Investigating the Linkage between Economic Growth, Electricity Access, Energy Use, and Population Growth in Pakistan

Electricity is a versatile form of energy that plays a vital role in fulfilling the daily requirements of human life. The primary aim of this study was to investigate and explore the link between economic growth, electricity access, energy use, and population growth in Pakistan for the period 1990–2016. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration was applied to investigate the causality link between the study variables. These tests shed light on the long-run connection among the variables; further, the results revealed that the electricity access to the total population, electricity access to the urban population, energy usage, population growth, and urban population growth had a significant impact on economic growth, while the electricity access to the rural population and rural population growth had a negative impact on the economic growth in Pakistan. According to these findings, this study recommends that the government of Pakistan pay further attention to increasing its electricity production from different sources, including hydroelectric, solar, oil, and gas, and nuclear in order to fulfill the country’s demands.


Introduction
Energy plays a dominant role in the economic development and is also a fundamental part of any nation's economy.It relates to energy security, economic development, and social stability.Electricity possesses vital value, and is considered the source of energy that supports every aspect of the economy [1][2][3][4].Over the past few decades, policy failures in the energy sector of Pakistan plunged the country into a severe power crisis, leading to the poor economic performance of the country.The demand of electricity is determined by the population growth as well as other factors, including electricity prices, people's migration to cities, and the weather.However, Pakistan's unique problems and the transformation of the electricity shortage and crisis are caused by theft, abuse, and the excessive usage of electricity in the industrial sectors and homes, unreasonably causing huge line losses, corruption, mismanagement, institutional weakness, and political controversy [5].In 2011, the population growth in Pakistan was 176.17 million as compared to 79.98 million in 1980, and the growing population's demands are increasing, which directly affects the electricity escalation [6].
The South Asian Region (SAR) faces several deficiencies that affect the national system of electricity for a particular time.The electricity supply has not kept stride with the relevant growth and demand, resulting in a long-term downtime and frequent unplanned outages.These conditions have created difficulties for families and industries, and have hampered new investment in the business of any economy [7][8][9][10].Pakistan has a population of about 184 million people, and the rural population

Existing Literature
The energy sector of any country plays a vital role in economic growth and development.Energy shortage in Pakistan has hampered the country, and caused severe crisis in the last several decades.The electricity sector received a great deal of attention due to rapid growth in the demand.Similarly, other factors, including inadequate water supply, water pollution, air pollution, and pasture degradation, are chief challenges that the country is facing [20].Electricity, as a form of energy, plays an important role in boosting the economic growth of a country, and includes all of the sectors.Life quality and social well-being can improve with the severe production of sustainable electricity [21].The total installed electricity capacity was 24,823 megawatts in 2015, with a maximum demand of 26,437 megawatts [22].In response to this severe power shortage, long-term debates regarding energy production occurred, and participation in energy summits discovered a panacea in order to compensate for the shortage of electricity.Numerous conceivable regenerative and renewable electricity production sources are presently being deliberated upon, with suggestions for a short-term, medium-term, and long-term solutions to this trouble [23].
The supply of electricity in the rural communities contributes to economic growth, leading to improvements in agriculture, education, health, gender equality, and sustainable development [24,25].Outdated equipment, improperly installed capacity, an inability to operate transmission systems, and deprived monetary administration are the main reasons behind the failure of the electricity sector in Pakistan [26,27].The shortage is due to the lack of political instability and large investment, which has hindered the hydropower or coal projects, thereby increasing the dependence on imported expensive fuels and plummeting the local natural gas [28].The country's growing population, industrialization, and average household income have contributed to the growth in the demand for electricity [29].Social and economic progress depends on energy flow.Currently, the country is producing insufficient energy and thus is facing a crisis.Despite renewable energy sources, traditional energy generation methods are still being used in Pakistan.In the present period, energy efficiency has amplified, but the energy generation systems have not been updated to fulfill the energy requirements [30,31].The electricity deficit in 2013 was of 6000 megawatts (MW), which is more than the usual 4000-5000 megawatts per year, and the gross domestic product (GDP) declined by 3-4% due to the energy crisis.The crisis has seriously affected the economy of Pakistan as a result of industry closures [32,33].
Electricity is an important component of the infrastructure for a country's socioeconomic development, and it represents a robust correlation between the consumption of electricity and economic growth [34]; however, growth in electricity production is extremely sensitive to local differences and domestic income levels [35].The traditional electricity generation systems typically rely on a large quantity of power generation equipment.Considering the great size, it should be placed in a suitable geographic location.The generated electricity will be delivered to the grid station through heavy-duty transmission lines, and then be transmitted from the grid station to the users.These sources belong to renewable sources, including solar, hydro, and wind [36].
Pakistan ranks high in the world in terms of agricultural and industrial products, but energy problems still exist in the country due to a lack of sufficient measures by the government.However, the primary cause is associated with the government management measures, and Pakistan is also facing a severe energy crisis due to geopolitical uproar and a lack of interest [37][38][39].Electricity is a key source of energy in the agricultural and industrial sector; it contributes almost 50% of Pakistan's economy.The industrial, commercial, and agricultural sectors consume about 27.7%, 7.5%, and 12.5% of the nation's consumption of electricity, respectively [40,41].In order to produce adequate, inexpensive, and environmentally-friendly energy and establish alternative combinations and existing renewables sources of energy, the relevant necessary steps require implementation.Numerous authors have suggested that developing and developed countries should use renewable energy sources such as alternative and sustainable energy over conventional energy sources [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51].
Furthermore, various studies have been conducted in order to highlight the relationship between energy consumption, electricity consumption, CO 2 emissions, employment, real income, residential demand for electricity, exports, GDP, and economic growth by employing cointegration approaches and Granger causality tests [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62].However, the key motive of this study is to analyze the link between economic growth, electricity access to rural population, electricity access to urban population, electricity access to total population, rural and urban population growth, total population growth, and energy usage in Pakistan.Pakistan is located in South Asia, and most of the population living in rural areas is not linked to the power grid.The key component of rural grid electrification simply does not exist.The reason behind this is that certain rural areas have complex geography, moderately low electricity demand, and a huge cost of long delivery systems.Furthermore, there is a daily shortage of electricity in rural areas connected to the grid, mainly during the summertime.

