Both white noise and natural sound used as the excitation signal were compared for estimating the secondary path S(z).Only those music segments which have flat magnitude responses are applicable to identify the secondary path.In this paper, we have tested several natural sounds such as wave, water fall, the rain sound, etc.Among them, the rain sound has the similar spectrum with the white noise, shown in Figure 5a.So, we used the rain sound to identify the secondary path.Figure 5b shows magnitude responses of the estimated secondary paths using the traditional white noise as the excitation signal (solid lines), and the results obtained using the rain natural sound (dotted line).Comparing the solid lines with the same color dotted lines, the results show the secondary path modeling using white noise and natural sound obtained similar magnitude responses, thus natural sound can be used for modeling.These results also show that the in-ear earphone has the best response in a low frequency range to achieve better noise reduction, which will be shown in the following subsection.

Real-Time Noise Reductions Results
In the first set of experiments, we use stationary primary noise for evaluating noise reduction at different frequencies.As shown in Figure 4, the primary loudspeaker is used to generate single tone primary noise with frequency increasing from 100 Hz to 3000 Hz with the step of 100 Hz.The lightweight ANC earphones are placed on the KEMAR's ear for experiment, and the identical experiments for the commercial ANC headphones and earphone (types A, B and C) were also repeated using the same noise level for comparison.The signal sensed by the KEMAR's microphone resembles the noise that will be perceived by the ANC earphones (or headphones) users.The power difference between the ANC OFF and ON is computed to obtain the noise reduction achieved by the ANC.The satisfactory performance can be achieved by using step size 0.0041, filter length 100 for ˆ( ) S z to model the secondary path, and the ANC filter ( ) W z uses step size 0.0081 and filter length 450. Figure 6 summarizes the noise reduction achieved by six ANC earphones and headphones from 100 Hz to 3000 Hz with step of 100 Hz.This clearly demonstrates that the developed light-weight ANC headphones achieved better noise reduction than the commercially available ANC headphones.Especially, the in-ear earphone obtained the best performance of noise reduction.The average noise reductions for the clip phones is 29 dB, the earbud earphone is 35 dB, and the in-ear earphone is 50 dB.These three ANC earphones are effective over the wide frequency range from 100 Hz to 3000 Hz.As a comparison, the commercial type A headphone failed to reduce noise for frequency above 1000 Hz, the commercial type B headphone failed to reduce noise for frequency over 1500 Hz, and the commercial type C earphone failed to reduce noise for frequency over 2200 Hz.

