Smart Electric Three-Wheeled Unit for the Manufacturing Industry

: This article presents the design of a smart three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry with the aim of optimizing and automating internal logistical processes. It presents an innovative solution that combines the advantages of mobility, intelligent transportation technology, and smart devices to ensure the efficient movement of materials and raw materials in manufacturing facilities. The article describes the design, production, and testing of the tricycle in a real manufacturing environment of the production system and the testing of the proposed smart devices. It evaluates the advantages of the electric smart tricycle, including increased efficiency, reduced costs, and more flexible production processes. The results of this study suggest that the intelligent three-wheeled unit represents a promising technological innovation with the potential to increase competitiveness and productivity in


Introduction
In an era marked by technological advancements and the pursuit of efficiency within the manufacturing sector, the exploration of smart logistics solutions emerges as a critical endeavour [1].This literature review, inspired by the pioneering researchers [2], delves into the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies to revolutionize the landscape of manufacturing and logistics.Their investigation into the design, production, and application of a smart three-wheeled unit in manufacturing environments lays the groundwork for our comprehensive analysis of similar technological innovations aimed at optimizing and automating internal logistical processes [3].
The essence of Industry 4.0 lies in its ability to enhance operational efficiency through the convergence of digital technologies, as demonstrated by the innovative use of threewheeled transport vehicles [4,5].These vehicles epitomize the fusion of compactness, manoeuvrability, and intelligent transport technology, thereby addressing the pressing needs for speed, efficiency, and safety in material and component transportation within manufacturing halls [6,7].
Reflecting on the collective insights from the selected documents, it becomes apparent that the application of the Internet of Things and blockchain technology holds significant promise for smart logistics and transportation systems.This synthesis unveils a layered framework that integrates these technologies to foster secure, efficient, and decentralized logistics operations [8,9].Through the lens of [10,11], we recognize the pivotal role of intelligent devices in enhancing the functionality and efficiency of these transport solutions.
Further exploration into the realms of augmented reality (AR) and cyber-physical systems (CPS) reveals their transformative impact on manufacturing and logistics.AR, in particular, emerges as a powerful tool for enhancing production processes, aligning with [12]'s emphasis on innovative solutions that transcend traditional operational limitations.Similarly, the integration of CPS into smart production-logistics systems underscores the shift towards self-adaptive and collaborative control mechanisms, mirroring the adaptive capabilities of the smart three-wheeled unit [13].
In analysing the strategic formulation of smart logistics within national logistics companies, the alignment with [14]'s vision of technological innovation and strategic planning becomes evident.This approach not only enhances logistics performance but also significantly contributes to the competitiveness of the sector, echoing the benefits of the smart three-wheeled unit in optimizing production processes and reducing costs.
Machine learning's role in manufacturing and the application of Industry 4.0 technologies further accentuate the thematic congruence with [15]'s research.The optimization of production processes, predictive maintenance, and quality control facilitated by machine learning algorithms exemplifies the convergence of intelligence and efficiency that is central to the smart three-wheeled unit's design and functionality [16,17].
The emergence of the Internet of Things and blockchain as keystones for smart logistics and transportation systems offers a blueprint for the seamless integration of these technologies into modern logistics operations.This integration promises a new era of efficiency, transparency, and security, reflective of the smart three-wheeled unit's innovative application in manufacturing environments [18,19].
Conclusively, the collective insights from these documents, framed within the pioneering work of [20,21], highlight the transformative potential of Industry 4.0 technologies in manufacturing and logistics.The smart three-wheeled unit, with its integration of mobility, intelligent transportation technology, and smart devices, serves as a testament to the feasibility and benefits of these technological innovations [22,23].As we venture further into the exploration of such advancements, it is imperative to continue fostering the development and implementation of solutions that enhance efficiency, sustainability, and competitiveness in the manufacturing industry [24,25].
Manufacturing halls are the cornerstone of industrial operations, where speed, efficiency, and safety of material and component transportation play crucial roles in achieving maximum productivity [26][27][28].In this context, increasing attention is being paid to the development and implementation of innovative transportation means that can enhance efficiency and flexibility within manufacturing halls.One of the most interesting and promising solutions are three-wheeled transport vehicles, which combine compactness, manoeuvrability, and load capacity.Their ability to penetrate areas with limited space and handle diverse terrains makes them ideal assistants for transportation in manufacturing halls.
This article outlines the advantages and applications of three-wheeled transport vehicles in manufacturing environments, as well as how they can contribute to the improvement of material flow and the optimization of production processes.An integral part of the handling process is human intervention, which, however, is limited by its own constraints.Technology helps to significantly overcome these limits.Among the most commonly used handling means are industrial carts.These are road or rail vehicles, powered or unpowered, designed for transport-handling, loading, and storage operations.Nowadays, there is an immense variety of carts suitable for specific types of operations or for universal use.Both two-wheeled and three-wheeled carts are structurally among the simplest carts.Depending on the type and properties of the transported material, they vary in their design.
In the current era of continuous technological progress and the growing importance of automation, manufacturing enterprises face challenging demands in terms of the efficiency, flexibility, and optimization of their internal logistical processes.In response to these needs, the concept of smart intelligent three-wheeled units enters the scene, appearing as a promising solution for enhancing manufacturing operations.These combine mobile technology with intelligent capabilities to provide dynamic and efficient solutions for the transportation of goods and raw materials in manufacturing facilities.This article focuses on the importance and potential of intelligent three-wheeled units in the context of the manufacturing industry and offers an overview of their design, implementation, and benefits.The analysis and discussion in this study contribute to a better understanding of their significance as a means to achieve increased efficiency, logistics optimization, and improved competitiveness in the manufacturing sector.
In today's dynamic environment of the manufacturing industry, there is a continuously growing need for innovative and efficient solutions that would increase productivity, optimize processes, and reduce costs [29,30].In this context, electric smart tricycles are becoming an increasingly important tool for modern manufacturing enterprises.These intelligent power units bring together electric propulsion and advanced control systems, allowing for the automation and optimization of internal transportation processes.Their ability to adapt to various tasks, flexibility, and safety make them a versatile solution for manufacturing plants across different sectors.

