Digitalizing Maritime Containers Shipping Companies: Impacts on Their Processes

: Key analysts are emphasizing the importance of the digitalization especially of the supply chain. This work aims to improve maritime shipping companies by introducing digitalization in their operations. This objective is achieved analyzing the impact of maritime container shipping companies’ digitalization. This analysis requires as input the Business Process Model (BPMo) and an inventory of digital applications to verify how the BPMo changes when deploying the applications, define the prerequisites necessary for this deployment, and identify the key performance indicators (KPIs) to track it. The impact of the deployment of the applications has been quantified by using four performance dimensions: Costs, Time, Quality, and Flexibility. The results show that the impacts are different per application, with changes in the processes, the addition of new ones, and the decommissioning of others. The impact of digitalization is high when trying to deploy all the applications at the same time. Companies can leverage this work, which requires reviewing the documented impacts in their processes and the application s’ prerequisites as well as updating their existing balanced scorecard, incorporating the application ’ s KPIs. A list of 10 applications has been identified as “quick wins” ; then, applications can be the starting point for digitalizing a company.


Introduction
Maritime transportation defied the COVID-19 disruption, laying the foundations for a transformation in global supply chains [1].Maritime shipping companies form the backbone of maritime transportation; therefore, they have been forced to changes to follow the global chain changes.
In this context, the key analysts are emphasizing the importance of the digitalization especially of the supply chain, with high investments in artificial intelligence, real-time transportation visibility, etc. [2].Given its relevance and their intermodal global operations, maritime transportation industry digitalization is key for the supply chain's digitalization.
Digitalization in the maritime transportation industry is being studied these days following different streams: Munim et al. focused on big data and artificial intelligence [3]; Plaza-Hernández studied the integration of IoT technologies in the industry [4]; Kapidani et al. looked at the industry digitalization from a sustainability point of view [5]; Kapnissis et al. investigated blockchain adoption in the industry [6]; Tijan et al. reviewed the drivers, success factors, and barriers to digital transformation in the maritime transport sector [7].These articles are just a few examples that illustrate the relevance of digitalization research in the maritime transportation industry.
The research from the team of the present paper published in 2019 in Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220) showed that when looking at the three different industrial sectors that compose the maritime transportation industry (ship design and shipbuilding; shipping; and ports), its digitalization is moving at different speeds in the different domains and industrial sectors defined in the aforementioned Sensors paper:

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The internet of things (IoT).

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Cloud and edge computing (hereafter, the cloud).
The size of the maritime transportation industry makes it necessary to focus on one of their industrial sectors; therefore, this work is limited to shipping.
Any change to the operations of maritime shipping companies requires understanding of how they operate.Business Process Management (BPM) is the science that monitors how work is performed in an organization in order to ensure consistent outcomes and to take advantage of opportunities for improvement [8]; this makes BPM an optimal technique for understanding maritime shipping companies' operations.
Few published works make use of BPM for analyzing the maritime transportation sector.Lyridis et al. [9] made use of BPM to optimize operations of a shipping company for one specific route.Elbert et al. [10] resorted to BPM for ports optimization, thereby analyzing the chains taking place at ports when ships arrive or depart and the interactions with ground organizations.Cimino et al. [11] also relied on BPM for analyzing the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for ports optimization.Finally, Nikitakos et al. [12] partially used BPM in part to evaluate ICTs in the Greek-owned shipping sector.
The research being presented in this article aims to improve maritime shipping companies by introducing digitalization in their operations while being aware that the implementation of a successful business process model does not automatically bring about the same benefits for all companies [13] but rather is a starting point for understanding the problems.Given the importance of maritime container shipping companies for the maritime transportation industry, this research focuses on these companies.Since there are different types of maritime container shipping companies, those used in this study are companies that have their own fleet of vessels used both nautically and commercially by the company.
The contributions of this work are as follows: 1. To contribute to the digitalization of the industry via the analysis of the impacts of digitalizing the aforementioned process model; 2. To generate the key performance indicators (KPIs) that will allow a phased approach for the deployment of the processes' digitalization; 3. To identify a list of "quick wins": applications that given their optimal results on the analysis could be considered as the starting point for digitalizing a company.
This work is divided into the following sections: Section 2 describes the methodology used in the study; Section 3 includes the results of the impact of maritime container shipping companies processes' digitalization as well as its analysis and discussion; and finally, Section 4, summarizes the conclusions.

Approach and Methodology
Since the hypothesis that needs to be proved is that the impacts of maritime containers shipping companies' digitalization is different per application and that these applications can be grouped or clustered according to their impact in the company's operations, the first step was performing an impact analysis.The impact analysis performed in this work required two inputs: the maritime containers shipping companies' Business Process Model (BPMo) and the digital applications used for digitalizing the BPMo.
The lack of published process models for the companies that are the object of this research has required the development of a BPMo.The developed BPMo departed from the Cross-Industry version of the Process Classification Framework © [14,15] from the American Productivity & Quality Centre (APQC) since there is no version for maritime shipping companies.Figure 1 has the "look and feel" from the APQC, which was used as a starting process model.A first version of the business processes for maritime container shipping companies has been generated by tailoring these cross-industry business processes, taking advantage of the following assets:
The content validation of this model was performed by using an inter-judge validation process.The experts that participated in this validation were:

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Three Spanish Maritime Transportation Shipping Companies, including the participation of C-level executives and vice-presidents from these companies.

