Wideband, High-Gain, and Compact Four-Port MIMO Antenna for Future 5G Devices Operating over Ka-Band Spectrum

: In this article, the compact, ultra-wideband and high-gain MIMO antenna is presented for future 5G devices operating over 28 GHz and 38 GHz. The presented antenna is designed over substrate material Roger RT/Duroid 6002 with a thickness of 1.52 mm. The suggested design has dimensions of 15 mm × 10 mm and consists of stubs with loaded rectangular patch. The various stubs are loaded to antenna to improve impedance bandwidth and obtain ultra-wideband. The resultant antenna operates over a broadband of 26.5–43.7 GHz, with a peak value of gain >8 dBi. A four-port MIMO conﬁguration is achieved to present the proposed antenna for future high data rate devices. The MIMO antenna offers isolation < − 30 dB with ECC of <0.0001. The antenna offers good results in terms of gain, radiation efﬁciency, envelop correlation coefﬁcient (ECC), mean effective gain (MEG), diversity gain (DG), channel capacity loss (CCL), and isolation. The antenna hardware prototype is fabricated to validate the performance of the suggested design of the antenna achieved from software tools, and good correlation between measured and simulated results is observed. Moreover, the proposed work performance is also differentiated with literature work, which veriﬁes that the suggested work is a potential applicant for future 5G compact devices operating over wideband and high gain.


Introduction
Due to high data rate and high link capacity, the multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) antenna is widely used in modern wireless communication systems, especially operating over millimeter wave spectrum for 5G devices [1,2].It also has advantages to avoid seamless connectivity, as in the MIMO system, multiple antennas are installed at transmitter and receiver end.Due to these benefits, a MIMO antenna is a hot trend topic in current research on designing antenna for 5G and 6G communication devices [3,4].The requirement of the MIMO antenna altered the requirement of antenna designing, as moving towards the MIMO system, the simplified geometry along with low-profile and compact size will be most beneficial [5,6].
On other hand, the performance parameters are also important to examine and analyze, as high data rate and low latency is demanded to facilitate a large number of users with good services.These demands need an antenna to operate over wideband and offer high gain along with radiation efficiency [7,8].In the case of the MIMO antenna system, the MIMO parameters are also important to be considered.The mutual coupling, envelop correlation coefficient (ECC), and diversity gain (DG) and many others are key parameters, which will be analyzed [9,10].
According to the requirements of the 5G communication system, the MIMO antenna, which offers a high number of gains, is reported in literature.In [19], the MIMO antenna with improved isolation is proposed by inserting electromagnetic band gap (EBG) between MIMO elements.The reported four-port MIMO antenna operates at 28/38 GHz with a bandwidth of 4 GHz and 2 GHz.Although the antenna is operational over high gain and broadband, it has complex geometry due to inserting EBG cells.A two-port MIMO antenna with simple geometry is reported in [21].The geometry consists of defected ground structure (DGS) to improve the performance.This work has the demerit of a narrow bandwidth of 1.1 GHz.Another work that offers high gain and wideband is reported in [22].The antenna consists of eight ports, which lead the reported work with large dimensions.