Real-Time Noise Reductions Results
In the first set of experiments, we use stationary primary noise for evaluating noise reduction at different frequencies.As shown in Figure 4, the primary loudspeaker is used to generate single tone primary noise with frequency increasing from 100 Hz to 3000 Hz with the step of 100 Hz.The light-weight ANC earphones are placed on the KEMAR's ear for experiment, and the identical experiments for the commercial ANC headphones and earphone (types A, B and C) were also repeated using the same noise level for comparison.The signal sensed by the KEMAR's microphone resembles the noise that will be perceived by the ANC earphones (or headphones) users.The power difference between the ANC OFF and ON is computed to obtain the noise reduction achieved by the ANC.The satisfactory performance can be achieved by using step size 0.0041, filter length 100 for Ŝ(z) to model the secondary path, and the ANC filter W(z) uses step size 0.0081 and filter length 450.
Figure 6 summarizes the noise reduction achieved by six ANC earphones and headphones from 100 Hz to 3000 Hz with step of 100 Hz.This clearly demonstrates that the developed light-weight ANC headphones achieved better noise reduction than the commercially available ANC headphones.Especially, the in-ear earphone obtained the best performance of noise reduction.The average noise reductions for the clip phones is 29 dB, the earbud earphone is 35 dB, and the in-ear earphone is 50 dB.These three ANC earphones are effective over the wide frequency range from 100 Hz to 3000 Hz.As a comparison, the commercial type A headphone failed to reduce noise for frequency above In the second set of experiments, the recorded MRI noise is used as the primary noise [16].First, we measure the MRI noise at the KEMAR's ear without placing the earphone or headphone on it.After that, the developed light-weight ANC earphones and commercial ANC earphones and headphones are placed on the KEMAR to measure the MRI noise sensed by the KEMAR's microphone without turning on the ANC.This stage evaluates the passive noise reduction achieved by the earphones and headphones.Finally, we turn on the ANC and measure the residual noise for every ANC earphone and headphone.
Figure 7a shows the measured noise at the KEMAR's ear for the ANC clip earphones.It shows that the ANC clip earphone cannot passively attenuate the MRI noise, but there is 20 dB noise reduction from 1100 Hz to 3200 Hz after ANC is turned on.However, there is no noise reduction below 500 Hz due to the poor loudspeaker response at low frequency range as shown in Figure 5 of the clip earphone.Figure 7b shows the measured noise at the KEMAR's ear for the earbud ANC earphone.This shows the earbud earphone cannot passively attenuate the MRI noise neither, since the spectrum without placing the earphone is similar to the spectrum with earphone.After ANC is turned on, there is almost 20 dB noise reduction from 1000 Hz to 3200 Hz.However, there is also no noise reduction below 500 Hz due to the poor loudspeaker response at low frequency range as shown in the blue lines of Figure 5 for the earbud ANC earphone.Figure 7c shows the measured noise spectra of the in-ear ANC earphone from these three steps.Comparing the black line and blue lines, we show that the in-ear earphone can attenuate high frequency MRI noise from 500 Hz to 2500 Hz by its plastic earpad without using ANC.In addition, comparing the blue line (ANC OFF) and the red line (ANC ON), there is about 15 dB noise reduction for frequency range up to 2400 Hz, which is achieved by ANC.Since the in-ear ANC earphone's error microphone is inside the ear canal and its loudspeaker has good frequency response as shown in Figure 5 (red lines), it can reduce broadband noise efficiently.In the second set of experiments, the recorded MRI noise is used as the primary noise [16].First, we measure the MRI noise at the KEMAR's ear without placing the earphone or headphone on it.After that, the developed light-weight ANC earphones and commercial ANC earphones and headphones are placed on the KEMAR to measure the MRI noise sensed by the KEMAR's microphone without turning on the ANC.This stage evaluates the passive noise reduction achieved by the earphones and headphones.Finally, we turn on the ANC and measure the residual noise for every ANC earphone and headphone.
Figure 7a shows the measured noise at the KEMAR's ear for the ANC clip earphones.It shows that the ANC clip earphone cannot passively attenuate the MRI noise, but there is 20 dB noise reduction from 1100 Hz to 3200 Hz after ANC is turned on.However, there is no noise reduction below 500 Hz due to the poor loudspeaker response at low frequency range as shown in Figure 5 of the clip earphone.Figure 7b shows the measured noise at the KEMAR's ear for the earbud ANC earphone.This shows the earbud earphone cannot passively attenuate the MRI noise neither, since the spectrum without placing the earphone is similar to the spectrum with earphone.After ANC is turned on, there is almost 20 dB noise reduction from 1000 Hz to 3200 Hz.However, there is also no noise reduction below 500 Hz due to the poor loudspeaker response at low frequency range as shown in the blue lines of Figure 5 for the earbud ANC earphone.Figure 7c shows the measured noise spectra of the in-ear ANC earphone from these three steps.Comparing the black line and blue lines, we show that the in-ear earphone can attenuate high frequency MRI noise from 500 Hz to 2500 Hz by its plastic earpad without using ANC.In addition, comparing the blue line (ANC OFF) and the red line (ANC ON), there is about 15 dB noise reduction for frequency range up to 2400 Hz, which is achieved by ANC.Since the in-ear ANC earphone's error microphone is inside the ear canal and its loudspeaker has good frequency response as shown in Figure 5 (red lines), it can reduce broadband noise efficiently.Figure 8a shows the measured noise at the KEMAR's ear for the commercial type A headphone.It shows that the type A headphone cannot passively attenuate the MRI noise by its ear caps.After ANC is turned on, there is 10 dB noise reduction from 100 Hz to 500 Hz.However, there is no noise reduction from 600 Hz to 3200 Hz.The commercial type A headphone even amplifies 5 dB of MRI noise for high frequency from 1800 Hz to 2900 Hz. Figure 8b shows the measured noise at the KEMAR's ear for the commercial type B headphone.It shows that the commercial type B headphone can passively attenuate the MRI noise about 10 dB to 20 dB passively by its earmuffs from 300 Hz to 3200 Hz.After ANC is turned on, there is 15 dB noise reduction from 100 Hz to 900 Hz.However, Figure 8a shows the measured noise at the KEMAR's ear for the commercial type A headphone.It shows that the type A headphone cannot passively attenuate the MRI noise by its ear caps.After ANC is turned on, there is 10 dB noise reduction from 100 Hz to 500 Hz.However, there is no noise reduction from 600 Hz to 3200 Hz.The commercial type A headphone even amplifies 5 dB of MRI noise for high frequency from 1800 Hz to 2900 Hz. Figure 8b shows the measured noise at the KEMAR's ear for the commercial type B headphone.It shows that the commercial type B headphone can passively attenuate the MRI noise about 10 dB to 20 dB passively by its earmuffs from 300 Hz to 3200 Hz.After ANC is turned on, there is 15 dB noise reduction from 100 Hz to 900 Hz.However, the commercial type B headphone amplifies 2 dB to 5 dB of MRI noise from 900 Hz to 3200 Hz. Figure 8c shows the measured noise at the KEMAR's ear for the commercial type C in-ear earphone.It shows the type C earphone can passively attenuate about 15 dB to 25 dB by its ear caps from 500 Hz to 3200 Hz.After ANC is turned on, there is about 5 dB to 10 dB noise reduction from 100 Hz to 1000 Hz, and 2 dB to 5 dB noise reduction from 1100 Hz to 3000 Hz.
(Figure 7b) with the commercial type B headphone (Figure 8b), both the earphones speakers are outside the ear canal.However, after ANC is turned on, the commercial type B headphone amplifies the noise from 900 Hz to 3200 Hz, but the developed earbud earphone still performs well to cancel noise.Comparing the similar style of the developed in-ear ANC earphone (Figure 7c) with the commercial type C earphone (Figure 8c), both are in-ear earphones and can passively attenuate high frequency MRI noise.However, the developed in-ear ANC earphone has better average noise reduction than the commercial type C earphone.
In summary, the ANC earphones developed by this paper are more efficient for noise reduction, and more portable and comfortable to wear than the ANC headphones, especially for outdoor activities.Besides, the developed light-weight ANC earphones only integrate error microphone and ANC filter, which is the same setup as commercial headsets.Thus, the price of the developed earphones in this paper should be acceptable as a consumer electronic device.The stability of the adaptive feedback ANC system can be assured by properly choosing the step size [17].