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A Spanish logistics management company.

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An expert in the sector from Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM).
The content validation of this business process model was performed by using an inter-judge validation process.This method has been extensively used specially for validating survey questions.This work makes use of it, extending the concept of content validation beyond the one related with questions from a survey.The quantification of the agreement was calculated using the content validity ratio (CVR) developed by Lawshe [20]: where ne = number of judges indicating the question as "essential" (in this research, ne = number of judges indicating the modification of the BPMo as "essential"); and N = total number of judges (in this work, N = 5).
Lawshe considered the values of CVR included in Table 1 as the ones necessary for item validation.Therefore, the method required the agreement amongst judges on the validity and clarity of the model.
The next step was building the list of digital application; three sources have been used for building such a list:

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Applications coming from academic research.These are the ones coming from the aforementioned Sensors paper from the team of this research.

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Applications that are already available in the market.This list has been built using the newsletter from the market.Some of them are: www.maritime-executive.com, www.vpoglobal.com,www.thedigitalship.com,www.dnv.com,www.shippingandfrieghtresource.com, and www.wartsila.com.It includes not only market-available applications but also others that are inspired by market-available ones.The range of dates for this analysis has been between March 2018 and September 2021.

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Applications coming from other industries.The search for these applications was completed via the internet between June 2021 and September 2021.
The list of applications was confronted to the aforementioned BPMo for maritime container shipping companies in order to qualify the impact on each process, the requirements for the implementation of the app, and the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) that will measure the impact of the implementation.
The digitalization of the processes implies their redesign.The tool for quantifying the impact of this redesign is the devil's quadrangle [21].This framework evaluates the impact using the four performance dimensions for processes: costs, time, quality, and flexibility.In this research, the impact has been quantified using the following criteria:

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Costs: this performance dimension is broken down into two sub-dimensions: o Implementation costs, which accounts the costs for deploying the application in the company.It has these values: ▪ Low (equal to 2) for applications that require a low investment for their deployment.

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Medium (equal to 1) for applications that require a medium investment for their deployment.

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High (equal to 0) for applications that require a high investment for their deployment.
The aforementioned values are comparatively weighted (i.e., the values low, medium, and high are relative to the rest of the applications).The comparative analysis situated the applications in one of the three aforementioned tertiles (i.e., low, medium, and high).
o Execution cost, which evaluates the return of investment (ROI).It has these values: ▪ Low (equal to 2) for applications with an ROI in less than 2 months.▪ Medium (equal to 1) for applications with an ROI in 2-12 months.

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High (equal to 0) for applications that need more than 12 months for their ROI.
The final value of the performance indicator is obtained by arithmetic media of the two sub-dimensions.
• Time is also broken down into two sub-dimensions: o Implementation time, which accounts the time needed for deploying the application in the company.It has these values: ▪ Low (equal to 2) for applications that can be deployed in less than 6 months.▪ Medium (equal to 1) for applications that can be deployed in 6-18 months.▪ High (equal to 0) for applications that need more than 18 months for their deployment.
o Execution time, which evaluates the savings in time for the processes' execution.
It has these values: ▪ High (equal to 2) for applications with a high decrease on processes' execution time.

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Medium (equal to 1) for applications with a medium decrease on processes' execution time.

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Low (equal to 0) for applications with a small decrease on processes' execution time.
The aforementioned values are comparatively weighted (i.e., the values' categorization as low, medium, or high is relative to the rest of the applications).The final value of the performance indicator is obtained by arithmetic media of the two sub-dimensions.
• Quality, that evaluates the reliability added to the processes by the application.It has the following values: o High (equal to 2) for applications with a high increase on the processes' reliability.o Medium (equal to 1) for applications with a medium increase on the processes' reliability.o Low (equal to 0) for applications with a small increase on the processes' reliability.
The aforementioned values are comparatively weighted (i.e., the values' categorization as low, medium, or high is relative to the rest of the applications).
• Flexibility, the performance indicator that evaluates the flexibility that the application has on the company's processes.It has the following values: o High (equal to 2) for applications with a high increase on the processes' flexibility.o Medium (equal to 1) for applications with a medium increase on the processes' flexibility.o Low (equal to 0) for applications a small increase on the processes' flexibility.
The aforementioned values are comparatively weighted (i.e., the values' categorization as low, medium, is high is relative to the rest of the applications).
The "ideal" application is the one that maximizes the four performance indicators, and therefore, the impact on the company is considered positive.That application will achieve a total score of 8 (i.e., a score of 2 in each of the four performance dimensions for processes).
A data sheet was developed for each of these applications, which has the information from Figure 2. The impacts on the processes have been analyzed assuming that the application considered is the only one that has been deployed, i.e., that it has been deployed stand alone.The combined deployment of several applications will require a review on the impacts.

Name of the application Application description
Processes Impacted

Devil's quadrangle for this application
This same consideration applies to the KPIs: in case of deployment of several applications, the KPIs should be reviewed and confirmed.

