Shallow Water Waves and Conservation Laws with Dispersion Triplet

: This paper secures solitary waves and conservation laws to the familiar Korteweg–de Vries equation and Gardner’s equation with three dispersion sources. The traveling wave hypothesis leads to the emergence of such waves. The three sources of dispersion are spatial dispersion, spatio– temporal dispersion and the dual-emporal–spatial dispersion. The conservation laws are enumerated for these models, evolved from the multiplier approach. The conserved quantities are computed with the solitary wave solutions that were recovered.


Introduction
One of the several forms of pre-existing models for shallow water waves is the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, which has been extensively investigated [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. A deluge of results has appeared from a variety of sources, ranging from its integrability, numerical schemes, and vector forms of the model for addressing multi-layered flow. The KdV equation was handled with various forms of nonlinearity, including arbitrary powerlaw. The model was also addressed with logarithmic law of nonlinearity, which yielded Gaussian solitary waves [3]. Later, multi-layered fluid flow along lake-shores and beaches was studied with the Gear-Grimshaw model as well as the Zareamoghaddam model, which were successfully handled both analytically and numerically together with the recovery of solitary wave solutions and their conservation laws [2,3,6]. Subsequently, the KdV equation was extended/generalized to incorporate dual nonlinear effects. This is Gardner's equation (GE), which was later studied extensively to address shallow water wave effects. It is not out of place to point out the fact that apart from the KdV equation and Gardner's equation, there are several other forms of nonlinear wave equations that gave way to N-soliton solutions. The method of integrability for such models is the Riemann-Hilbert approach. although there is yet another well-known and well-established scheme to locate N-soliton solutions including soliton radiation [11][12][13]. This is the Inverse Scattering Transform (IST).
The current paper will revisit both models with the inclusion of triple dispersive effects that stem from triple spatial dispersion, spatio-temporal dispersion and dual-temporalspatial dispersion. This gives an extension to the familiar couple of models that have been studied with third-order dispersion only. While the spatio-temporal dispersion is addressed in shallow water waves with Benjamin-Bona-Mahoney equation, the dualtemporal-spatial dispersive effect was first proposed in 1977 by Joseph and Egri and was never seen again after its first appearance [4]. The current work incorporates all three dispersive effects, and the solitary waves for both models are recovered. The relation between the inverse width and the soliton velocity are also analyzed. The simulations finally led to the visual effect of behind-the-scenes, mathematical analysis of the models. The conservation laws for all models are exhibited as well.

Governing Model
The generalized form of the KdV equation and its type are all incorporated in the following structure: Here, x and t are the independent variables that respectively depict spatial and temporal variables. Then, the dependent variable q(x, t) represents the wave profile. The first term is the temporal evolution of the wave. The second term is from the effect of nonlinearity, which contains a single effect for the KdV equation and dual nonlinear terms that give GE. The three dispersion terms carry the coefficients b j for j = 1, 2, 3, from triple spatial dispersion, spatio-temporal dispersion, and dual-temporal-spatial dispersion effects, respectively. The KdV equation and GE has b 2 = b 3 = 0, which has exhausted the journals [1,3,5,7,16].
In order to study the model expressed by Equation (1) with traveling wave hypothesis, one would choose the following hypothesis: Here, the function g denotes the solitary wave profile, with v being the velocity of the wave. This assumption would transform (1) into the following ordinary differential equation (ODE): which itegrates to upon choosing the integration constant to be zero, as relevant for solitary waves. Next, multiplying (3) by g and integrating leads to The final integration that would lead to the solitary wave solution would be possible once the exact form of nonlinearity is considered. This study would therefore be classified into the subsequent three subsections depending on the type of nonlinearity.
The study will be split into two sections that detail the KdV equation and GE in sequence. The first section contains three subsections based on the structure of the nonlinear term while the second section has two subsections based on the structure of the two nonlinear terms. The details on traveling waves and the conservation laws are also extracted.