Compact and wideband antenna operating on mm wave application is reported in [23].The antenna has a compact size of 24 mm × 20 mm × 1.85 mm and operates over a wideband of 33-44 GHz, but a setback of low value of ECC (that is 0.1).A wideband and high-gain antenna with a bandwidth of 22-50 and peak gain of 15 dBi is reported in [24].The antenna has complex geometry, as array is adopted to achieve the high gain.In [25], an antenna is presented for the 5G communication system, which offers a bandwidth of 27.1-28.1.The antenna also has large dimensions of 110 mm × 55 mm × 1.6 mm.A compact antenna with an overall size of 12.5 mm × 12.5 mm × 0.8 mm and peak gain of 6 dBi is reported in [26].The antenna consists of small size and is operational over high gain, but offers low value of other MIMO performance parameters.
A two-port MIMO antenna with geometrical dimensions of 60 mm × 100 mm × 0.965 mm and operating over a bandwidth of 27.6-28.3GHz and ECC of 0.134.This work has the advantage of simplified geometry, but the demerit of large dimensions, narrow bandwidth, and low value of ECC [27].A compact MIMO antenna with dimensions of 18.5 mm × 18.5 mm is reported in [28].The antenna is compact in size and offers a wideband of 4 GHz, but complex geometry due to the multi-layer structure.Another compact antenna with an overall size of 48 mm × 31 mm × 0.254 mm is reported in [29].The antenna has the advantage of compact size and offers a wideband of 26-31 GHz, but the demerit of high isolation of −21 dB; [30] reports a broad and strong gain.The antenna provides a high gain of 12 dBi and a wideband of 23-40 GHz.This design's setback is substantial, measuring 80 mm by 80 mm by 1.57 mm.The dimensions of a small, high-gain, broadband antenna that operates throughout the frequency range of 25.5 to 30 GHz and has a peak gain of 8.75 dBi are given in [31].The antenna is small, wideband, and high-gain; however, the authors failed to mention the importance of ECC, and its shape is complicated.
It can be observed from the above discussion and the rest of the literature that the MIMO antenna configuration of the patch antenna is adopted due to its numerous advantages and applications.The ratch antenna with MIMO configuration has an application in smart mobile phones [32] with a high performance parameter and simple geometry, and also in wearable applications when the radiator is placed over flexible substrate material [33].To obtain the good results and requirements for 5G applications, various techniques are adopted to improve the performance of the MIMO antenna [34,35].The most important parameter is mutual coupling between MIMO elements, and some design meta-material is inspired to improve the mutual coupling [36].The decoupling structure, also called parasitic patch, is loaded between antenna elements to improve isolation [37].The corner-fed technique [38] and multi-feeding method [39] are also used to get the desired results operational over the 5G spectrum.Moreover, a low-cost MIMO antenna configuration operating over wideband is also adopted for IoT applications [40].In addition to the patch antenna, Yagi antenna with MIMO configuration is also adopted in the literature for 5G applications [41].
From the above literature review, it is clear that there is still a research gap to design an antenna with compact size, a low profile, and simplified geometry.The antenna should operate over a wideband and offer high gain and radiation efficiency.In this article, the antenna is presented to overcome the demands of a 5G wireless communication system.The antenna offers ultra-wideband and high peak gain.The MIMO parameters also lie according to requirements of any MIMO system.In the rest of the paper, the single element design of the antenna is studied along with results in the form of a S-parameter, gain verses frequency plot, radiation pattern, and radiation efficiency.Afterwards, the MIMO configuration is analyzed, and comparison is performed between measured and simulated results.Last, the comparison table is added to compare the results of proposed antenna with literature along with conclusion and references.
The novelty of proposed work is:

•
The compact size and simplified geometry;

Design Methodology
Figure 1 depicts the structure of the suggested design of an antenna operating over 28 GHz.The antenna is designed over substrate material Roger RT/Duroid 6002 with a loss tangent of 0.0012 and relative permittivity of 2.2.The antenna has an overall size of L × W × H = 15 mm × 10 mm × 1.52 mm.The antenna has a simplified structure with a rectangular and circular patch loaded with arm-shaped stubs.These stubs are loaded to the antenna to improve antenna performance in terms of bandwidth and return loss.Moreover, the antenna is designed on the commercially available electromagnetic (EM) software tool high frequency structure simulator (HFSSv9).The optimized value of antenna parameters is given below.W = 10; L = 15; H = 1.52;A = 2; B = 2.58; C = 4; D = 4; E = 1; F X = 6; F Y = 0.75; and R = 2.All units are in millimeters (mm).
To obtain the optimized results, few design steps are performed.Initially, an antenna with rectangular stub is design in first step for 28/38 GHz wireless applications.The length and width of the antenna are obtained from the below formula [42,43]: The resultant antenna operates at 28 GHz and 37 GHz with a return loss of −10.25 dB and −8.5 dB, respectively.After that, in the second step, a circular radiator of radius R = 2 mm is loaded to the antenna in order to improve the return loss, which will help in the enhancement of bandwidth.The antenna obtained from this step offers multiple resonances at 25 GHz, 29 GHz, 38 GHz, and 42 GHz with return losses of −12.5 dB, −15 dB, −16 dB, and −14.35 dB, respectively.In the third stage, an arm-shaped stub is added as given in the figure.This step improves the return loss of the antenna, which leads the antenna to operate over a wideband.In the final stage, the length of the arm is improved to get further improvement in the bandwidth of the antenna.The improvement is possible until the length of 4 mm.The antenna obtained from the final stage offers ultra-wideband from 26.5 to 43.7 GHz, as given in Figure 2. The resultant antenna operates at 28 GHz and 37 GHz with a return loss of −10.25 dB and −8.5 dB, respectively.After that, in the second step, a circular radiator of radius R = 2 mm is loaded to the antenna in order to improve the return loss, which will help in the enhancement of bandwidth.The antenna obtained from this step offers multiple resonances at 25 GHz, 29 GHz, 38 GHz, and 42 GHz with return losses of −12.5 dB, −15 dB, −16 dB, and −14.35 dB, respectively.In the third stage, an arm-shaped stub is added as given in the figure.This step improves the return loss of the antenna, which leads the antenna to operate over a wideband.In the final stage, the length of the arm is improved to get further improvement in the bandwidth of the antenna.The improvement is possible until the length of 4 mm.The antenna obtained from the final stage offers ultra-wideband from 26.5 to 43.7 GHz, as given in Figure 2.  Parametric analysis of key parameters is performed to get an optimized value.For the proposed antenna, the parametric analysis radius of the circular patch and length of The resultant antenna operates at 28 GHz and 37 GHz with a return loss of − and −8.5 dB, respectively.After that, in the second step, a circular radiator of rad mm is loaded to the antenna in order to improve the return loss, which will he enhancement of bandwidth.The antenna obtained from this step offers multi nances at 25 GHz, 29 GHz, 38 GHz, and 42 GHz with return losses of −12.5 dB −16 dB, and −14.35 dB, respectively.In the third stage, an arm-shaped stub is a given in the figure.This step improves the return loss of the antenna, which l antenna to operate over a wideband.In the final stage, the length of the arm is im to get further improvement in the bandwidth of the antenna.The improvement ble until the length of 4 mm.The antenna obtained from the final stage o tra-wideband from 26.5 to 43.7 GHz, as given in Figure 2.  Parametric analysis of key parameters is performed to get an optimized value.For the proposed antenna, the parametric analysis radius of the circular patch and length of the lower stub is analyzed.At an optimal value of R = 1.8 mm, the antenna offers the ultra-wideband of 26.5-43.7 GHz with a minimum value of return loss around −38 dB.If the value is increased to 2.0 mm, the antenna stops operating over wideband and only offers dual band with a minimum return loss of −18 dB and −11 dB at a resonant frequency of 29.5 GHz and 38.5 GHz, respectively.If the value is decreased to 1.6 mm, again the return loss and bandwidth is compromised, as given in Figure 3a.Another key parameter is the length of lower stub D. At optimal value of D = 4 mm, the antenna offers the required operational band.If the value is fixed at D = 6 mm, the antenna offers a 30-37 GHz bandwidth with a return loss of around −15 dB.If the value is fixed at D = 2 mm, the antenna offers 31.5-42.5GHz with a return loss of around −20 dB, as given in Figure 3b.

Results of Unit Elements
To validate the performance of the antenna, the important parameters are analyzed.For further clarification, the hardware prototype is fabricated to compare with simulated results, as shown in Figure 4.In this section, various performance parameters are discussed and compared with measured results.

Results of Unit Elements
To validate the performance of the antenna, the important parameters are analyzed.For further clarification, the hardware prototype is fabricated to compare with simulated results, as shown in Figure 4.In this section, various performance parameters are discussed and compared with measured results.
tra-wideband of 26.5-43.7 GHz with a minimum value of return loss arou the value is increased to 2.0 mm, the antenna stops operating over wideb offers dual band with a minimum return loss of −18 dB and −11 dB at a quency of 29.5 GHz and 38.5 GHz, respectively.If the value is decreased to the return loss and bandwidth is compromised, as given in Figure 3a.An rameter is the length of lower stub D. At optimal value of D = 4 mm, the the required operational band.If the value is fixed at D = 6 mm, the antenna GHz bandwidth with a return loss of around −15 dB.If the value is fixed at antenna offers 31.5-42.5GHz with a return loss of around −20 dB, as given

Results of Unit Elements
To validate the performance of the antenna, the important parameters For further clarification, the hardware prototype is fabricated to compare w results, as shown in Figure 4.In this section, various performance param cussed and compared with measured results.