Results and Discussion
The validated BPMo for maritime container shipping companies can be found as additional material of this paper.The application of the methodology from Section 3 resulted in a total of 46 application data sheets that contain the results of the research.These results are the applications data sheets, they have the impacts in the BPMo, and they can be found in Appendix A of the present work.
Regarding the impacts on the processes, a total of 147 impacts have been found.The processes highly impacted by different applications are shown in Table 2.The processes with higher impacts are within the operations process categories domain.The reason is that these processes are the ones that produce the wealth of the company, so these are the ones subject to higher investments.
There are six new processes that need to be added to the business process model for different applications: The total number of KPIs used is 51.These KPIs measure the performance of the introduction of the 46 digital applications; this means that on average, there is more than one KPI needed for measuring the performance of the introduction of one application, which is reasonable.Actually, there are only two applications that require only one KPI for tracking their performance: "6.01 Cloud/edge platform" and "7.01 Enhanced cybersecurity" can be measured using KPIs "Percentage of reduction of operational cost" and "Percentage of improvement on cyberattacks prevented", respectively.These two applications tracked only with one KPI are the only ones that are service platforms for the entire company.
It has just been said that the majority of the applications are measured using more than one KPI; actually, the 46 applications required a total of 105 KPIs to measure their performance.Since the number of unique KPIs is 51, not 105, this means that many of them are used in more than one application.A total of 11 KPIs are used more than twice; they are used 53 times out of the mentioned 105 (Table 3), so 11 KPIs can measure more than 50% of what needs to be measured to quantify applications' performance, which is a good number since with this relatively small number of KPIs, a company can track most of their improvements coming from all the digital applications.Section 2 explained how the impact of the introduction of any of these applications in the BPMo has been quantified using the four performance dimensions for processes: Costs, Time, Quality, and Flexibility.Applications have been grouped into three tertiles in order to analyze the results of this quantified impact.The three tertiles are not always equal in size, since being strict on the balance between the three tertiles would have forced the separation in different tertiles of applications that have the same value on a performance dimension.This happens since there are performance dimensions such as costs or time that are made of two sub-dimensions (see Section 2); and the consolidated impact score is calculated from the four performance dimensions.
Table 4 contains the applications that are in the top tertile applying that evaluation.Not surprisingly, application "5.01 Container tracking" is leading the score given the following:

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Regarding costs, it is not too expensive to implement, and the return of investment is high, since it enhances containers' delivery process.

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Looking at time, it is also optimal in terms of implementation time (there are many market applications for a quick implementation), and it saves considerable time for tracking the containers.

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The quality of the process increases as the applications are error-prone compared with the manual process.

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The flexibility of the affected processes increases considerably compared to the manual tracking.
On the other side of the list in Table 5, the applications that are in the bottom tertile can be found.The applications from Table 5 do not necessarily fall into applications that should not be implemented or that should be discarded.What these 15 applications from Table 5 have in common is that they are the lowest when compared with the 46 applications; this should not prevent companies from the implementation of any of them, it is just that they need to know these have more costs or require more time for their deployment and for benefits realization.Actually, there are two of them that are service platforms for the rest: "6.01 Cloud/Edge platform" and "7.01 Enhanced cybersecurity".
The analysis can be taken to a level below the ones conducted so far by looking at the results obtained in each performance dimension.When looking at the list of top applications on time performance dimension (Table 6), there is one application that is top when looking at time performance but is not only not included in the top list for consolidated impact but is in the bottom side, so it is included in Table 5: it is "3.04 ISPS security levels".The reason is that this application does not increase substantially the flexibility or the quality of the affected processes compared with the rest of the 46 applications.One application is found in the opposite situation: being in the list of top performers when looking at the consolidated (Table 4); it is at the bottom side when looking at the time performance dimension (Table 7).This is the case of "2.14 Optimizing ship's operations via AI analysis of operational information".This application scores 6/8 in the consolidated impact score given it is outstanding when compared to others in the Flexibility and Quality provided to the affected processes, and its availability in the current market makes it almost optimal when looking at Costs.

Application
Impact Score 2.02 Assessment of ship risks using fuzzy logic 0.5 2.08 Process optimization and reengineering using AI 0.5 2.09 Freight rate optimization 0.5 2.14 Optimizing ship's operations via AI analysis of operational information 0.5 5.02 Optimization of equipment usage 0.5 1.01 UV controlling system 0 1.02 Autonomous vessels 0 2.01 AI dynamic positioning of surrounding vessels 0 2.15 AI applied to cybersecurity 0 2.16 AI applied to data management and clean 0 2.17 AI applied to competitors tracking and monitoring 0 2.18 AI applied to business partners tracking and monitoring 0 2.19 AI applied to providers tracking and monitoring 0 2.20 AI applied to 3 parties route prediction 0 6.01 Cloud/Edge platform 0 Moving to Costs, two applications are at the top for this performance dimension (Table 8) and at the bottom when looking at the consolidated score (Table 5).These are "3.04ISPS security levels" and "5.02 Optimization of equipment usage".The first one was found in the same situation when looking at Time, and the reason is the same: it does not increase substantially the flexibility or the quality of the affected processes compared with the rest of the 46 applications.Regarding "5.02 Optimization of equipment usage", it does not increase flexibility or quality, and it is also low when looking at Time, since it is not available on the market yet.As it happened when analyzing Time, one application is found in the bottom list from Costs (Table 9) and at the top when looking at the consolidated score (Table 4); this is "2.11Optimizing maintenance process using digital twin and AI" given it is outstanding when compared to others in the Flexibility and Quality provided to the affected processes, but the cost of a digital twin makes it go down in the list when looking only at this performance dimension.The next performance dimension to be looked into is Quality.In it, there are two applications that are in the top for this performance dimension (Table 10), whereas they are part of the list of bottom applications in the consolidated score (Table 5).These are "1.01UV controlling system" and "1.02 Autonomous vessels", which have a very high impact on quality improvement for the affected processes but perform very low in the rest of the variables (high costs, high time of ROI and implementation, and without a substantial impact in flexibility compared to the others).4 (top consolidated score), applications "6.02 Use of SaaS via cloud", "6.03 Use of eLearning via cloud" and "8.01 Spare parts using 3DP" are in both lists due to the same reason: they do not increase substantially the quality of the affected processes when compared to others, whereas they perform well on the rest of the performance dimensions.However, doing the same exercise with bottom applications in Flexibility (Table 13) and top performers in consolidated score (Table 4), there are three applications in both lists: "1.04 Use of robots in complex/hazardous tasks", "3.02Big data analysis for energy efficiency", and "3.03 Analysis of data on consumption and emissions for bunkering selection", all of them outperforming in the rest of the performance dimensions.