Materials and Methods
The three-wheeled unit discussed in the paper is the culmination of innovative research and development conducted by the Department of Industrial and Digital Engineering at the Technical University of Košice (Košice, Slovakia).The design process utilized Autodesk's Inventor CAD system (v.2024),chosen for its ability to simplify complex designs, demonstrating the effectiveness of modern CAD technologies.The design was optimized for ease of assembly, maintenance, and the potential for component replacement.The unit's construction integrates both standardized parts widely available in the market and bespoke components that are specifically manufactured.The fabrication of these components requires processes such as bending, cutting, machining, welding, and additive technologies to achieve the desired functionality and reliability.

Design Parameters Determination
The parameters for the design of the three-wheeled unit were established as follows:

•
External dimensions smaller than 1650 × 900 × 1300 mm; The initial design for the frame of the three-wheeled unit was modelled after the commonly used shape of a motor-less tricycle, into which an electric motor drive was integrated.The motor's torque is conveyed to the rear axle, and subsequently, to the wheels through a chain.This frame underwent several iterative designs, each iteration enhancing the overall qualities of the three-wheeled unit.
For the construction of the frame, the initial choice was a closed square profile, known as a jackel (square profile), measuring 40 × 40 mm with a 3 mm wall thickness.This was later switched to a simpler-to-form 42 mm diameter tube due to fewer welding requirements.For the seat's structure, a 22 mm tube was employed.The initial frame design, as depicted in Figure 1, utilized two curved tubes reinforced between them, which supported the seat.
The second version of the frame was chosen over the first due to its more compact dimensions and improved structural design.This subsequently facilitated seamless integration of the drivetrain and enhanced the ergonomics of the electric tricycle.
This design was later replaced by a new second version (Figure 2) due to the overall dimensions of the complete tricycle.This version consisted of a single central tube, which led to a reduction in the space needed for the operator's legs (the seat could be moved towards the future handlebars), and thus, the overall length.By adding side beams (Aconnections), space was also created for placing the motor holder.This design was later replaced by a new second version (Figure 2) due to the overall dimensions of the complete tricycle.This version consisted of a single central tube, which led to a reduction in the space needed for the operator's legs (the seat could be moved towards the future handlebars), and thus, the overall length.By adding side beams (Aconnections), space was also created for placing the motor holder.The placement of the fork holder (red part) at the correct height is shown in Figure 3, which was determined by modelling and adding the rear wheel to the frame.The front wheel was subsequently selected from commonly available sizes of the front wheels.This design was later replaced by a new second version (Figure 2) due to the overall dimensions of the complete tricycle.This version consisted of a single central tube, which led to a reduction in the space needed for the operator's legs (the seat could be moved towards the future handlebars), and thus, the overall length.By adding side beams (Aconnections), space was also created for placing the motor holder.The placement of the fork holder (red part) at the correct height is shown in Figure 3, which was determined by modelling and adding the rear wheel to the frame.The front wheel was subsequently selected from commonly available sizes of the front wheels.The placement of the fork holder (red part) at the correct height is shown in Figure 3, which was determined by modelling and adding the rear wheel to the frame.The front wheel was subsequently selected from commonly available sizes of the front wheels.This design was later replaced by a new second version (Figure 2) due to the overall dimensions of the complete tricycle.This version consisted of a single central tube, which led to a reduction in the space needed for the operator's legs (the seat could be moved towards the future handlebars), and thus, the overall length.By adding side beams (Aconnections), space was also created for placing the motor holder.The placement of the fork holder (red part) at the correct height is shown in Figure 3, which was determined by modelling and adding the rear wheel to the frame.The front wheel was subsequently selected from commonly available sizes of the front wheels.The selection of the front wheel was from possible sizes of 12 ′′ , 14 ′′ , 16 ′′ , and 20 ′′ .A suitable fork was also used along with a height-adjustable stem for the handlebars and the handlebars themselves.For optimal positioning of the frame and the orientation of the handlebars relative to the seat, a 16" wheel was chosen, onto which a tire with the dimensions "47-(305) 16 × 1.75" was later mounted.By adding the fork, tilting it to the steering angle (commonly, a value of 62-70 • from the vertical axis is used on bicycles), a 65 • angle was chosen.By adding this tilted assembly of the fork with the wheel and its holder to the proposed frame, the exact point of connection to the frame was precisely determined, i.e., the central tube had to be adjusted to the necessary length in CAD.
The seat (Figure 4) is made from a tube with a diameter of 22 mm and a wall thickness of 2.6 mm.The seat part measures 500 × 340 mm, the backrest is 300 mm high, and the angle between these parts is 105 • .
The selection of the front wheel was from possible sizes of 12″, 14″, 16″, and 20″.A suitable fork was also used along with a height-adjustable stem for the handlebars and the handlebars themselves.For optimal positioning of the frame and the orientation of the handlebars relative to the seat, a 16" wheel was chosen, onto which a tire with the dimensions "47-(305) 16 × 1.75" was later mounted.By adding the fork, tilting it to the steering angle (commonly, a value of 62-70° from the vertical axis is used on bicycles), a 65° angle was chosen.By adding this tilted assembly of the fork with the wheel and its holder to the proposed frame, the exact point of connection to the frame was precisely determined, i.e., the central tube had to be adjusted to the necessary length in CAD.
The seat (Figure 4) is made from a tube with a diameter of 22 mm and a wall thickness of 2.6 mm.The seat part measures 500 × 340 mm, the backrest is 300 mm high, and the angle between these parts is 105°.For the motor placement, a holder was modelled, consisting of a tube, in which the motor is housed and placed between two parts made of 5 mm-thick sheet metal (D-connection), between which reinforcements were placed.From the placement of the seat on the proposed frame, it was found that the motor and its holder were inappropriately located (Figure 5; the motor would significantly obstruct the legs during riding).A solution was subsequently found in moving the motor's position towards the rear part.For the motor placement, a holder was modelled, consisting of a tube, in which the motor is housed and placed between two parts made of 5 mm-thick sheet metal (Dconnection), between which reinforcements were placed.From the placement of the seat on the proposed frame, it was found that the motor and its holder were inappropriately located (Figure 5; the motor would significantly obstruct the legs during riding).A solution was subsequently found in moving the motor's position towards the rear part.
The selection of the front wheel was from possible sizes of 12″, 14″, 16″, and 20″.A suitable fork was also used along with a height-adjustable stem for the handlebars and the handlebars themselves.For optimal positioning of the frame and the orientation of the handlebars relative to the seat, a 16" wheel was chosen, onto which a tire with the dimensions "47-(305) 16 × 1.75" was later mounted.By adding the fork, tilting it to the steering angle (commonly, a value of 62-70° from the vertical axis is used on bicycles), a 65° angle was chosen.By adding this tilted assembly of the fork with the wheel and its holder to the proposed frame, the exact point of connection to the frame was precisely determined, i.e., the central tube had to be adjusted to the necessary length in CAD.
The seat (Figure 4) is made from a tube with a diameter of 22 mm and a wall thickness of 2.6 mm.The seat part measures 500 × 340 mm, the backrest is 300 mm high, and the angle between these parts is 105°.For the motor placement, a holder was modelled, consisting of a tube, in which the motor is housed and placed between two parts made of 5 mm-thick sheet metal (D-connection), between which reinforcements were placed.From the placement of the seat on the proposed frame, it was found that the motor and its holder were inappropriately located (Figure 5; the motor would significantly obstruct the legs during riding).A solution was subsequently found in moving the motor's position towards the rear part.The foundational template for the frame design was inspired by the most commonly used shape of a motorless tricycle, proven over time in the market.This design incorporated an electric motor drive, with torque transmitted to the rear axle and subsequently to the wheels via a chain.The frame design underwent several interconnected iterations, each improving the final properties of the designed three-wheeled unit.Tubular profiles in various necessary diameters were used for different parts of the frame construction, and flat strips were utilized for manufacturing the motor holder of the tricycle.The foundational template for the frame design was inspired by the most commonly used shape of a motorless tricycle, proven over time in the market.This design incorporated an electric motor drive, with torque transmitted to the rear axle and subsequently to the wheels via a chain.The frame design underwent several interconnected iterations, each improving the final properties of the designed three-wheeled unit.Tubular profiles in various necessary diameters were used for different parts of the frame construction, and flat strips were utilized for manufacturing the motor holder of the tricycle.
The primary parameters for designing the tricycle were primarily its external dimensions and manoeuvrability in enclosed spaces, along with sufficient structural rigidity to prevent twisting under a 750 W power output and a maximum torque of 150 Nm.