Single Nonlinearity (KdV Equations)
Equation (1) will now be studied with a single nonlinear term of three different types. The traveling wave hypothesis will lead to the solitary waves to be derived, and the corresponding parameter constraints will be enlisted for all three cases. The respective conservation laws will be retrieved by the multiplier method, and the conserved quantities will be computed using the derived solitary wave solution.

KdV Equation
For this model, F(q) = aq for any real-valued constant a. From (1), this leads to [4] which would mean that (5) transforms into Finally, separating variables and integrating yields a solitary wave solution as follows: Here, the inverse width is B and A is the amplitude of the wave; they are presented below as and The width of the wave therefore introduces the following parameter constraint:

Conservation Laws
For the conserved flow that renders a closed form of the respective models, ( , ) satisfies + = 0 along the solutions. represents the conserved density and is the conserved flux [2,4,5,9,14,15]. We present the various densities that arise from the multipliers ( , , , , , , , ) when Case 1:

Conservation Laws
For the conserved flow that renders a closed form of the respective models, T t , T x satisfies D t T t + D x T x = 0 along the solutions. T t represents the conserved density and T x is the conserved flux [2,4,5,9,14,15]. We present the various densities that arise from the multipliers Q(t, x, u, u t , u x , u xx , u tt , u xt ) when Case 1: Case 2: Case 3: and Therefore, the respective conserved quantities are (18) and Here, H gives the Hamiltonian, P stems from linear momentum, and M is from mass. To evaluate the integrals in (17)- (19), the solitary wave solution given by (8) is utilized.

Modified KdV Equation
Here, F(q) = aq 2 for any real-valued constant a. From (1), this leads to [8] which means that (5) transforms into Thus, Equation (20) is the generalization of Equation (6) for the mKdV equation with the dispersion triplet. This is also the generalized version of the KdV equation that was first proposed during 1977 [8]. Finally, separating variables and integrating yields a solitary wave solution as follows: Here, the inverse width is B and A is the amplitude of the wave; they are defined as and which would once again imply the parameter constraint as given by (11). This time, the amplitude of the solitary wave imposes the restriction

Conservation laws
In this case, the multipliers, conserved densities, and fluxes are given as Case 1: Case 2: Case 3: Thus, for mKdV equation, the conserved quantities are

Conservation laws
In this case, the multipliers, conserved densities, and fluxes are given as Case 1: Case 2: Case 3: and Thus, for mKdV equation, the conserved quantities are

Power-Law KdV Equation
Now, F(q) = aq n for any real-valued constant a. From (1), this leads to which means that (5) transforms into Finally, separating variables and integrating yields a solitary wave solution as follows: Here, the inverse width is B and A is the amplitude of the wave; they are indicated below as and which would once again imply the parameter constraint as given by (11).
which means that (5) transforms into Finally, separating variables and integrating yields a solitary wave solution as follows: Here, the inverse width is and is the amplitude of the wave; they are indicated below as and which would once again imply the parameter constraint as given by (11).

Conservation Laws
For the power-law KdV equation, the multipliers, densities, and fluxes are given as Case 1: Case 2:
For power-law, the conserved quantities are and

Dual-Nonlinearity (Gardner's Equation)
This section studies Equation (1), which carries two nonlinear terms and is typically referred to as Gardner's equation, alternatively known as the KdV-mKdV equation. The dispersion triplet remains. The two subsections study Gardner's equation and its generalization to power-law nonlinearity. In each of these subsections, the traveling wave hypothesis would yield the solitary wave solutions along with the corresponding conservation laws that are derived using the multiplier approach.