Application
Impact Score 1.01 UV controlling system 0 1.02 Autonomous vessels 0 1.04 Use of robots in complex/hazardous tasks 0 2.12 Conversational virtual assistance for helping seafarers in dayto-day activities 0 To finalize the analysis of results, we identified the 10 applications that can be named as "quick wins".These are applications that, given their optimal results on the Time per-formance dimension and good results on the Costs performance dimension, could be considered as the starting point for digitalizing a company.A company starting its digitalization with these could obtain a sense of what digitalization is and learn lessons of the implementation project, which will be value for going to the next step.
The list has been obtained by sorting the results of the score of the devil's quadrant first by those performing better on Time, then on Costs, and finally on consolidated global score.The list is in Table 14.The majority of these are in Table 4 (List of applications with higher consolidated impact score); they are applications that are top performers in the consolidated impact score.The exceptions are "7.04Electronic logbook" and "4.01 VR for training".These two do not score as high as others when looking at the consolidated score but can be good candidates for testing the benefits of digitalization in one company, given their ease of implementation.
Summing up the analysis of the results, the main outcomes are as follows: • The processes with higher impacts are within the Operations process categories domain.The reason is that these processes are the ones that produce the wealth of the company, so these are the ones subject to higher investments.The one more frequently impacted is "6.2.2 Sea Voyage"; this will be impacted by 32.6% of the applications.

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There are six new processes that will be necessary when implementing some applications from AI or IoT domains.These processes are from the Strategy, Infrastructure & Products and from the Operations process categories domains.

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On the other side, there are three processes that will need to be decommissioned when implementing two applications (one from the Cloud digital domain and one from the Robotics one).They are within the Operations and the Enterprise Management process categories domains.

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The KPIs needed for measuring the performance of the digitalization of the BPMo are 51, though 11 of them can measure more than 50% of what is necessary for tracking the outcomes of the digitalization.

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The quantification of the impacts performed with the devil's quadrant gives a perspective on how the digitalization can benefit a company for implementing an application, but it does not necessary imply that applications in the bottom of the list should not be implemented; the decision of going for one application or another should be made by the company looking at its priorities and needs.There are some conclusions though coming from the results of this analysis: o Applications "5.01 Container tracking", "2.06 Analysis of engine parameters to anticipate issues", and "7.02 Cargo documents management" are at the top of the list of the consolidated impact score.These applications are market available which, together with the nature of the application, makes the Time and Costs performance dimensions better when compared to others.They are also in the top of the list in Quality.o Applications "2.16 AI applied to data management and clean" and "6.01 Cloud/Edge platform" are at the bottom of the list, though especially the last one is necessary for others to work (i.e., it is a prerequisite for implementing a number of other applications).o There are applications that are at the top when looking at the consolidated score but at the bottom when looking at one performance dimension.This is the case for "2.14 Optimizing ship's operations via AI analysis of operational information" (bottom in Time but top in Flexibility and Quality and almost optimal in Costs), and it is also the case for "2.11Optimizing maintenance process using digital twin and AI" (bottom in Costs but top in Flexibility and Quality and average in Time).This happens also with "6.02 Use of SaaS via cloud", "6.03 Use of eLearning via cloud", and "8.01 Spare parts using 3DP" (low in Quality but much better in the rest of performance dimensions), and with "1.04 Use of robots in complex/hazardous tasks", "3.02Big data analysis for energy efficiency", and "3.03 Analysis of data on consumption and emissions for bunkering selection" (same situation just described but with Flexibility rather than Quality.o The opposite also happens: applications that are at the bottom when looking at consolidated score are at the top for one performance dimension.This is the case of "3.04 ISPS security levels" (top in Time and Costs but bottom in Flexibility and Quality), "5.02 Optimization of equipment usage" (top in Costs but bottom or almost at the bottom in the rest).This happens also with "1.01 UV controlling system" and "1.02 Autonomous vessels" (top in Quality and low in the rest).o A list of 10 applications has been identified as "quick wins" applications that can be the starting point for digitalizing a company given their optimal results on the Time performance dimension and good results on the Costs performance dimension.