Chosen Drive for the Electric Smart Tricycle
The drive system selected for the electric smart tricycle includes the Bafang BBS-02 motor paired with the C 965 control unit (Suzhou Bafang Electric Motor Science-Technology Co., LTD, Suzhou, China) and associated accessories (Figure 7), all housed in a specially designed holder.This configuration transmits power through a 46-tooth sprocket to the rear drivetrain.The motor, which is capable of a maximum output of 750 watts, is typically used for upgrading bicycles with electric drive systems, by mounting it within the bottom bracket assembly.The system is powered by a 48-volt lithium-ion battery available in either 14 Ah or 17.5 Ah capacities, ensuring a robust power supply to the motor via the control unit.The C 965 control unit is versatile, offering the ability to adjust among nine preset power levels, and allowing for further customization of performance characteristics through software reprogramming.Additional functionalities of this unit include displays for speed, distance travelled, and battery status; it also features automatic backlighting for visibility, a temperature display for monitoring the system's operating conditions, and indicators for power consumption and overall motor performance.Notably, the control unit is designed to be energy-efficient, drawing only 10 to 30 mA, which minimizes its impact on battery drain.
One of the advantages of selecting the Bafang 48 V 750 W motor is its versatility for use.Its flexible design facilitates easy integration into various frames and electric vehicles.It allows for simple installation and maintenance, ultimately reducing service costs and The primary parameters for designing the tricycle were primarily its external dimensions and manoeuvrability in enclosed spaces, along with sufficient structural rigidity to prevent twisting under a 750 W power output and a maximum torque of 150 Nm.

Chosen Drive for the Electric Smart Tricycle
The drive system selected for the electric smart tricycle includes the Bafang BBS-02 motor paired with the C 965 control unit (Suzhou Bafang Electric Motor Science-Technology Co., LTD, Suzhou, China) and associated accessories (Figure 7), all housed in a specially designed holder.This configuration transmits power through a 46-tooth sprocket to the rear drivetrain.The motor, which is capable of a maximum output of 750 watts, is typically used for upgrading bicycles with electric drive systems, by mounting it within the bottom bracket assembly.The system is powered by a 48-volt lithium-ion battery available in either 14 Ah or 17.5 Ah capacities, ensuring a robust power supply to the motor via the control unit.The C 965 control unit is versatile, offering the ability to adjust among nine preset power levels, and allowing for further customization of performance characteristics through software reprogramming.Additional functionalities of this unit include displays for speed, distance travelled, and battery status; it also features automatic backlighting for visibility, a temperature display for monitoring the system's operating conditions, and indicators for power consumption and overall motor performance.Notably, the control unit is designed to be energy-efficient, drawing only 10 to 30 mA, which minimizes its impact on battery drain.
One of the advantages of selecting the Bafang 48 V 750 W motor is its versatility for use.Its flexible design facilitates easy integration into various frames and electric vehicles.It allows for simple installation and maintenance, ultimately reducing service costs and enabling quicker repairs in case of a malfunction.The main reason for choosing it over wheel-integrated motors is its high performance and torque, essential for towing a trailer.Its placement in the centre of the electric tricycle contributes to improved stability and control.
enabling quicker repairs in case of a malfunction.The main reason for choosing it over wheel-integrated motors is its high performance and torque, essential for towing a trailer.Its placement in the centre of the electric tricycle contributes to improved stability and control.