Gain
Figure 6 shows a comparison of the proposed antenna's prototype gain and software-predicted gain.At the resonance frequency of 30 GHz, the antenna delivers a peak gain of >8 dB.It may be noted from the figures that the antenna delivers gain >6.5 dBi at an operational bandwidth of 26.5-43.7 GHz.The suggested antenna is the best candidate for future 5G devices using wideband and high gain because of the great agreement between predicted and tested outcomes.

Radiation Pattern
The proposed ultra-wideband antenna's observed and modelled radiation patterns at resonance frequencies of 30 GHz and 28 GHz are shown in Figure 7a,b.It is clear that the antenna provides both frequencies with a broad side radiation pattern in the E-plane and a slightly inclined radiation pattern in the H-plane.The tiny distortion in the radiation pattern is due to loading several stubs.Both the generated and observed radiation patterns exhibit strong correlations with one another.When testing, a little discrepancy that results from manufacturing flaws or connection loss is noticed.Because of the results and correlation between measured and simulated outcomes, future 5G devices running at broadband and high gain may be interested in the proposed study.The antenna offers a low cross polarization of <−14 dB for both resonating frequencies.

Gain
Figure 6 shows a comparison of the proposed antenna's prototype gain and softwarepredicted gain.At the resonance frequency of 30 GHz, the antenna delivers a peak gain of >8 dB.It may be noted from the figures that the antenna delivers gain >6.5 dBi at an operational bandwidth of 26.5-43.7 GHz.The suggested antenna is the best candidate for future 5G devices using wideband and high gain because of the great agreement between predicted and tested outcomes.

Gain
Figure 6 shows a comparison of the proposed antenna's prototype gain and soft ware-predicted gain.At the resonance frequency of 30 GHz, the antenna delivers a peak gain of >8 dB.It may be noted from the figures that the antenna delivers gain >6.5 dBi a an operational bandwidth of 26.5-43.7 GHz.The suggested antenna is the best candidate for future 5G devices using wideband and high gain because of the great agreemen between predicted and tested outcomes.

Radiation Pattern
The proposed ultra-wideband antenna's observed and modelled radiation patterns at resonance frequencies of 30 GHz and 28 GHz are shown in Figure 7a,b.It is clear tha the antenna provides both frequencies with a broad side radiation pattern in the E-plane and a slightly inclined radiation pattern in the H-plane.The tiny distortion in the radia tion pattern is due to loading several stubs.Both the generated and observed radiation patterns exhibit strong correlations with one another.When testing, a little discrepancy that results from manufacturing flaws or connection loss is noticed.Because of the results and correlation between measured and simulated outcomes, future 5G devices running at broadband and high gain may be interested in the proposed study.The antenna offers a low cross polarization of <−14 dB for both resonating frequencies.

Radiation Pattern
The proposed ultra-wideband antenna's observed and modelled radiation patterns at resonance frequencies of 30 GHz and 28 GHz are shown in Figure 7a,b.It is clear that the antenna provides both frequencies with a broad side radiation pattern in the E-plane and a slightly inclined radiation pattern in the H-plane.The tiny distortion in the radiation pattern is due to loading several stubs.Both the generated and observed radiation patterns exhibit strong correlations with one another.When testing, a little discrepancy that results from manufacturing flaws or connection loss is noticed.Because of the results and correlation between measured and simulated outcomes, future 5G devices running at broadband and high gain may be interested in the proposed study.The antenna offers a low cross polarization of <−14 dB for both resonating frequencies.

Surface Current Density
Figure 8 shows the surface current distribution of the proposed antenna operating over the ultra-wideband of 26.5-43.7 GHz.It can be seen from the figures that the current is highly distributed at feedlines and arm stubs for 28 GHz and the feedline and the lower part of the antenna for 38 GHz.This phenomenon refers to that larger the effective electrical length, which proves the generation of resonances.Moreover, the large number of current distributions at arms also verifies the wideband operation of the antenna by loading these stubs.

Radiation Efficiency
Figure 9 shows the proposed antenna's predicted radiation efficiency.The antenna has a strong radiation pattern with a 26.5-42.7 GHz working bandwidth.At resonance frequencies of 30 GHz and 38 GHz, the antenna yields peak values of 86% and 90%, respectively, with peak values of around >82% at operating bandwidth.