Data Source
Time span data from 1990-2016 was used in this study, which was collected from the WDI (World Development Indicators).Below, Table 1 represents the variables used in this study: The electricity access of the total population, electricity access of the rural population, electricity access of the urban population, energy usage, population growth, and rural and urban population growth from 1990-2016 is illustrated in Figures 1-8, and data was taken from the WDI (World Development Indicators).
Time span data from 1990-2016 was used in this study, which was collected from the W orld Development Indicators).Below, Table 1 represents the variables used in this study: The electricity access of the total population, electricity access of the rural population, electrici cess of the urban population, energy usage, population growth, and rural and urban populati owth from 1990-2016 is illustrated in Figures 1-8, and data was taken from the WDI (Wor velopment Indicators).Figures 1-8 represents the electricity access to the total population, electricity access to the rural population, electricity access to the urban population, energy usage, population growth, and rural and urban population growth, respectively.

Model Specification
To check the association among dependent and independent variables, the model follows the Fatai (2014) [63] specification to adopt the regression procedure.The multivariate regression model specification is as follows in its implicit forms as: In Equation ( 1), GDPPC indicates the gross domestic product per capita, EAP represents the electricity access to the total population, EARP indicates the electricity access to the rural population, EAUP represents the electricity access to the urban population, EN indicates the energy use, PG show the population growth in Pakistan, RPG represent the rural population growth, and UPG indicates the urban population growth.
By using natural logarithm to Equation ( 2), a log-linear model is as follows: Equation ( 3) presents the log-linear form of the variables.lnGDPPC represents the natural logarithm of the gross domestic product per capita; lnEAP represents the natural logarithm of electricity access to the total population; lnEARP represents the natural logarithm of the electricity access to the rural population; lnEAUP represents the natural logarithm of the electricity access to the urban population; lnEN represents the natural logarithm of energy use; lnPG represents the natural logarithm of population growth in Pakistan; lnRPG represents the natural logarithm of rural population growth; lnUPG represents the natural logarithm of urban population growth; t is the time dimension; μt is the error term; Ψ indicates the constant intercept; and the coefficients of the model Ψ to Ψ represent the elasticity for the longrun.Figures 1-8 represents the electricity access to the total population, electricity access to the rural population, electricity access to the urban population, energy usage, population growth, and rural and urban population growth, respectively.

Model Specification
To check the association among dependent and independent variables, the model follows the Fatai (2014) [63] specification to adopt the regression procedure.The multivariate regression model specification is as follows in its implicit forms as: GDPPC t = f(EAP t , EARP t , EAUP t , EN t , PG t , RPG t , UPG t ) In Equation (1), GDPPC t indicates the gross domestic product per capita, EAP t represents the electricity access to the total population, EARP t indicates the electricity access to the rural population, EAUP t represents the electricity access to the urban population, EN t indicates the energy use, PG t show the population growth in Pakistan, RPG t represent the rural population growth, and UPG t indicates the urban population growth.
By using natural logarithm to Equation (2), a log-linear model is as follows: lnGDPPC t = Ψ 0 + Ψ 1 lnEAP t + Ψ 2 lnEARP t + Ψ 3 lnEAUP t + Ψ 4 lnEN t + Ψ 5 lnPG t + Ψ 6 lnRPG t +Ψ 7 lnUPG t + µ t (3) Equation ( 3) presents the log-linear form of the variables.lnGDPPC t represents the natural logarithm of the gross domestic product per capita; lnEAP t represents the natural logarithm of electricity access to the total population; lnEARP t represents the natural logarithm of the electricity access to the rural population; lnEAUP t represents the natural logarithm of the electricity access to the urban population; lnEN t represents the natural logarithm of energy use; lnPG t represents the natural logarithm of population growth in Pakistan; lnRPG t represents the natural logarithm of rural population growth; lnUPG t represents the natural logarithm of urban population growth; t is the time dimension; µ t is the error term; Ψ 0 indicates the constant intercept; and the coefficients of the model Ψ 1 to Ψ 7 represent the elasticity for the longrun.

