Decontamination of Food Packages from SARS-CoV-2 RNA with a Cold Plasma-Assisted System

Featured Application: The actual emergency linked to the pandemic from SARS-CoV-2 brought about the need of a new critical control point (CCP) linked to the external packaging contamination of packaged foods. Therefore, cold plasma technology is of great interest in handling this new criticality as it can be applied in both the production and distribution steps of the food supply chain. Abstract: The accidental contamination of food and food packaging surfaces with SARS-CoV-2 is of increasing concern among scientists and consumers, particularly in relation to fresh foods that are consumed without further cooking. The use of chemical sanitizers is often not suitable for these kinds of commodities; therefore, a non-thermal sanitation technology could help to increase safety in relation to the food supply chain. Cold plasma has proven to be a promising strategy for virus inactivation. This research is aimed at evaluating the ability of a cold plasma sanitation system to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 RNA on packaged foods. Two different plastic materials were investigated and subjected to 5- and 10-min exposure to plasma after experimental inoculum of the RNA. In addition to viral degradation, possible changes in the performance of the materials were evaluated. Shelf-life of the foods, after exposure of the packages to plasma, was also investigated. Results showed that 10 min of exposure was sufﬁcient to almost completely eliminate the viral RNA from package surfaces. The treatment did not produce any signiﬁcant variation in packaging material performance or the shelf-life of the tested packaged products, indicating the potentiality of this treatment for the decontamination of packaged products.


Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a member of the Coronaviridae family whose genome is a single-stranded RNA molecule [1]. The spread of SARS-CoV-2 in humans occurs mainly by air due to sneezing, coughing, and exhaling, or via contaminated surfaces and objects, although these seem to be less important in sustaining viral diffusion [2]. However, consumers have raised concerns about the possibility of transmission through food or its packaging. Different risk assessments have been carried out by food safety agencies to determine whether food or food contact materials represent a significant risk to food safety in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) has excluded the possibility of transmission of the virus through the digestive tract; however, the possibility that the respiratory tract could become infected during the ingestion of contaminated food or water cannot be completely excluded. An infected person can contaminate food by handling it with dirty hands or through droplets from coughing or sneezing. Like other known coronaviruses, this virus is sensitive to heat treatment and cooking temperatures above 60 • C. Indeed, exposure of foods to 63 • C for 4 min (used for the preparation of hot food in collective catering) has been shown to be sufficient to inactivate the virus [3].
Hence, SARS-CoV-2 represents a risk factor, especially for fresh food consumed without prior cooking, for which good manufacturing practices are the only way to prevent contamination. Regarding the persistence of the virus on the surface of packaging materials, an analysis of 23 scientific studies revealed that some human coronaviruses can persist on metal, glass, or plastic for anywhere from a few hours up to nine days, depending on the material [4].
Therefore, the accidental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 of the external surfaces of the materials used for the packaging, processing, and handling of food (equipment and tools) represents a new and crucial issue to be carefully evaluated. Current WHO guidance states that "thoroughly cleaning environmental surfaces with water and detergent and applying commonly used hospital-grade disinfectants (such as sodium hypochlorite) are effective and sufficient" [5]. Disinfectants are very important in the control and inactivation of microorganisms on various inanimate surfaces [5][6][7]. However, they can leave harmful residues on surfaces in contact with food. In addition, many of them lose their antimicrobial activities in the presence of organic matter. Furthermore, their use is not allowed on specific types of packaging materials, and their effect is often nil when chemical sanitation procedures are performed by untrained people, such as consumers.
A non-thermal sanitization technique could guarantee a further reduction in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by minimally processed foods, in cases of accidental contamination during the handling of food during the preparation phase and/or of its packaging during distribution and sale. Among the emerging non-thermal sanitization technologies, cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) is one of the most promising. Obtainable by applying a sufficiently high electric field in the air, CAP contains numerous reactive species in addition to O 3 (O, OH, NO, and NO 2 ) and also UV, all agents with known strong antimicrobial power. There are numerous studies on the use of CAP against viruses of non-food origin (flu and parainfluenza viruses, adenovirus, corneal herpes simplex virus, etc.) [8][9][10] and SARS-CoV-2 RNA [11]. Recently, the plasma effect was also successfully tested against SARS-CoV-2 on some inanimate surfaces such as plastic, metal, cardboard, and different types of leather for sports use [12]. CAP acts according to different mechanisms, causing damage to the capsid structure and viral RNA due to its high oxidizing power. However, while microbial inactivation on packaging materials has been extensively tested, the virucidal effect has only been assessed on surfaces of few food-contact materials, such as stainless steel. On the other hand, any treatment applied to food packaging materials might bring changes to their physical and chemical material properties, thus affecting their functionality. Therefore, it is fundamental to assess how exposure to plasma affects the main functional and technological performance of the materials, and to verify that it has no negative effect on the shelf-life of packaged foods.
This research is a first study to test the effectiveness of a newly developed cold plasma sanitation system as strategy to decontaminate food packages from SARS-CoV-2 RNA, which plays a major role in infection, as an introductory step towards a more complex study to assess the potential antiviral activity of CAP toward SARS-CoV-2. To this aim, after characterization of the plasma discharge generated by the developed prototype, viral RNA was experimentally inoculated on two food packaging materials and then subjected to CAP treatment. The effect on the RNA structure was evaluated together with the main properties of the materials and the shelf-life of the packaged products.