Surface Current Density
Figure 8 shows the surface current distribution of the proposed antenna operating over the ultra-wideband of 26.5-43.7 GHz.It can be seen from the figures that the current is highly distributed at feedlines and arm stubs for 28 GHz and the feedline and the lower part of the antenna for 38 GHz.This phenomenon refers to that larger the effective electrical length, which proves the generation of resonances.Moreover, the large number of current distributions at arms also verifies the wideband operation of the antenna by loading these stubs.

Surface Current Density
Figure 8 shows the surface current distribution of the proposed antenna operating over the ultra-wideband of 26.5-43.7 GHz.It can be seen from the figures that the current is highly distributed at feedlines and arm stubs for 28 GHz and the feedline and the lower part of the antenna for 38 GHz.This phenomenon refers to that larger the effective electrical length, which proves the generation of resonances.Moreover, the large number of current distributions at arms also verifies the wideband operation of the antenna by loading these stubs.

Radiation Efficiency
Figure 9 shows the proposed antenna's predicted radiation efficiency.The antenna has a strong radiation pattern with a 26.5-42.7 GHz working bandwidth.At resonance frequencies of 30 GHz and 38 GHz, the antenna yields peak values of 86% and 90%, respectively, with peak values of around >82% at operating bandwidth.

Radiation Efficiency
Figure 9 shows the proposed antenna's predicted radiation efficiency.The antenna has a strong radiation pattern with a 26.5-42.7 GHz working bandwidth.At resonance frequencies of 30 GHz and 38 GHz, the antenna yields peak values of 86% and 90%, respectively, with peak values of around >82% at operating bandwidth.

Four-Port MIMO antenna
In this section, the MIMO configuration of the proposed antenna along with the hardware prototype is discussed.The antenna results, along with MIMO performance parameter, are also studied.

MIMO Antenna Design
Figure 10a shows the four-port MIMO antenna for ultra-wideband and high gain applications.The proposed MIMO antenna has an overall size of MY × MX × H = 27 mm × 27 mm × 1.52 mm and is designed over same material as the single element.Each unit element of the MIMO antenna has the same dimension as the single element given in Figure 1.The gap between two adjacent elements M1 = 4 mm and between two opposite elements is M2 = 10.2 mm.Moreover, the hardware prototype is fabricated to verify the simulated results, as depicted in Figure 9b.

Four-Port MIMO Antenna
In this section, the MIMO configuration of the proposed antenna along with the hardware prototype is discussed.The antenna results, along with MIMO performance parameter, are also studied.

MIMO Antenna Design
Figure 10a shows the four-port MIMO antenna for ultra-wideband and high gain applications.The proposed MIMO antenna has an overall size of M Y × M X × H = 27 mm × 27 mm × 1.52 mm and is designed over same material as the single element.Each unit element of the MIMO antenna has the same dimension as the single element given in Figure 1.The gap between two adjacent elements M1 = 4 mm and between two opposite elements is M 2 = 10.2 mm.Moreover, the hardware prototype is fabricated to verify the simulated results, as depicted in Figure 9b.

Four-Port MIMO antenna
In this section, the MIMO configuration of the proposed antenna along with the hardware prototype is discussed.The antenna results, along with MIMO performance parameter, are also studied.

MIMO Antenna Design
Figure 10a shows the four-port MIMO antenna for ultra-wideband and high gain applications.The proposed MIMO antenna has an overall size of MY × MX × H = 27 mm × 27 mm × 1.52 mm and is designed over same material as the single element.Each unit element of the MIMO antenna has the same dimension as the single element given in Figure 1.The gap between two adjacent elements M1 = 4 mm and between two opposite elements is M2 = 10.2 mm.Moreover, the hardware prototype is fabricated to verify the simulated results, as depicted in Figure 9b.

S-parameters
Figure 11 depicts the simulated and measured reflection and transmission coefficient of the proposed four-port ultra-wideband MIMO antenna.It can be seen that the antenna offers a broadband of 26.5-41.7 GHz with resonance frequencies of 30 GHz, 33 GHz, and 38 GHz.It can also be observed from the figures that each element of the MIMO antenna shows good correlation with each other, as well as with measured results.On other hand, the figure also shows the transmission the coefficient of the proposed antenna.According to the figures, the antenna offers minimum isolation around −55 dB and maximum isolation around −35 dB for nearby element and minimum isolation of −52 dB and maximum isolation of −32 dB with adjacent element.The results in the form of transmission and reflection coefficient and strong agreement between simulated and measured results, making the proposed MIMO antenna a good applicant for future 5G devices operating over broadband applications.