Conclusions
This work analyzes the impact of digitalization in a part of the maritime transport industry, the maritime containers shipping companies.This research has been conducted in order to help the digitalization of this industry, in particular in the aforementioned companies: digitalization in today's world is required for remaining competitive.
The analysis of the introduction of digital applications in the Business Process Model of maritime containers shipping companies shows that digitalization is feasible for these companies and can be completed at different paces.Each company should make a specific and detailed plan for digitalization, according to their needs and environment.They can leverage the work presented here on the applications and the KPIs that should measure the implementation of any of these applications.
Companies can also benefit from the identification of the applications named in this work as "quick wins"; these applications can be a sandbox that can be used to test the benefits of digitalization and learn how to best execute the deployment customized to the needs of the company.Application "5.01 Container tracking" is in the top of the list of these "quick wins" given its optimal behavior when looking at the four performance dimensions for processes (Time, Costs, Quality, and Flexibility).
The impact of digitalization is high when trying to deploy all the applications at the same time in a big bang approach.Such an approach is not advisable not only given the high investment it requires but also due to the risks that such a huge effort poses for a company.Companies should consider the impacts in their processes and the applications' prerequisites documented for each application in Section 3 of this work.They should also review their existing balanced scorecard incorporating the application's KPIs documented in the aforementioned section.The KPIs defined are 51, but with 11 of them, a company can track the majority of the impacts of an application deployment.
A relevant outcome of the analysis of the results of the impacts in processes is that the Operational process categories domain is the one with higher impacts.This is a consequence of the applications trying to impact the processes that generate the company's incomes.Looking at the rest of the process categories domains, there is one process that stands out from the rest, "Analyze Competitors Routes".This process from the Strategy, Infrastructure, and Products process categories domain is impacted by four different applications given the importance that the market and the research is given to a company's strategy.
Digitalizing a company imposes changes in their processes and the definition of new processes as well as the decommissioning of others.In other words, digitalization will change the way a company operates.This is something that must be taken into account when defining the deployment plan of the applications, educating their personnel in the new way of doing things and the benefits that this will bring.
Digitalization has many impacts in the company's operations but a plan well defined, in which the impacts and prerequisites are detailed and where a number of KPIs is included to track the deployment's performance, is the key for success.This work covers these aspects in order to allow a successful digitalization.

Paperwork
Minor changes coming from the fact that crew will be off board.

Prepare Ship Unloading Plan
These activities will be very similar to the current ones.There will be some adaptations to the fact that the ship is unmanned; for example, the captain and the bridge crew will be on land controlling the process instead of in the bridge.
6.3.3Prepare for Shore Logistics These activities will rely on ground staff.

Unload Ship
These activities will be very similar to the current ones.There will be some adaptations to the fact that the ship is unmanned; for example, the captain and the bridge crew will be on land controlling the process instead of in the bridge.

Plan and Execute Ship Daily Maintenance and Periodical Crew Exercises
The maintenance will need to be completed remotely and will rely on sensors information as well as on automatic tools.There is a need of having resources for boarding the ship for some high-priority maintenance activities.

Manage Staffing Needs
There needs to be a new profile of ground employees that will have a crew profile given the high number of crew activities.

Manage Boarding Process
The crew will no longer board, but the activities will need to be completed with this sole exception.

Manage Disembark Process
The crew will no longer board, but the activities will need to be completed with this sole exception.These activities will rely on ground staff.

Prepare Stowage Plan
The stowage plan will be prepared by the ground crew.

Complete Departure Preparation
Departure will be split in two types of staff: administrative staff that will take care of paperwork, and seafarers that will take care of reviewing the readiness of the vessel for the navigation 6.1.5Charge Ship These activities will be completed very similar to the current one.There will be some adaptations to the fact that the ship is unmanned; for example, the captain and the bridge crew will be on land controlling the process instead of in the bridge.

Unberth Ship
The process will change in all its content given that the control will be off the ship.

Sea Voyage
The process will change in all its content given that the control will be off the ship.

Logistics Coordination at Shore
Its content will remain the same but the players will no longer be on board.

Technical Support at Shore
The process will be decommissioned.

Prepare for Port of Arrival Activities
The interactions will be split among the vessel, crew on land, and third parties.

Berth Ship
The process will change in all its content given that the control will be off the ship.

Manage Arrival Customs and Rest of Arrival
Paperwork Minor changes coming from the fact that the crew will be off board.

Prepare Ship Unloading Plan
These activities will be completed very similar to the current one.There will be some adaptations to the fact that the ship is unmanned; for example, the captain and the bridge crew will be on land controlling the process instead of in the bridge.

Prepare for Shore Logistics
These activities will rely on ground staff.

Unload Ship
These activities will be completed very similar to the current one.There will be some adaptations to the fact that the ship is unmanned; for example, the captain and the bridge crew will be on land controlling the process instead of in the bridge Source: Existing maritime app

Digital twin for AV controlling and maintenance
Leverage in the digital twin to better control UV and to help in maintenance Impacted processes

Prepare Stowage Plan
The process needs to integrate the digital twin in its activities (e.g., simulations of stowage in the digital twin).

Charge Ship
The process needs to integrate the digital twin in its activities, mainly on troubleshooting actions.