Unit Root Test for Stationarity
Despite the fact that the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model requires no pre-testing for inspection of variables stationarity through the unit root test.The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (1979) [64] unit root test and Phillips-Perron (1988) [65] unit root test with trend and intercept was used to determine that none of the variables considered were integrated to order two.This is because the ARDL bounds testing approach is invalidated in cases where I(2) variables are used.Therefore, the unit root test was performed using Equation (3): where Z indicates the variables being tested for the unit root, T represents a linear trend, ∆ indicates the first difference, t shows the time, µ t is the error term, and m represents achieving white noise residuals.

Cointegration with ARDL Model
Pesaran and Shin (1998) [66] developed the ARDL bounds testing approach to check the analysis of long-run and short-run relationships, which was further protracted by Pesaran et al. (2001) [67], and Narayan et al. ( 2004) [68].The cointegration testing approach is applicable regardless of the integration order with concerned variables, I(0) and or I(1), except for the occurrence of I(2).The long-run and short-run relations examined the ARDL representation of the unrestricted error correction model (UECM) of Equation ( 2), as depicted in Equation ( 5): where ∆ indicates the difference operator, γ 0 represents the constant intercept, Ψ indicates the coefficients of long-run, while γ indicatesthe coefficients of short-run.The long-run co-movement among the variables of interest is ascertained on the basis of the estimated F-statistic.Pesaran et al. (2001) constituted two values available for the test of cointegration: first, the critical values of lower bound, where the variables are integrated of order zero I(0), and secondly, the critical values of the upper bound; where the variables are integrated of order one I(1).The hypothesis of no presence of long-run association is excluded if the F-statistic estimation exceeds the critical values on the upper bound.Hence, we use the small sample critical values provided by Narayan (2005) [69].Eventually, this empirical study investigates the long-run elasticity and short-run adjustment parameters in Equation (5).

Unit Root Tests Results
Table 2 reports the results of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test and Phillips-Perron unit root test with intercept, and then both intercept and trend.Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test results and Phillips-Perron unit root test results indicated that the significance of variables at 1%, 5%, and 10%, and none of the variables was integrated with the order of I(2); then, the ARDL model employed.Numerous cointegration approaches are available in empirical literature to test cointegration between the series, but the ARDL bounds testing is considered to be superior and preferable due to its various advantages such as: (i) no need for all of the variables in the system to be of an equal order of integration; (ii) it is an efficient estimator, even if samples are small and some of the regressors are endogenous; (iii) it allows the variables to maybe have different optimal lags; and (iv) it employs a single reduced-form equation.Thus, we opted for the ARDL approach to cointegration because of its simplicity and its suitability to models where the involved variables are of mixed order of integration [70].

Cointegration Test
A cointegration test was used when the F or W-statistic applies an upper bound of the selected significant level.It is worth observing that the F test assumes that there is no cointegration null hypothesis between variables.Cointegration results are illustrated in the Table 3.The bounds tests shown in the table summarizes the existence of a cointegration connection among dependent and independent variables at the 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels.Furthermore, we also employed the Johansen and Juselius, (1990) [71] cointegration test, and the results are interpreted in Table 4 with trace statistics and maximum eigenvalues.

Long-Run Analysis Results
Long-run analysis results are interpreted in Table 5. Focusing on the elasticity of the variables in the long-run analysis, the results revealed that the electricity access to the total population of Pakistan has a positive and significant impact, as the economic growth has a coefficient of 1.310100 with a p-value of 0.6983.Similarly, the coefficients of electricity access to the urban population, energy usage, population growth, and urban population growth had a positive and significant impact along with economic growth.The coefficients of the electricity access to the urban population, energy usage, population growth, and urban population growth are 3.079896, 2.288282, 6.617094, and 0.308340, with their p-values of 0.3127, 0.0016, 0.0399, and 0.8886, respectively.Whereas, the results of the electricity access of the rural population and rural population growth had a negative impact on the economic growth, having coefficients −0.891821 and −3.988076 with p-values of 0.6426 and 0.0089, respectively.The negative impact regarding the electricity access of the rural population was caused due to insufficient electricity production in the country and its supply to the rural population of the country.There is a huge gap between the supply and demand of energy, which has flared with the passage of time, and the country has limited sources for producing electricity from reliable sources, including solar, natural gas, wind energy, hydropower, and nuclear.The urban regions in the country are facing abundant load-shedding, while the rural regions face even greater load-shedding compared to their urban counterparts [72,73].