KdV-mKdV Equation
Here, F(q) = a 1 q + a 2 q 2 for any real-valued constants a j for j = 1, 2. From (1), this leads to [8] q t + a 1 q + a 2 q 2 q which means that (5) transforms into Equation (45) is the familiar KdV-mKdV equation that is here being addressed with three sources of dispersion for the first time. This equation was studied in the past, but only with spatial dispersion, using the semi-inverse variational principle [8]. Finally, separating variables and integrating yields a solitary wave solution as follows: Here, the inverse width is B with an external parameter D, while A is the amplitude of the wave. The amplitude can be expressed as and the inverse width B is the same as (10). The parameter D is given as The inverse width B and the parameter D pose the constraint

KdV-mKdV Equation
Here, ( ) = 1 + 2 2 for any real-valued constants for = 1,2. From (1), this leads to [8] which means that (5) transforms into Equation (45) is the familiar KdV-mKdV equation that is here being addressed with three sources of dispersion for the first time. This equation was studied in the past, but only with spatial dispersion, using the semi-inverse variational principle [8]. Finally, separating variables and integrating yields a solitary wave solution as follows: Here, the inverse width is with an external parameter , while is the amplitude of the wave. The amplitude can be expressed as and the inverse width is the same as (10). The parameter is given as The inverse width and the parameter pose the constraint

Conservation Laws
Here, the multipliers, densities, and the fluxes are Case 1:

Conservation Laws
Here, the multipliers, densities, and the fluxes are Case 1: Case 2: Case 3: and For Gardner's equation, the three conserved quantities are and where in (55)-(57), the Gauss' hypergeometric function is indicated below as [1] with the Pochhammer symbol being The convergence of the series is defined provided Finally, Rabbe's test of convergence yields the convergence criterion which is valid for (55)-(57).

Power-Law Nonlinearity
Here, F(q) = a 1 q n + a 2 q 2n for any real-valued constant a. From (1), this leads to which means that (5) transforms into (2n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 1)vg 2 − {2a 1 (2n + 1)g n + (n + 2)a 2 g 2n }g 2 −2(n + 1) 2 (n Finally, separating variables and integrating yields a solitary wave solution as follows: Here, the inverse width is B with an external parameter D, while A is the amplitude of the wave. The amplitude is introduced below as while the inverse width is which poses the same constraint as in (11). The parameter D is given as The inverse width B and the parameter D must maintain the condition (2n + 1)a 2 1 + (n + 1)(n + 2) 2 a 2 v > 0, for the solitary waves to exist. Figure 5 displays the surface plot of a solitary wave (65) for the power-law Gardner's equation with triple dispersion terms with n = 1/2. The parameter values chosen are a 1 = 1, a 2 = 1, v = 1, b 1 = 1, b 2 = 1, and b 3 = 1.

Conservation Laws
Here, the multipliers, densities, and fluxes are Case 1:

Conservation Laws
Here, the multipliers, densities, and fluxes are Case 1: Case 2: Case 3: The corresponding conserved density and flux are too cumbersome to construct. The first two conservation laws are and

Conclusions
The current work recovered solitary wave solutions to the KdV and Gardner's equation, appearing with algebraic-type nonlinearities. The two model equations carry three forms of dispersion that are a combination of spatial and temporal types. The novelty of the work is the inclusion of these three forms of dispersion, yielding different relations for the amplitude and inverse width of the wave with its velocity. These results collapse to the pre-existing results that appear with third-order spatial dispersion only. The conservation laws are also computed for both models with all forms of nonlinearity addressed in the present paper. One of the inherent shortcomings of the traveling waves hypothesis approach to retrieve solitary waves is its failure to retrieve soliton radiation. This is only achievable with the usage of IST, which is outside the scope of the current work.
Thus, these results pave the way for several new avenues. In the future, the model would be studied with transcendental nonlinearities, and the perturbation terms would be included to address the models from an advanced standpoint. Such works would include the application of the semi-inverse variational algorithms, the application of soliton perturbation theory, and the study of multi-layered fluid flow, not to mention handling the models numerically with the application of the Laplace-Adomian scheme, the variational iteration approach, and others. These research works are very much anticipated and will be presented in succession.