S-parameters
Figure 11 depicts the simulated and measured reflection and transmission coeffi cient of the proposed four-port ultra-wideband MIMO antenna.It can be seen that the antenna offers a broadband of 26.5-41.7 GHz with resonance frequencies of 30 GHz, 33 GHz, and 38 GHz.It can also be observed from the figures that each element of the MIMO antenna shows good correlation with each other, as well as with measured results On other hand, the figure also shows the transmission the coefficient of the proposed antenna.According to the figures, the antenna offers minimum isolation around −55 dB and maximum isolation around −35 dB for nearby element and minimum isolation of −52 dB and maximum isolation of −32 dB with adjacent element.The results in the form o transmission and reflection coefficient and strong agreement between simulated and measured results, making the proposed MIMO antenna a good applicant for future 5G devices operating over broadband applications.
The minor difference between measured and simulated results may be due to:

•
The fabrication tolerance of apparatus used for fabrication of antenna;

Radiation Pattern of MIMO Antenna
Figure 12 shows the ultra-wideband MIMO antenna's observed and predicted radi ation pattern at resonance frequencies of 30 GHz and 38 GHz.It is clear that the antenna provides both frequencies with a broad side radiation pattern in the E-plane and a slightly inclined radiation pattern in the H-plane.The loading of several stubs is wha caused the little distortion in the radiation pattern.Both the generated and observed ra diation patterns exhibit strong correlations with one another.When testing, a little dis crepancy that results from manufacturing flaws or connection loss is found.Because o the results and correlation between measured and simulated outcomes, future 5G device running at broadband and high gain may be interested in the proposed study.Moreover low cross-polarization of <−10 dB is observed for both frequencies.The minor difference between measured and simulated results may be due to:

•
The fabrication tolerance of apparatus used for fabrication of antenna; • Measurement setup tolerance due to usage of old wires; • Connectors used in measurements as mismatching occur due to connectors at higher frequency due to increase in losses on connectors.

Radiation Pattern of MIMO Antenna
Figure 12 shows the ultra-wideband MIMO antenna's observed and predicted radiation pattern at resonance frequencies of 30 GHz and 38 GHz.It is clear that the antenna provides both frequencies with a broad side radiation pattern in the E-plane and a slightly inclined radiation pattern in the H-plane.The loading of several stubs is what caused the little distortion in the radiation pattern.Both the generated and observed radiation patterns exhibit strong correlations with one another.When testing, a little discrepancy that results from manufacturing flaws or connection loss is found.Because of the results and correlation between measured and simulated outcomes, future 5G devices running at broadband and high gain may be interested in the proposed study.Moreover, low cross-polarization of <−10 dB is observed for both frequencies.

Electric Field Distribution
Figure 13 shows the E-field distribution of proposed MIMO antenna operating over an ultra-wideband of 26.5-42.7 GHz.It can be observed that most of the electric field is distributed among the feedline and the bottom rectangular patch for non-operating MIMO elements.

Envelop Correlation Coefficient
By examining the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), it is possible to evaluate the performance of a single MIMO antenna element.It may be measured using the S-parameter and the pattern of distant radiation.The ECCs of the adjustment element and diagonal element for the proposed ultra-wideband MIMO antenna are shown in Figure 14.As can be observed, the antenna operates over a wideband of 26.5-42.7 GHz with an ECC of 0.001.The following mathematical formulas (4) may be used to compute the ECC of a MIMO antenna [44]: In the above equation, i and j are antenna elements and N represents number of antennas placed in MIMO systems.

Electric Field Distribution
Figure 13 shows the E-field distribution of proposed MIMO antenna operating over an ultra-wideband of 26.5-42.7 GHz.It can be observed that most of the electric field is distributed among the feedline and the bottom rectangular patch for non-operating MIMO elements.

Electric Field Distribution
Figure 13 shows the E-field distribution of proposed MIMO antenna operating over an ultra-wideband of 26.5-42.7 GHz.It can be observed that most of the electric field is distributed among the feedline and the bottom rectangular patch for non-operating MIMO elements.