Transmission Gear
The advantage of using a chain-driven propulsion system for the electric smart tricycle, as opposed to a direct drive from the motor to the rear wheels, lies in the flexibility it provides in adjusting the gear ratios.The gear ratio between the front and rear gears directly influences the tricycle's top speed and its torque or pulling force.With the motor equipped with a 46-tooth sprocket, the choice of rear sprocket size in the derailleur dictates the gear ratio, and thus, the overall speed capabilities of the tricycle.
Selecting the rear sprocket's size is critical and is typically based on standardized components common in electric bicycles.This size determination involves calculations that factor in the motor's rotational speed per minute (RPM), as specified in the manufacturer's technical sheet, and the diameter of the rear wheels.The technical sheet for the Bafang BBS-02 motor (Table 1), for example, lists a maximum rotation of 135 RPM (nT = 135 min −1 ), which equates to 2.25 motor rotations per second, correlating to the sprocket's rotations.
This detailed approach to gearing allows for nuanced control over the tricycle's mechanical output, optimizing it for various operational needs whether it be achieving higher speeds or increasing torque for better pulling power.

Transmission Gear
The advantage of using a chain-driven propulsion system for the electric smart tricycle, as opposed to a direct drive from the motor to the rear wheels, lies in the flexibility it provides in adjusting the gear ratios.The gear ratio between the front and rear gears directly influences the tricycle's top speed and its torque or pulling force.With the motor equipped with a 46-tooth sprocket, the choice of rear sprocket size in the derailleur dictates the gear ratio, and thus, the overall speed capabilities of the tricycle.
Selecting the rear sprocket's size is critical and is typically based on standardized components common in electric bicycles.This size determination involves calculations that factor in the motor's rotational speed per minute (RPM), as specified in the manufacturer's technical sheet, and the diameter of the rear wheels.The technical sheet for the Bafang BBS-02 motor (Table 1), for example, lists a maximum rotation of 135 RPM (nT = 135 min −1 ), which equates to 2.25 motor rotations per second, correlating to the sprocket's rotations.This detailed approach to gearing allows for nuanced control over the tricycle's mechanical output, optimizing it for various operational needs whether it be achieving higher speeds or increasing torque for better pulling power.
The rear wheel has a diameter of 10 inches, which means that one rotation of the wheel while the tricycle is moving will equal a travelled distance of 0.79 m.
O kol = 0.79 m; (2) Appl.Sci.2024, 14, 4933 8 of 19 In the parameters for the design of the three-wheeled unit, a maximum speed of 12 to 15 km/h was determined.We used the average for the design, i.e., 13.5 km/h, as follows: V max = 3.75 ms −1  (3) The required number of revolutions of the rear wheel for the maximum speed was, therefore, calculated from the maximum speed and the circumference of the wheel.
In this case, the required gear ratio between the electric motor and the rear wheel is: The number of teeth required for the rear derailleur sprocket was calculated from the relationship: Given that standardized gearings have options for the number of teeth, such as 18, 20, 22, 24, or 26, the closest number to the calculation which was selected was a 22-tooth derailleur sprocket (Figure 8).

Rear Wheels
In the construction of the three-wheeled unit, rear wheels with a size of 3.00-4 (260 × 85) are used, as shown in Figure 9, with a central hole diameter of 30 mm.This type of wheel is designed for transporting heavier loads in production halls and is also more resistant to punctures.To connect them to the drivetrain, it was necessary to model axles in the CAD system, which were placed into the bearing housing UCP 206 (SKF, Gothenburg, Sweden), with a central 30 mm hole in the bearing.

Rear Shaft
The rear shaft is assembled from several parts.The first of these, as shown in the modelling on Figure 10, is the part designated for the connection of the bearing and the To enhance the clarity of our analysis and ensure a comprehensive understanding of the calculations presented in this study, we provide detailed definitions of the variables used in the formula for calculating the required number of revolutions of the rear wheel: • n kol This is the required number of revolutions per second of the rear wheel to achieve the desired vehicle speed.This variable is directly influenced by the operational speed of the motor and the gear ratio.
• V max This is the target maximum speed of the three-wheeled unit, which sets the operational goal for the vehicle's performance in terms of speed.

• o kol
This is the circumference of the rear wheel, which is necessary for converting the rotational speed into linear travel distance.This measure is vital for translating the rotational dynamics of the wheel into practical motion metrics that relate directly to the vehicle's speed.

Rear Wheels
In the construction of the three-wheeled unit, rear wheels with a size of 3.00-4 (260 × 85) are used, as shown in Figure 9, with a central hole diameter of 30 mm.This type of wheel is designed for transporting heavier loads in production halls and is also more resistant to punctures.To connect them to the drivetrain, it was necessary to model axles in the CAD system, which were placed into the bearing housing UCP 206 (SKF, Gothenburg, Sweden), with a central 30 mm hole in the bearing.

Rear Wheels
In the construction of the three-wheeled unit, rear wheels with a size of 3.00-4 (260 × 85) are used, as shown in Figure 9, with a central hole diameter of 30 mm.This type of wheel is designed for transporting heavier loads in production halls and is also more resistant to punctures.To connect them to the drivetrain, it was necessary to model axles in the CAD system, which were placed into the bearing housing UCP 206 (SKF, Gothenburg, Sweden), with a central 30 mm hole in the bearing.

Rear Shaft
The rear shaft is assembled from several parts.The first of these, as shown in the modelling on Figure 10, is the part designated for the connection of the bearing and the solid attachment of the rear wheel.The modelling of this part consisted of a drawing and, in the next step, a rotation around the central axis.On this part of the rear shaft, the rear sprocket is attached on the right side, and on the left side, the disc of the rear brake is placed.

Rear Shaft
The rear shaft is assembled from several parts.The first of these, as shown in the modelling on Figure 10, is the part designated for the connection of the bearing and the solid attachment of the rear wheel.The modelling of this part consisted of a drawing and, in the next step, a rotation around the central axis.On this part of the rear shaft, the rear sprocket is attached on the right side, and on the left side, the disc of the rear brake is placed.

