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Applied Sciences
Volume 16
Issue 12
10.3390/app16125793
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Ankle Joint-Position Sense Accuracy in Young Healthy Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Individual and Protocol-Related Factors

by
Joana Azevedo
1,*,
João Teixeira
1,
Margarida Mesquita
1,
Ricardo Cardoso
1,2,
Isabel Moreira-Silva
1,3,4 and
Adérito Seixas
1,5
1
FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Escola Superior de Saúde Fernando Pessoa, 4200-256 Porto, Portugal
2
Transdisciplinary Center of Consciousness Studies, Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
3
Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
4
Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
5
LABIOMEP, INEGI-LAETA, Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(12), 5793; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16125793 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 10 April 2026 / Revised: 4 May 2026 / Accepted: 7 June 2026 / Published: 8 June 2026
Versions Notes

Abstract

Joint-position sense (JPS) performance depends on the integration of sensory input from different mechanoreceptors, whose contribution may vary according to the protocol. Research on the influence of individual factors (sex, limb dominance and physical activity) on ankle JPS remains scarce or inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the influence of individual and protocol-related factors on the ankle JPS of young healthy adults. Fifty individuals participated in this cross-sectional study. Ankle JPS was assessed by active repositioning toward three target angles: 10° dorsiflexion and 10°/20° plantarflexion. All procedures were video-recorded and analyzed using Kinovea. Absolute (AAE) and relative angular errors (RAE) were calculated. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess physical activity level. There were no significant differences in AAE regarding sex, dominance or physical activity level (p > 0.05). Mean AAE values ranged between 0.5° and 0.7°, with no significant differences between the tested angles (p > 0.05). RAE analysis revealed a tendency toward overestimation of joint position. In young healthy adults, ankle JPS appears to be independent of sex, limb dominance, physical activity level, or tested target angles. Furthermore, these individuals seem to present AAE values below 1°. This information may help to identify those with proprioceptive deficits and monitor intervention outcomes.
Keywords: ankle; joint-position sense; proprioception; sex; dominance; physical activity; target angles ankle; joint-position sense; proprioception; sex; dominance; physical activity; target angles

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MDPI and ACS Style

Azevedo, J.; Teixeira, J.; Mesquita, M.; Cardoso, R.; Moreira-Silva, I.; Seixas, A. Ankle Joint-Position Sense Accuracy in Young Healthy Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Individual and Protocol-Related Factors. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 5793. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16125793

AMA Style

Azevedo J, Teixeira J, Mesquita M, Cardoso R, Moreira-Silva I, Seixas A. Ankle Joint-Position Sense Accuracy in Young Healthy Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Individual and Protocol-Related Factors. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(12):5793. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16125793

Chicago/Turabian Style

Azevedo, Joana, João Teixeira, Margarida Mesquita, Ricardo Cardoso, Isabel Moreira-Silva, and Adérito Seixas. 2026. "Ankle Joint-Position Sense Accuracy in Young Healthy Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Individual and Protocol-Related Factors" Applied Sciences 16, no. 12: 5793. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16125793

APA Style

Azevedo, J., Teixeira, J., Mesquita, M., Cardoso, R., Moreira-Silva, I., & Seixas, A. (2026). Ankle Joint-Position Sense Accuracy in Young Healthy Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Individual and Protocol-Related Factors. Applied Sciences, 16(12), 5793. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16125793

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