Unberth Ship
The process needs to integrate the digital twin in its activities, mainly on troubleshooting actions.

Sea Voyage
The process needs to integrate the digital twin in its activities, mainly on troubleshooting actions.

Berth Ship
The process needs to integrate the digital twin in its activities, mainly on troubleshooting actions.

Prepare Ship Unloading Plan
The process needs to integrate the digital twin in its activities (e.g., simulations of unloading in the digital twin).

Unload Ship
The process needs to integrate the digital twin in its activities, mainly on troubleshooting actions.

Plan and Execute Ship Daily Maintenance and Periodical Crew Exercises
The maintenance activities will now leverage on the digital twin for the preparation and troubleshooting.Source: Existing maritime app

Use of robots in complex/hazardous tasks
Make use of robots to avoid the exposure of the crew to risks (checks of cargo, underwater surveys, antifouling, etc.) Impacted processes

Prepare Stowage Plan
The preparation will need to take into account the readiness of these robots.

Charge Ship
The activities will need to change to integrate the robots into them.

Prepare Ship Unloading Plan
The preparation will need to take into account the readiness of these robots.

Unload Ship
The activities will need to change to integrate the robots into them.

Plan and Execute Ship Daily Maintenance and Periodical Crew Exercises
The plan will need to make sure robots are available for the activities.The execution will need to change some of the activities that will now be executed by robots.

Devil's quadrangle Prerequisites KPIs
• Robots • Could/Edge network in the ships • Percentage of decrease in human errors • Percentage of increase in efficiency on these tasks Source: Literature review

AI dynamic positioning of surrounding vessels
Analysis of the surrounding vessels using AI in order to predict the trajectories of the surrounding vessels Impacted processes

Sea Voyage
The activities related with navigation in this process will need to take into account the inputs of this tool and make it part of the navigation decision process.secondhand)

Devil's quadrangle
The activities of this process will be updated with a new one: ships pricing analysis using AI techniques.

Devil's quadrangle Prerequisites KPIs
• Create a Big Data Warehouse (BDWH) • Analysis of BDWH using AI techniques • AI experts team • Number of days of improvement in the decision process • Percentage of improvement on ratio cost using old process/cost using new process

Pricing market prediction
Using AI techniques, identify market trends on pricing Impacted processes

Obtain Optimal Liner Terms
The liner terms will be now obtained looking to AI analysis results as well as to the legacy activities.

Devil's quadrangle Prerequisites KPIs
• Create a Big Data Warehouse (BDWH) • Analysis of BDWH using AI techniques • AI experts team • Number of days of improvement in the decision process • Percentage of improvement on ratio cost using old process/cost using new process Source: Literature review Other industry app

Route optimization via AI analysis of client information
Analysis of routes and containers used by a client to reinforce or decrease routes Impacted processes

Analyze Route Operational Results
The activities of this process will be updated with a new one: route operational analysis using AI techniques.

Devil's quadrangle Prerequisites KPIs
• Create a Big Data Warehouse (BDWH) • Analysis of BDWH using AI techniques • AI experts team • Percentage of decrease on unattended demand on time due to demand peaks • Percentage of decrease on overcapacity due to demand valleys

• Number of optimized routes
• Percentage of improvement on ratio cost using old process/cost using new process Source: Existing maritime app

Analysis of engine parameters to anticipate issues
The parameters from the engine (consumption, performance, rpm, etc.) will be analyzed using AI techniques to anticipate potential issues Impacted processes Source: Existing maritime app

Route optimization via AI analysis of operational information
Analysis of routes using AI on operational data (weather, sea conditions, traffic, online port conditions (costs, bunkering, delays, etc.), changes of crews, etc.) to optimize routes Impacted processes

Analyze Route Operational Results
The activities of this process will be updated with a new one: route operational analysis using AI techniques.Source: Existing maritime app

Process optimization and reengineering using AI
Analysis based on AI of the outcomes from every process in the organization to optimize and redesign them Impacted processes

Manage Business Processes Performance
The activities of this process will be updated with a new one: business process analysis using AI techniques.

Improve Business Processes Model
The activities of this process will be updated with a new one: business process improvement options analysis using AI techniques.

Devil's quadrangle Prerequisites KPIs
• Create a Data Warehouse for process performance metrics (PPDW) • Analysis of PPWH using AI techniques • AI experts team • Percentage of reduction on route operational costs • Percentage of improvement on ratio efficiency using old process/ efficiency using new process • Percentage of improvement on customer satisfaction Source: Existing maritime app

Freight rate optimization
Analysis of internal and external data using AI techniques for determine the optimal freight rate Impacted processes

Obtain Optimal Liner Terms
The liner terms will be now obtained looking to AI analysis results as well as to the legacy activities.

Devil's quadrangle Prerequisites KPIs
• Create a Big Data Warehouse (BDWH) • Analysis of BDWH using AI techniques • AI experts team • Percentage of improvement in ratio space for cargo-space for crew • Percentage of improvement on end-of-year financial results

Figure A13.
Freight rate optimization data sheet.
Source: Existing maritime app

Fleet dimensioning optimization
Analysis of internal and external data using AI techniques for determine the optimal use of the existing fleet as well as improving fleet dimensioning process Impacted processes

Obtain Fleet Operational Data
This process will change since the operational data will be treated using AI techniques in order to propose options regarding the fleet.