Rear Wheels
In the construction of the three-wheeled unit, rear wheels with a size of 3.00-4 (260 × 85) are used, as shown in Figure 9, with a central hole diameter of 30 mm.This type of wheel is designed for transporting heavier loads in production halls and is also more resistant to punctures.To connect them to the drivetrain, it was necessary to model axles in the CAD system, which were placed into the bearing housing UCP 206 (SKF, Gothenburg, Sweden), with a central 30 mm hole in the bearing.

Rear Shaft
The rear shaft is assembled from several parts.The first of these, as shown in the modelling on Figure 10, is the part designated for the connection of the bearing and the solid attachment of the rear wheel.The modelling of this part consisted of a drawing and, in the next step, a rotation around the central axis.On this part of the rear shaft, the rear sprocket is attached on the right side, and on the left side, the disc of the rear brake is placed.The placement of this part of the shaft is in a standardized component, the bearing housing UCP 206, shown in Figure 11.The use of this component was chosen due to its robust design, simplicity of mounting on the frame of the three-wheeled unit, resistance to external influences, and primarily for easy maintenance, for which the housing itself is equipped with a lubrication hole.The housing has securing screws against the axial movement of the shaft in the bearing.
Appl.Sci.2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 20 robust design, simplicity of mounting on the frame of the three-wheeled unit, resistance to external influences, and primarily for easy maintenance, for which the housing itself is equipped with a lubrication hole.The housing has securing screws against the axial movement of the shaft in the bearing.To secure the position of the rear wheel and its offset from the bearing, a spacer part, shown in the assembly in Figure 12, was used.To secure the position of the rear wheel and its offset from the bearing, a spacer part, shown in the assembly in Figure 12, was used.To secure the position of the rear wheel and its offset from the bearing, a spacer part, shown in the assembly in Figure 12, was used.The next part of the shaft is a component necessary for connecting the rear gearing to the shaft and rear wheel for the transmission of driving force.The connection is secured with six screws, and the gearing is attached to the component with another four screws.The second part of the shaft can also be used for connecting the brake disc, but to simplify production, a modified component was designed.Figure 13 shows a comparison of these components.The connection between the first and second parts is again via six screws, with the brake disc compressed between these parts.The next part of the shaft is a component necessary for connecting the rear gearing to the shaft and rear wheel for the transmission of driving force.The connection is secured with six screws, and the gearing is attached to the component with another four screws.The second part of the shaft can also be used for connecting the brake disc, but to simplify production, a modified component was designed.Figure 13 shows a comparison of these components.The connection between the first and second parts is again via six screws, with the brake disc compressed between these parts.

Assembly Instructions
In Table 2, the recommended tightening torques for the screws of the individual components are listed, and in Table 3, a list of components for the three-wheeled unit is provided.

Assembly Instructions
In Table 2, the recommended tightening torques for the screws of the individual components are listed, and in Table 3, a list of components for the three-wheeled unit is provided.

Design and Selection of Smart Devices for Installation on the Three-Wheeled Device
In today's era, where the implementation of Industry 4.0 principles is becoming standard in all production processes, it is necessary to prepare not only production equipment but also non-production devices for integration into smart systems used in industrial manufacturing.The use of intelligent electric smart tricycles serves this purpose.To maintain competitiveness, products must meet design, mechanical, and also software parameters, which together form the final product.Smart devices enhance the structural content of the tricycle, allow for increased safety of device usage, and improve communication with other devices in operation, thereby speeding up and simplifying the production process.

Design and Selection of Smart Devices for Installation on the Three-Wheeled Device
In today's era, where the implementation of Industry 4.0 principles is becoming standard in all production processes, it is necessary to prepare not only production equipment but also non-production devices for integration into smart systems used in industrial manufacturing.The use of intelligent electric smart tricycles serves this purpose.To maintain competitiveness, products must meet design, mechanical, and also software parameters, which together form the final product.Smart devices enhance the structural content of the tricycle, allow for increased safety of device usage, and improve communication with other devices in operation, thereby speeding up and simplifying the production process.

Selection of Smart Devices Integrated into the Construction of the Tricycle 2.8.1. Display Device
The tablet (Lenovo Group Limited, Peking, China) is used as a direct communication device between the driver and the smart devices installed on the three-wheeled vehicle.The tablet could be utilized as a map of the manufacturing plant, where, if necessary due to a change in the product being manufactured, a request for specific components needed for production could be sent in advance.This would reduce the downtime of a particular production machine.Additionally, the tablet could display notifications about potential malfunctions of production machines.Figure 15 shows its placement on the handlebar of the tricycle directly in the driver's field of view.For its attachment, additive technology was used to produce holders that were adapted to the shape of the handlebar and the tablet.was used to produce holders that were adapted to the shape of the handlebar and the tablet.

Environmental Sensors
Environmental sensors (In-Situ Inc., Fort Collins, CO, USA) (Figure 16) serve to convey an image of the surroundings that are outside the driver's natural field of vision.They can transmit the image to the display of the tablet located within the driver's field of view, enabling the driver to react in time, thus preventing a collision of the vehicle with another object or person.

Camera Systems
The camera features a top-notch optical sensor from Sony with a wide-angle lens of 140° (SONY, Tokyo, Japan), allowing it to capture clear images even under poor lighting conditions.With integrated WiFi, it is possible to share images in real time over the internet, which can be useful during complex repairs when a technician can assist with service without being physically present.Images and important notifications can be displayed via

Environmental Sensors
Environmental sensors (In-Situ Inc., Fort Collins, CO, USA) (Figure 16) serve to convey an image of the surroundings that are outside the driver's natural field of vision.They can transmit the image to the display of the tablet located within the driver's field of view, enabling the driver to react in time, thus preventing a collision of the vehicle with another object or person.was used to produce holders that were adapted to the shape of the handlebar and the tablet.

Environmental Sensors
Environmental sensors (In-Situ Inc., Fort Collins, CO, USA) (Figure 16) serve to convey an image of the surroundings that are outside the driver's natural field of vision.They can transmit the image to the display of the tablet located within the driver's field of view, enabling the driver to react in time, thus preventing a collision of the vehicle with another object or person.