Envelop Correlation Coefficient
By examining the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), it is possible to evaluate the performance of a single MIMO antenna element.It may be measured using the S-parameter and the pattern of distant radiation.The ECCs of the adjustment element and diagonal element for the proposed ultra-wideband MIMO antenna are shown in Figure 14.As can be observed, the antenna operates over a wideband of 26.5-42.7 GHz with an ECC of 0.001.The following mathematical formulas (4) may be used to compute the ECC of a MIMO antenna [44]: In the above equation, i and j are antenna elements and N represents number of antennas placed in MIMO systems.

Envelop Correlation Coefficient
By examining the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), it is possible to evaluate the performance of a single MIMO antenna element.It may be measured using S-parameter and the pattern of distant radiation.The ECCs of the adjustment element and diagonal element for the proposed ultra-wideband MIMO antenna are shown in Figure 14.As can be observed, the antenna operates over a wideband of 26.5-42.7 GHz with an ECC of 0.001.The following mathematical formulas (4) may be used to compute the ECC of a MIMO antenna [44]:

Diversity Gain
By using a MIMO antenna system, there are transmission power losses that may be examined by looking at diversity gain (DG).In the best-case situation, the value DG = 10 dB; however, in real-world scenarios, a value near 10 dB is taken into account.According to Figure 15, the suggested ultra-wideband MIMO antenna provides DG of about 9.99 dB over an operational bandwidth of 26.5-42.7 GHz.Equation ( 5) provided in [45,46] may be used to quantitatively compute the DG of a MIMO antenna system. = 10 √1 − || 2  (5)

Channel Capacity Loss
Channel capacity losses also happen as a result of correlation losses in MIMO antennas.It is a crucial component of every MIMO antenna.The value of CCL is observed for the proposed ultra-wideband MIMO antenna at about 0.01 bps/Hz over the operational bandwidth of 26.5-42.7 GHz, as shown in Figure 16.The value of CCL in an ideal situation is in the vicinity of 0.5 bps/Hz.The Formula (6) to compute CCL is shown below [45,46].In the above equation, i and j are antenna elements and N represents number of antennas placed in MIMO systems.

Diversity Gain
By using a MIMO antenna system, there are transmission power losses that may be examined by looking at diversity gain (DG).In the best-case situation, the value DG = 10 dB; however, in real-world scenarios, a value near 10 dB is taken into account.According to Figure 15, the suggested ultra-wideband MIMO antenna provides DG of about 9.99 dB over an operational bandwidth of 26.5-42.7 GHz.Equation ( 5) provided in [45,46]

Diversity Gain
By using a MIMO antenna system, there are transmission power losses that may be examined by looking at diversity gain (DG).In the best-case situation, the value DG = 10 dB; however, in real-world scenarios, a value near 10 dB is taken into account.According to Figure 15, the suggested ultra-wideband MIMO antenna provides DG of about 9.99 dB over an operational bandwidth of 26.5-42.7 GHz.Equation ( 5) provided in [45,46] may be used to quantitatively compute the DG of a MIMO antenna system. = 10 √1 − || 2  (5)

Channel Capacity Loss
Channel capacity losses also happen as a result of correlation losses in MIMO antennas.It is a crucial component of every MIMO antenna.The value of CCL is observed for the proposed ultra-wideband MIMO antenna at about 0.01 bps/Hz over the operational bandwidth of 26.5-42.7 GHz, as shown in Figure 16.The value of CCL in an ideal situation is in the vicinity of 0.5 bps/Hz.The Formula (6) to compute CCL is shown below [45,46].

Channel Capacity Loss
Channel capacity losses also happen as a result of correlation losses in MIMO antennas.It is a crucial component of every MIMO antenna.The value of CCL is observed for the proposed ultra-wideband MIMO antenna at about 0.01 bps/Hz over the operational bandwidth of 26.5-42.7 GHz, as shown in Figure 16.The value of CCL in an ideal situation is in the vicinity of 0.5 bps/Hz.The Formula (6) to compute CCL is shown below [45,46].

Mean Effective Gain
By examining the mean effective gain, the received power of a MIMO antenna system in a fading environment may be examined (MEG).The ideal instance would have an MEG value of less than 3 dBi.According to Figure 17, the suggested ultra-wideband MIMO antenna gives MEG −8 dBi at an operating bandwidth of 26.5-42.7 GHz.Moreover, the following Equation (7), provided in [45,46], may be used to compute the MEG of a MIMO antenna: ] where P ∅ represents an angular density function of incident power and XPR is the cross-polarization power ratio.