Obtain Route Operational Data
This process will change since the operational data will be treated using AI techniques in order to propose options regarding the routes.

Obtain Customers Demand Data
This process will change since the operational data will be treated using AI techniques in order to forecast customer demand.

Design Fleet Deployment Plan
The deployment plan options will go through the AI tool to help in the decision of the best option.

Maintain Fleet Deployment Plan
Results will be compared to the AI tools one in order to tune both (fleet deployment plan and the AI tool).

Devil's quadrangle Prerequisites KPIs
• Create a Big Data Warehouse (BDWH) • Analysis of BDWH using AI techniques • AI experts team • Percentage of improvement in ratio space for cargo space for crew • Percentage of improvement on end-of-year financial results

Figure A14. Fleet dimensioning optimization data sheet.
Source: Existing maritime app

Optimizing maintenance process using digital twin and AI
Using data form the digital twin, an AI framework can help in the preventive maintenance process (for example, using the historical data to predict when it will fail) as well as in the optimization of the maintenance process (for example, making sure spares are available when needed, minimizing maintenance time, etc.) Impacted processes

Crew Exercises
The maintenance activities will now leverage not only on the digital twin for the preparation and troubleshooting but also on the inputs gathered from sensors that will be analyzed using AI techniques.Source: Existing maritime app

Conversational virtual assistance for helping seafarers in day-to-day activities
Development of a virtual assistance (Alexa type) that combines the use of AI techniques to help seafarers in daily activities (reporting of weather conditions, recommendation of routes, gathering data of engine, etc.) Impacted processes

Charge Ship
The process needs to integrate the AI virtual assistance in its activities not only on troubleshooting actions but also for providing inputs and executing orders on demand.

Unberth Ship
The process needs to integrate the AI virtual assistance in its activities not only on troubleshooting actions but also for providing inputs and executing orders on demand.

Sea Voyage
The process needs to integrate the AI virtual assistance in its activities not only on troubleshooting actions but also for providing inputs and executing orders on demand.

Berth Ship
The process needs to integrate the AI virtual assistance in its activities not only on troubleshooting actions but also for providing inputs and executing orders on demand.

Unload Ship
The process needs to integrate the AI virtual assistance in its activities not only on troubleshooting actions but also for providing inputs and executing orders on demand.Source: Existing maritime app

Analysis of ship structure images to anticipate issues
The images from ships (hull, hatches, cranes, etc.) will be analyzed using AI techniques to anticipate potential issues (corrosion, coating issues, welding problems, etc.) Impacted processes  Source: Existing maritime app

AI applied to data management and clean
Use of AI to enhance dashboards, enhance data quality, detect patterns on information at the DWH, populate DWH with relevant information Impacted processes

Generate Global Economy Situation Model
The activities of this process will need to apply AI to the data obtained here for the final goal of the process group.

Generate Ports Analysis Report
The activities of this process will need to apply AI to the data obtained here for the final goal of the process group.

Design Fleet Deployment Plan
The activities of this process will need to apply AI to the data obtained here for the final goal of the process group.

DWH
The population of the DWH will strongly leverage on the AI application for enhancing the data quality.

Manage Employees Data
The activities of this process will need to apply AI to the data obtained here for the final goal of the process group.Source: Existing maritime app

AI applied to competitors tracking and monitoring
Use of AI to monitor actions and performance of competitors Impacted processes

Analyze Competitors Routes
The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of AI in such a way that information will flow constantly instead of the current batches of information.

Analyze Competitors Finance
The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of AI in such a way that information will flow constantly instead of the current batches of information.

Analyze Competitors Sales
The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of AI in such a way that information will flow constantly instead of the current batches of information.

Analyze Competitors Clients
The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of AI in such a way that information will flow constantly instead of the current batches of information.Source: Existing maritime app

Using AI to reduce emissions
Analysis on vessel data to reduce GHG emissions.Capturing data from vessel, weather, and route to reduce ship's emissions Impacted processes

Sea Voyage
The activities related with navigation in this process will need to take into account the inputs of this tool and make it part of the navigation decision process.Source: Existing maritime app

Analysis of data on consumption and emissions for bunkering selection
Data on consumption, NOx, SOx, engine failures, etc. will be stored and analyzed in order to evaluate the effect of bunkering providers in ship performance Impacted processes The inputs from previous tasks will enter into the DWH for a big data analysis in order to anticipate security issues.Source: Existing maritime app

Big Data for Ship Renewal
Gather data from different sources (market insights, supply/demand, changes on routes, etc.) to decide the best type of vessel for the market that is coming Impacted processes

Analyze Freight Evolution and Ship Demand
The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of big data techniques in such a way that information will flow constantly instead of the current batches of information.secondhand) The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of big data techniques in such a way that information will flow constantly instead of the current batches of information.The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of big data techniques in such a way that information will flow constantly instead of the current batches of information.

Analyze Fleet Productivity
The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of big data techniques in such a way that information will flow constantly instead of the current batches of information.