Camera Systems
The camera features a top-notch optical sensor from Sony with a wide-angle lens of 140° (SONY, Tokyo, Japan), allowing it to capture clear images even under poor lighting conditions.With integrated WiFi, it is possible to share images in real time over the internet, which can be useful during complex repairs when a technician can assist with service without being physically present.Images and important notifications can be displayed via a Bluetooth ® wireless connection on the screen of a tablet or smartphone running the An-

Camera Systems
The camera features a top-notch optical sensor from Sony with a wide-angle lens of 140 • (SONY, Tokyo, Japan), allowing it to capture clear images even under poor lighting conditions.With integrated WiFi, it is possible to share images in real time over the internet, which can be useful during complex repairs when a technician can assist with service without being physically present.Images and important notifications can be displayed via a Bluetooth ® wireless connection on the screen of a tablet or smartphone running the Android or IOS operating system.Micro SD card support (Kingston Technology, Fountain Valley, CA, USA) is used for storing recordings from rides, which can serve as evidence in case of damage for the purpose of proving fault.The ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) takes care of safety notifications.Unlike other cameras on the market, the GPS module is entirely housed inside the unit, meaning there is no need to connect any external GPS device.This represents a significant advantage when integrating the vehicle into the virtual map of the enterprise.Its placement is shown in Figure 17.To enhance safety during reversing and facilitate manoeuvring with the tricycle, the Mio MiVue A30 rear car camera (Mio, Taoyuan City, Taiwan) was chosen (Figure 18).The main reason is that it is fully compatible with the front car camera, which eases installation and simplifies the operation of the cameras.

Tensometric Sensors
The utilized weight sensors have a maximum capacity of 50 kg, and it is possible to use multiple sensors for simultaneous measurements (Figure 19).For this project, 4 tensometric sensors were acquired, which were placed at the corners of the cart for optimal weight measurement, thus achieving a maximum capacity of 200 kg.The measured weight data are processed using the Arduino UNO platform (v.2.3.2).To enhance safety during reversing and facilitate manoeuvring with the tricycle, the Mio MiVue A30 rear car camera (Mio, Taoyuan City, Taiwan) was chosen (Figure 18).The main reason is that it is fully compatible with the front car camera, which eases installation and simplifies the operation of the cameras.To enhance safety during reversing and facilitate manoeuvring with the tricycle, the Mio MiVue A30 rear car camera (Mio, Taoyuan City, Taiwan) was chosen (Figure 18).The main reason is that it is fully compatible with the front car camera, which eases installation and simplifies the operation of the cameras.

Tensometric Sensors
The utilized weight sensors have a maximum capacity of 50 kg, and it is possible to use multiple sensors for simultaneous measurements (Figure 19).For this project, 4 tensometric sensors were acquired, which were placed at the corners of the cart for optimal weight measurement, thus achieving a maximum capacity of 200 kg.The measured weight data are processed using the Arduino UNO platform (v.2.3.2).

Tensometric Sensors
The utilized weight sensors have a maximum capacity of 50 kg, and it is possible to use multiple sensors for simultaneous measurements (Figure 19).For this project, 4 tensometric sensors were acquired, which were placed at the corners of the cart for optimal weight measurement, thus achieving a maximum capacity of 200 kg.The measured weight data are processed using the Arduino UNO platform (v.2.3.2).

Results
Three-wheeled transport vehicles offer significant benefits for the practical operations of manufacturing halls from several perspectives:

•
Manoeuvrability and adaptability: The three-wheeled transport unit was designed with an emphasis on compactness and agility, allowing for easy manoeuvrability in the tight spaces of manufacturing halls.It has the ability to adapt to various types of terrain and working conditions, increasing its versatility and usage.

•
Increased productivity: Thanks to its efficient design and ability to transport materials or components, the three-wheeled transport unit can significantly increase the productivity of manufacturing processes.Its speed, reliability, and load capacity contribute to more efficient material movement and reduce time losses.

•
Logistics optimization: The three-wheeled transport unit can be integrated into the logistical processes of manufacturing halls to optimize material flow and streamline storage and distribution.Their flexibility allows them to adapt to the specific requirements and operations of individual production lines.

•
Improved safety: The intelligent smart three-wheeled transport unit is equipped with advanced safety features, such as obstacle detection sensors and a camera system.This contributes to increased safety for workers in manufacturing halls and minimizes the risk of accidents.

•
Lower operating costs: Compared to other types of transport vehicles, such as fossilfuelled carts, the three-wheeled electric transport unit has lower operating costs.Lower maintenance, energy, and service costs contribute to an overall reduction in operating expenses for manufacturing halls.
The advantages of the proposed smart electric tricycle compared to conventional transport devices can be summarized in the following points:

•
Efficient mobility: It accelerates the transportation of materials and products in manufacturing halls, increasing productivity and reducing the time spent on transportation.

•
Environmental responsibility: With zero CO2 emissions and quiet operation, it contributes to sustainable operations and a cleaner workplace.

•
Integrated technology: The tricycle is equipped with intelligent sensors and software, allowing for the tracking of transport data and optimization of routes in real time.

•
Safety and comfort: Ergonomic design and modern safety features ensure comfort and safety for both the driver and the cargo.

•
Low operating costs: With lower energy consumption and minimal maintenance, it has lower costs compared to traditional vehicles.
The design of the intelligent three-wheeled unit incorporates smart transportation technologies and integration capabilities with Industry 4.0 frameworks, significantly enhancing its utility beyond traditional tricycle transport vehicles.Moreover, while threewheeled vehicles are not new, the innovation lies in the intelligent integration-using the

Results
Three-wheeled transport vehicles offer significant benefits for the practical operations of manufacturing halls from several perspectives:

•
Manoeuvrability and adaptability: The three-wheeled transport unit was designed with an emphasis on compactness and agility, allowing for easy manoeuvrability in the tight spaces of manufacturing halls.It has the ability to adapt to various types of terrain and working conditions, increasing its versatility and usage.

•
Increased productivity: Thanks to its efficient design and ability to transport materials or components, the three-wheeled transport unit can significantly increase the productivity of manufacturing processes.Its speed, reliability, and load capacity contribute to more efficient material movement and reduce time losses.