Mean Effective Gain
By examining the mean effective gain, the received power of a MIMO antenna system in a fading environment may be examined (MEG).The ideal instance would have an MEG value of less than 3 dBi.According to Figure 17, the suggested ultra-wideband MIMO antenna gives MEG −8 dBi at an operating bandwidth of 26.5-42.7 GHz.Moreover, the following Equation (7), provided in [45,46], may be used to compute the MEG of a MIMO antenna:

Mean Effective Gain
By examining the mean effective gain, the received power of a MIMO antenna system in a fading environment may be examined (MEG).The ideal instance would have an MEG value of less than 3 dBi.According to Figure 17, the suggested ultra-wideband MIMO antenna gives MEG −8 dBi at an operating bandwidth of 26.5-42.7 GHz.Moreover, the following Equation (7), provided in [45,46], may be used to compute the MEG of a MIMO antenna: where P ∅ represents an angular density function of incident power and XPR is the cross-polarization power ratio.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Geometrical configuration of proposed a dual-band millimeter wave antenna: (a) top view, (b) back view, and (c) side view.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Geometrical configuration of proposed a dual-band millimeter wave antenna: (a) top view, (b) back view, and (c) side view.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Geometrical configuration of proposed a dual-band millimeter wave antenna: (a view, (b) back view, and (c) side view.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Parametric analysis of (a) the radius of the circular patch and (b) length of the lower stub.

Figure 5
Figure 5 represents the comparison between the measured and simulated S-parameter of the proposed ultra-wideband antenna.It can be seen from the figures that the antenna offers broadband ranging from 26.5 to 43.7 GHz with resonance frequencies of 30 GHz, 34, and 38 GHz.The proposed work covers the 5G band for millimeter wave application.The antenna offers a low value of return loss with a minimum −38 dB and maximum −15 dB.The results also show similarity between simulated and measured results, which makes the proposed work the best applicant for future 5G devices operating at broadband.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Parametric analysis of (a) the radius of the circular patch and (b) length of the lower stub.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Parametric analysis of (a) the radius of the circular patch and (b) length of

Figure 4 . 15 Figure 5 .
Figure 4. Fabricated prototype of wideband antenna.2.2.1.|S 11 | Figure 5 represents the comparison between the measured and simulated S-parameter of the proposed ultra-wideband antenna.It can be seen from the figures that the antenna offers broadband ranging from 26.5 to 43.7 GHz with resonance frequencies of 30 GHz, 34, and 38 GHz.The proposed work covers the 5G band for millimeter wave application.The antenna offers a low value of return loss with a minimum −38 dB and maximum −15 dB.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Comparison among simulated and experimental gain results.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Comparison among simulated and experimental gain results.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Comparison among simulated and experimental gain results.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Radiation pattern and cross-polarization of a single element at (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Surface current distribution of the proposed single element of antenna (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Radiation pattern and cross-polarization of a single element at (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.

15 Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Radiation pattern and cross-polarization of a single element at (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Surface current distribution of the proposed single element of antenna (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Surface current distribution of the proposed single element of antenna (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Simulated radiation efficiency of proposed antenna.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Simulated radiation efficiency of proposed antenna.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.(a) Configuration of proposed MIMO antenna; (b) measurement setup for S-parameters and far-field parameters.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Comparison among S-parameters of MIMO antenna.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Comparison among S-parameters of MIMO antenna.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Radiation pattern and cross polarization of proposed MIMO antenna at (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Electric filed distribution of proposed single element of antenna (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Radiation pattern and cross polarization of proposed MIMO antenna at (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.

15 Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Radiation pattern and cross polarization of proposed MIMO antenna at (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Electric filed distribution of proposed single element of antenna (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Electric filed distribution of proposed single element of antenna (a) 28 GHz and (b) 38 GHz.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.ECC of the proposed MIMO antenna.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Comparison among predicted and measured DG.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.ECC of the proposed MIMO antenna.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Comparison among predicted and measured DG.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Comparison among predicted and measured DG.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.CCL of the proposed work.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.MEG of the proposed MIMO antenna.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.CCL of the proposed work.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.CCL of the proposed work.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.MEG of the proposed MIMO antenna.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.MEG of the proposed MIMO antenna.
• Measurement setup tolerance due to usage of old wires; • Connectors used in measurements as mismatching occur due to connectors at highe frequency due to increase in losses on connectors.