Conclusions
This paper developed three light-weight earphones with integration of DSP based ANC systems and compared their performance with three commercial ANC headphones and earphone.Experimental setup was carefully addressed for fair comparison.We also proposed using pleasant audio signals for modeling secondary path instead of annoying white noise, and evaluated its Comparing the similar ANC clip earphone (Figure 7a) with the type A headphone (Figure 8a), we found that neither can passively attenuate high frequency noise.However, when ANC is turned on, there is no noise reduction of the type A headphone beyond 500 Hz, but there is 20 dB noise reduction of the developed ANC clip earphone.Therefore, the developed ANC clip earphone has better performance than the type A headphone.Besides, comparing the earbud ANC earphone (Figure 7b) with the commercial type B headphone (Figure 8b), both the earphones speakers are outside the ear canal.However, after ANC is turned on, the commercial type B headphone amplifies the noise from 900 Hz to 3200 Hz, but the developed earbud earphone still performs well to cancel noise.Comparing the similar style of the developed in-ear ANC earphone (Figure 7c) with the commercial type C earphone (Figure 8c), both are in-ear earphones and can passively attenuate high frequency MRI noise.However, the developed in-ear ANC earphone has better average noise reduction than the commercial type C earphone.
In summary, the ANC earphones developed by this paper are more efficient for noise reduction, and more portable and comfortable to wear than the ANC headphones, especially for outdoor activities.Besides, the developed light-weight ANC earphones only integrate error microphone and ANC filter, which is the same setup as commercial headsets.Thus, the price of the developed earphones in this paper should be acceptable as a consumer electronic device.The stability of the adaptive feedback ANC system can be assured by properly choosing the step size [17].

Conclusions
This paper developed three light-weight earphones with integration of DSP based ANC systems and compared their performance with three commercial ANC headphones and earphone.Experimental setup was carefully addressed for fair comparison.We also proposed using pleasant audio signals for modeling secondary path instead of annoying white noise, and evaluated its effectiveness.The light-weight ANC earphones developed by this paper are more comfortable to wear and achieved better noise reduction than the commercially available ANC headphones and earphone.

FilterFigure 3 .
Figure 3. Block diagram of using natural sound for secondary path modeling.

FilterFigure 3 .
Figure 3. Block diagram of using natural sound for secondary path modeling.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Block diagram of using natural sound for secondary path modeling.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Experimental setup (a) for the clip earphone with attached error microphone (b) for testing ANC earphones and headphones.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Experimental setup (a) for the clip earphone with attached error microphone (b) for testing ANC earphones and headphones.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Magnitude responses, (a) the recorded rain sound (red line) and white noise (blue line), (b) results of ˆ( ) S z using white noise (solid) and natural sound (dotted) for the in-ear (red), earbud (blue), and clip earphones (green).

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Magnitude responses, (a) the recorded rain sound (red line) and white noise (blue line); (b) results of Ŝ(z) using white noise (solid) and natural sound (dotted) for the in-ear (red), earbud (blue), and clip earphones (green).

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Spectra of noise measured at the KEMAR's ear without earphone on it (black), with earphone but without ANC (blue), and after ANC is turned on (red).(a) Clip earphone; (b) earbud earphone; (c) in-ear earphone.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Spectra of noise measured at the KEMAR's ear without earphone on it (black), with earphone but without ANC (blue), and after ANC is turned on (red).(a) Clip earphone; (b) earbud earphone; (c) in-ear earphone.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Spectra of noise measured at the KEMAR's ear without earphone on it (black), with earphone but without ANC (blue), and after ANC is turned on (red).(a) Type A; (b) type B; (c) type C.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Spectra of noise measured at the KEMAR's ear without earphone on it (black), with earphone but without ANC (blue), and after ANC is turned on (red).(a) Type A; (b) type B; (c) type C.