•
Logistics optimization: The three-wheeled transport unit can be integrated into the logistical processes of manufacturing halls to optimize material flow and streamline storage and distribution.Their flexibility allows them to adapt to the specific requirements and operations of individual production lines.

•
Improved safety: The intelligent smart three-wheeled transport unit is equipped with advanced safety features, such as obstacle detection sensors and a camera system.This contributes to increased safety for workers in manufacturing halls and minimizes the risk of accidents.

•
Lower operating costs: Compared to other types of transport vehicles, such as fossilfuelled carts, the three-wheeled electric transport unit has lower operating costs.Lower maintenance, energy, and service costs contribute to an overall reduction in operating expenses for manufacturing halls.
The advantages of the proposed smart electric tricycle compared to conventional transport devices can be summarized in the following points:

•
Efficient mobility: It accelerates the transportation of materials and products in manufacturing halls, increasing productivity and reducing the time spent on transportation.

•
Environmental responsibility: With zero CO 2 emissions and quiet operation, it contributes to sustainable operations and a cleaner workplace.

•
Integrated technology: The tricycle is equipped with intelligent sensors and software, allowing for the tracking of transport data and optimization of routes in real time.

•
Safety and comfort: Ergonomic design and modern safety features ensure comfort and safety for both the driver and the cargo.

•
Low operating costs: With lower energy consumption and minimal maintenance, it has lower costs compared to traditional vehicles.
The design of the intelligent three-wheeled unit incorporates smart transportation technologies and integration capabilities with Industry 4.0 frameworks, significantly enhancing its beyond traditional tricycle transport vehicles.Moreover, while three-wheeled vehicles are not new, the innovation lies in the intelligent integration-using the Internet of Things, environmental sensors, and advanced motor management systems-which enables autonomous operations and real-time data analysis.This integration focuses on increasing efficiency, reducing operational costs, and enhancing adaptability in dynamic manufacturing environments.The innovative aspect could thus be understood in terms of how these existing technologies are uniquely combined and applied to address specific logistical challenges in the manufacturing sector.
The main innovation of the smart electric tricycle in the manufacturing industry, compared to traditional tricycles, is the integration of advanced technologies that enhance its efficiency, safety, and adaptability to various production environments.Connection to the IoT allows it to communicate with other machines and systems in the manufacturing plant, improving coordination and workflow efficiency.The tricycles can automatically send data about their condition and performance to central control systems, enabling immediate monitoring and maintenance.

Testing the Tricycle in the Operation of the Manufacturing System
The electric tricycle was tested in the real operation of the manufacturing system at the Technical University in Košice (Figure 20) for the transportation of semi-finished products from storage spaces directly into the production process.Smart devices were tested, such as tracking transportation routes using GPS technology, transmitting camera footage within a shared image, for example, during the repair or maintenance of a machine.Through the built-in tablet and Bluetooth technology, information about the inventories of transported material and their technical information were shared.
cuses on increasing efficiency, reducing operational costs, and enhancing adaptability in dynamic manufacturing environments.The innovative aspect could thus be understood in terms of how these existing technologies are uniquely combined and applied to address specific logistical challenges in the manufacturing sector.
The main innovation of the smart electric tricycle in the manufacturing industry, compared to traditional tricycles, is the integration of advanced technologies that enhance its efficiency, safety, and adaptability to various production environments.Connection to the IoT allows it to communicate with other machines and systems in the manufacturing plant, improving coordination and workflow efficiency.The tricycles can automatically send data about their condition and performance to central control systems, enabling immediate monitoring and maintenance.

Testing the Tricycle in the Operation of the Manufacturing System
The electric tricycle was tested in the real operation of the manufacturing system at the Technical University in Košice (Figure 20) for the transportation of semi-finished products from storage spaces directly into the production process.Smart devices were tested, such as tracking transportation routes using GPS technology, transmitting camera footage within a shared image, for example, during the repair or maintenance of a machine.Through the built-in tablet and Bluetooth technology, information about the inventories of transported material and their technical information were shared.
During the testing of the smart electric tricycle in a manufacturing environment, data were collected and analysed to confirm its usability and its proposed technical specifications.The data tested included measurements of the 750 W motor's performance, encompassing the maximum power, torque, and motor efficiency under various loads.These measurements were conducted under standard operating temperatures and conditions to determine the motor's reliability and the degree of overheating.The battery endurance was tested under different load levels, with and without a trailer, where the number of kilometres travelled was within the estimated tolerances.The transmission of live camera footage and the connectivity of the tablet with attached devices such as cameras, safety, and strain sensors were also monitored.Strain tensometric sensors for the transported material were tested (Figure 21).The tricycle demonstrated very good manoeuvring capabilities, such as a small turning radius During the testing of the smart electric tricycle in a manufacturing environment, data were collected and analysed to confirm its usability and its proposed technical specifications.The data tested included measurements of the 750 W motor's performance, encompassing the maximum power, torque, and motor efficiency under various loads.These measurements were conducted under standard operating temperatures and conditions to determine the motor's reliability and the degree of overheating.The battery endurance was tested under different load levels, with and without a trailer, where the number of kilometres travelled was within the estimated tolerances.The transmission of live camera footage and the connectivity of the tablet with attached devices such as cameras, safety, and strain sensors were also monitored.Given that it is a functional prototype, further development focused on design, ergonomics, and optimization of the user properties of the three-wheeled unit is still required.Moreover, it is essential to gather feedback from users and analyse it to identify areas that need improvement or modification to achieve maximum efficiency and user satisfaction with the product.
The intelligent features of the smart electric tricycle include connectivity to the Internet of Things (IoT), enabling it to receive and share essential information in real time.This allows for continuous monitoring of the production environment through integrated front and rear cameras.Side-mounted safety sensors help prevent potential collisions by detecting obstacles during material transport and movement within the production area, with incidents displayed directly on the front screen.Furthermore, the tricycle is equipped with a 10-inch tablet featuring WiFi, Bluetooth, and a SIM card slot, facilitating communication through specific enterprise applications that can be installed directly onto the device due to its open system architecture.