Short-Run Analysis Results
Table 6 depicted the short-run analysis results.
Among the connection of variables, the cointegration presence requires an error correction model (ECM) to imprison the dynamics of the short-run relation with its coefficient, which measures the adjustment speed.The estimated value of R-squared is 0.996705 in the dynamics of the short-run relation, which demonstrates that about 99% variation in the economic growth was described in the model by the independent variables.The joint significance regarding the independent variables confirmed the F-statistic at a 1% level of significance.The value of the Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic was 2.575, which was not equal to the standard DW value for the nonappearance of resistance of any autocorrelation.However, this is good enough to expose whether any autocorrelation exists in the model.
Diagnostic and stability tests results are presented in Table 7. Table 7 shows the Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation Test, and heteroskedasticity test with p-values of 0.1346 and 0.5095 respectively.

Structural Stability Test
The stability tests using the CUSUM and CUSUM square point to stabilize the long-run and short-run constraints.The graph of both CUSUM test and CUSUM square test are mentioned in Figures 9 and 10, which specify that all of the values lie within critical boundaries at a significance level of 5%.It confirms the stability of the long-run and short-run parameters.Diagnostic and stability tests results are presented in Table 7.

Structural Stability Test
The stability tests using the CUSUM and CUSUM square point to stabilize the long-run and short-run constraints.The graph of both CUSUM test and CUSUM square test are mentioned in Figures 9 and 10, which specify that all of the values lie within critical boundaries at a significance level of 5%.It confirms the stability of the long-run and short-run parameters.

Conclusion and Recommendation
Pakistan has suffered from an energy crisis for the last few decades due to the insufficient production and supply of energy, causing an electricity shortage in the country.The key objective of this study was to explore and investigate the link between electricity access, energy usage, population

Conclusions and Recommendation
Pakistan has suffered from an energy crisis for the last few decades due to the insufficient production and supply of energy, causing an electricity shortage in the country.The key objective of this study was to explore and investigate the link between electricity access, energy usage, population growth, and economic growth in Pakistan.The Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test and Phillips-Perron unit root test were employed to gauge the stationarity of the variables, and an ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration was applied to check the causality relationship between the study variables.The results of the study revealed that electricity access to the total population, electricity access to the urban population, energy use, population growth, and urban population growth had a significant correlation with economic growth, while the electricity access to the rural population and rural population growth present a negative correlation with economic growth.The population of Pakistan is growing with the passage of time; more electricity is required to fulfill the country's demands.For the production of electricity, new policies require implementation in order to boost the energy sector of the country.The government should also pay attention to producing energy from alternative sources.These alternative sources include natural gas, coal, solar power, and wind.Natural gas and oil are the dominant sources that are used to produce energy in the country.Possible initiatives need to be undertaken to produce energy using solar power in order to supply cheap electricity to the population of the country.Regarding production from hydropower, necessary steps should be taken to build new dams in the country for storing water, which is also crucial for agricultural growth to boost the country's economic growth.This will also present other benefits, as Pakistan will also face a water crisis in the coming years, which will be a serious threat to the country.The government should also formulate short-term, medium-term, and long-term energy production plans in order to produce cheap energy for fulfilling the country's demand for electricity.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Electricity Access to the Total Population.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Electricity Access to the Total Population.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Electricity Access to the Rural Population.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Electricity Access to the Urban Population.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Energy Use in Pakistan.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Electricity Access to the Rural Population.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Electricity Access to the Rural Population.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Electricity Access to the Urban Population.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Electricity Access to the Rural Population.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Electricity Access to the Urban Population.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Urban Population Growth in Pakistan.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Urban Population Growth in Pakistan.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Urban Population Growth in Pakistan.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Plot of CUSUM of Square.

Table 1 .
Description of Variables and Data Sources.WDI: World Development Indicators.

Table 1 .
Description of Variables and Data Sources.WDI: World Development Indicators.
Note: the units of the variables are in USD and %.

Table 2 .
Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron Unit Root Test Results.

Table 4 .
Results of the Johansen Cointegration test Using Trace Statistic and Maximum Eigenvalues.

Table 7 .
Diagnostic and Stability Tests.

Table 7 .
Diagnostic and Stability Tests.

Table 7
shows the Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation Test, and heteroskedasticity test with pvalues of 0.1346 and 0.5095 respectively.