Devil's quadrangle Prerequisites KPIs
• Integration with 3rd parties DB for data collection • Big Data experts • Number of days of improvement in the decision process • Percentage of improvement on ratio cost using old process/cost using new process • Percentage of improvement on end-of-year financial results

Figure A31
. Big data for ship renewal data sheet.
Source: Existing maritime app

Big Data for Ship speed controlling
Adapt and control vessel speed to port conditions: the analysis of historical data together with the information received on port congestion should be applied to the ship's speed in order to avoid extra consumption Impacted processes

Sea Voyage
The activities of the process regarding navigation will need to take into account the inputs coming from big data analysis for adjusting route and speed, either automatically or as optional for the crew to decide the best option.

Prerequisites KPIs
• Integration with 3rd parties DB for data collection Source: Literature review

VR for training
Make use of virtual reality for complex tasks training (bridge, engine, etc.) Impacted processes

Manage Employees Training
The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of VR techniques, including software and hardware.

Manage Training On Board
The main impact will be on the deployment of infrastructure for delivering the training.

VR as navigation aid
Deploy VR solution for helping captain on decision-making process during navigation (access to port, navigation in poor weather conditions, etc.) Impacted processes

Unberth Ship
The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of VR techniques so that the decisions from the crew will be based on the inputs from this tool.

Sea Voyage
The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of VR techniques so that the decisions from the crew will be based on the inputs from this tool.

Berth Ship
The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of VR techniques so that the decisions from the crew will be based on the inputs from this tool.Source: Existing maritime app

Digital twin for training purposes
Leverage in the digital twin to develop advanced training to selected crew members Impacted processes

Manage Employees Training
The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of the digital twin.

Manage Training On Board
The activities of this process will be adapted to accommodate the use of the digital twin.The process in itself will not change much, but the resources allocated will now be of a higher expertise and with the tools to monitor and enable constant improvement.

Define IT Resilience Strategy
The process in itself will not change much, but the resources allocated will now be of a higher expertise and with the tools to monitor and enable constant improvement.

Control IT Security and Risks
The process in itself will not change much, but the resources allocated will now be of a higher expertise and with the tools to monitor and enable constant improvement.The activities of this process will change, replacing manual activities with blockchain ones.

Manage Arrival Customs and Rest of Arrival Paperwork
The activities of this process will change, replacing manual activities with blockchain ones.

Sign Multimodal Transportation Merchant Reception Documents
The activities of this process will change, replacing manual activities with blockchain ones.

Sign Multimodal Transportation Merchant Delivery Documents
The activities of this process will change, replacing manual activities with blockchain ones.

2. 15 AI applied to cybersecurity 0 2 .
16 AI applied to data management and clean 0 3.01 Big data algorithm for collision avoidance 0 3.02 Big data analysis for energy efficiency 0 3.03 Analysis of data on consumption and emissions for bunkering selection

•
Figure A3.Digital twin for AV controlling and maintenance data sheet.

Figure A4 .
Figure A4.Use of robots in complex/hazardous tasks data sheet.
Figure A5.AI dynamic positioning of surrounding vessels data sheet.

Figure A6 .
Figure A6.Assessment of ship risks using fuzzy logic data sheet.

Figure A8 .•Figure A9 .
Figure A8.Route optimization via AI analysis of client information data sheet.

•Figure A11 .
Figure A11.Route optimization via AI analysis of operational information data sheet.

Figure A12 .
Figure A12.Process optimization and reengineering using AI data sheet.

7. 3 . 1 BIS
Figure A15.Optimizing maintenance process using digital twin and AI data sheet.

Figure A19 .
Figure A19.AI applied to cybersecurity data sheet.

•
Create a Big Data Warehouse (BDWH) • Analysis of BDWH using AI techniques • AI experts team • Number of days of improvement in the decision process • Percentage of reduction of data inaccuracy • Percentage of reduction of failure on data population • Percentage of maintenance resources costs reductions

Figure A20 .
Figure A20.AI applied to data management and clean data sheet.

•
Figure A21.AI applied to competitors tracking and monitoring data sheet.

Figure A25 .
Figure A25.Using AI to enhance navigation safety data sheet.

7. 3 . 1 BIS•
Analysis of Operational Data for Maintenance This is a new process that, in this case, will provide inputs to the tool for helping in the decision-making process.Create a Big Data Warehouse (BDWH) • Analysis of BDWH using AI techniques • AI experts team • Percentage of decrease on annual maintenance hours • Percentage of reduction of cost coming from penalties

Figure A26 .
Figure A26.Using AI to reduce emissions data sheet.

•
Figure A32.Big data for ship speed controlling data sheet.

Figure A43 .
Figure A43.Cargo documents management data sheet.

Table 1 .
Minimum values of CVR.

Table 2 .
Processes with more than two impacts.

Table 4 .
List of applications with higher consolidated impact score.

Table 5 .
List of applications with lower consolidated impact score.

Table 6 .
Top applications on Time performance dimension.

Table 7 .
Bottom applications on Time performance dimension.

Table 8 .
Top applications on Cost performance dimension.

Table 9 .
Bottom applications on Cost performance dimension.

Table 10 .
Top applications on Quality performance dimension.

Table 11
(bottom applications for Quality performance dimension) and Table

Table 11 .
Bottom applications on Quality performance dimension.Moving to the last performance dimension, Flexibility, comparing Table (top performers in Flexibility) and Table5(bottom in consolidated score), there is no application in both lists.

Table 12 .
Top applications on Flexibility performance dimension.

Table 13 .
Bottom applications on Flexibility performance dimension.