Conclusions
This article demonstrates the potential and significance of intelligent three-wheeled units for the manufacturing industry.These innovative devices offer efficient solutions for the automation and optimization of production processes.Their flexibility and ability to adapt to various tasks and environments make them a valuable tool for modern manufacturing enterprises.With their deployment, increased productivity, lower costs, and improved work safety can be expected.The development and implementation of intelligent three-wheeled units represent a promising step towards the future of the manufacturing industry, increasingly focused on automation, digitization, and the efficient use of resources and smart devices.It is important to continue monitoring their development and innovations and to support their implementation in production processes to achieve a competitive advantage and sustainable development.
Smart technologies bring numerous advantages and benefits that impact various aspects of production and non-production devices, such as better communication and connection [32,33].Smart devices and platforms allow people to communicate and connect to information and services from virtually anywhere at any time [34,35].This strengthens Given that it is a functional prototype, further development focused on design, ergonomics, and optimization of the user properties of the three-wheeled unit is still required.Moreover, it is essential to gather feedback from users and analyse it to identify areas that need improvement or modification to achieve maximum efficiency and user satisfaction with the product.
The intelligent features of the smart electric tricycle include connectivity to the Internet of Things (IoT), enabling it to receive and share essential information in real time.This allows for continuous monitoring of the production environment through integrated front and rear cameras.Side-mounted safety sensors help prevent potential collisions by detecting obstacles during material transport and movement within the production area, with incidents displayed directly on the front screen.Furthermore, the tricycle is equipped with a 10-inch tablet featuring WiFi, Bluetooth, and a SIM card slot, facilitating communication through specific enterprise applications that can be installed directly onto the device due to its open system architecture.

Conclusions
This article demonstrates the potential and significance of intelligent three-wheeled units for the manufacturing industry.These innovative devices offer efficient solutions for the automation and optimization of production processes.Their flexibility and ability to adapt to various tasks and environments make them a valuable tool for modern manufacturing enterprises.With their deployment, increased productivity, lower costs, and improved work safety can be expected.The development and implementation of intelligent three-wheeled units represent a promising step towards the future of the manufacturing industry, increasingly focused on automation, digitization, and the efficient use of resources and smart devices.It is important to continue monitoring their development and innovations and to support their implementation in production processes to achieve a competitive advantage and sustainable development.
Smart technologies bring numerous advantages and benefits that impact various aspects of production and non-production devices, such as better communication and connection [32,33].Smart devices and platforms allow people to communicate and connect to information and services from virtually anywhere at any time [34,35].This strengthens between people and enables faster information exchange.Intelligent security systems and monitoring devices increase the safety level of homes, workplaces, and public spaces by allowing quicker identification and response to potential risks [36].
Electric tricycles are typically quieter than vehicles with combustion engines, which can be particularly beneficial in environments where noise minimization is required, such as residential areas or the internal spaces of manufacturing plants.Electric tricycles can be easily integrated into automated management systems and the Internet of Things (IoT) networks.This allows for centralized management and monitoring of material transportation, enhancing the efficiency, safety, and traceability of the entire process.Electric tricycles can be equipped with intelligent safety systems, such as obstacle detection sensors and automatic braking systems, which increase operational safety and minimize the risk of accidents during material transportation.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.First version of the frame.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Second version of the frame.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.First version of the frame.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Second version of the frame.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.First version of the frame.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Second version of the frame.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Placement of the seat.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Placement of the motor holder.

Figure 6
Figure 6 shows the individual parts of the motor holder arranged on a drawing designated for production.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Placement of the seat.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Placement of the seat.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Placement of the motor holder.

Figure 6 Figure 5 .
Figure 6 shows the individual parts of the motor holder arranged on a drawing designated for production.

Figure 6
Figure6shows the individual parts of the motor holder arranged on a drawing designated for production.The foundational template for the frame design was inspired by the most commonly used shape of a motorless tricycle, proven over time in the market.This design incorporated an electric motor drive, with torque transmitted to the rear axle and subsequently to the wheels via a chain.The frame design underwent several interconnected iterations, each improving the final properties of the designed three-wheeled unit.Tubular profiles in

20 Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Motor holder drawing.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.Legend to Figure 6: A-the arms of the holder; B, C-internal reinforcements of the holder; D-clamping eye.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Motor holder drawing.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.Legend to Figure 6: A-the arms of the holder; B, C-internal reinforcements of the holder; D-clamping eye.

Figure 10 .Figure 9 .
Figure 10.Part of the rear shaft.The placement of this part of the shaft is in a standardized component, the bearing housing UCP 206, shown in Figure11.The use of this component was chosen due to its

Figure 10 .Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Part of the rear shaft.The placement of this part of the shaft is in a standardized component, the bearing housing UCP 206, shown in Figure11.The use of this component was chosen due to its

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Shaft and rear bearing.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Shaft and rear bearing.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Rear shaft-drive part.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Three-dimensional model of the tricycle's construction and its physical realization.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent threewheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.
Devices Integrated into the Construction of the Tricycle 2.8.1.Display Device

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Three-dimensional model of the tricycle's construction and its physical realization.Reprinted with permission from Ref. [31].Copyright 2020 Lukáč, M.: Design of an intelligent three-wheeled unit for the manufacturing industry.
Appl.Sci.2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 20 external GPS device.This represents a significant advantage when integrating the vehicle into the virtual map of the enterprise.Its placement is shown in Figure17.
Appl.Sci.2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 20 external GPS device.This represents a significant advantage when integrating the vehicle into the virtual map of the enterprise.Its placement is shown in Figure17.

Figure 20 .
Figure 20.Testing the tricycle at the Technical University of Košice.

Figure 20 .
Figure 20.Testing the tricycle at the Technical University of Košice.

of 1 .
5 m, easy operation, and the pulling power provided by the 750 W electric motor.The range on a single charge, depending on the tricycle's load, is approximately 30 km.

Table 1 .
Technical sheet of Bafang motor.

Table 1 .
Technical sheet of Bafang motor.

Table 3 .
List of components for the three-wheeled unit.