Plasma System
A schematic of the plasma system adopted in this study, Plasma Assisted Sanitation System (PASS), developed by AlmaPlasma srl, is shown in Figure 1. PASS is composed of an SDBD (surface dielectric barrier discharge) plasma source, a treatment chamber, a cooling system, and a high-voltage generator. The SDBD consists of a mica dielectric layer (2 mm thick) interposed between an air-cooled high-voltage (HV) aluminum electrode and a grounded electrode (AISI 316L rhomboid mesh). The treatment chamber is made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and has two optical accesses (quartz windows) to allow optical spectroscopy; when the SDBD is placed on the top of the treatment chamber a closed volume is defined. This treatment volume can be reduced by means of PMMA fillings, resulting in three different treatment volumes (Table 1).
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 17 exposure to plasma affects the main functional and technological performance of the materials, and to verify that it has no negative effect on the shelf-life of packaged foods. This research is a first study to test the effectiveness of a newly developed cold plasma sanitation system as strategy to decontaminate food packages from SARS-CoV-2 RNA, which plays a major role in infection, as an introductory step towards a more complex study to assess the potential antiviral activity of CAP toward SARS-CoV-2. To this aim, after characterization of the plasma discharge generated by the developed prototype, viral RNA was experimentally inoculated on two food packaging materials and then subjected to CAP treatment. The effect on the RNA structure was evaluated together with the main properties of the materials and the shelf-life of the packaged products.

Plasma System
A schematic of the plasma system adopted in this study, Plasma Assisted Sanitation System (PASS), developed by AlmaPlasma srl, is shown in Figure 1. PASS is composed of an SDBD (surface dielectric barrier discharge) plasma source, a treatment chamber, a cooling system, and a high-voltage generator. The SDBD consists of a mica dielectric layer (2 mm thick) interposed between an air-cooled high-voltage (HV) aluminum electrode and a grounded electrode (AISI 316L rhomboid mesh). The treatment chamber is made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and has two optical accesses (quartz windows) to allow optical spectroscopy; when the SDBD is placed on the top of the treatment chamber a closed volume is defined. This treatment volume can be reduced by means of PMMA fillings, resulting in three different treatment volumes (Table 1).  CAP was homogenously generated on the surface of the mesh on an area of around 551 cm 2 . The device, operating in environmental air (relative humidity in the range 20-  CAP was homogenously generated on the surface of the mesh on an area of around 551 cm 2 . The device, operating in environmental air (relative humidity in the range 20-40%), was driven by a micropulsed generator (AlmaPULSE, AlmaPlasma srl, Bologna, Italy), allowing the application of 1-20 kV, with a frequency in the 1-20 kHz range, and Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4177 4 of 16 a tunable duty cycle (1-100%). Two discharge times, considered the time for which the generator was kept on, were tested: 10 and 20 min. To evaluate the surface power density (SPD) delivered to the plasma source, voltage and current waveforms were recorded by means of a high-voltage probe (Tektronix P6015A) and a current probe (Pearson 6585) connected to an oscilloscope (Tektronix DPO40034). The power density was evaluated using the following formula: where V is the applied voltage, I is the current, T is the period, and A is the active surface of the mesh. The SPD was calculated by averaging three measurements, each taking into account 400 microseconds of plasma discharge (i.e., two full voltage periods) with an acquisition rate of 0.25 giga samples per second.
The plasma source was operated imposing a voltage of 6.00 kV at a frequency of 5.00 kHz with a fixed duty cycle (DC = 100%).
The mesh temperature was measured during the discharge time by means of a fiber optical temperature sensor (opSense, OTG series), placed inside the investigated volume, and data were recorded every 0.05 s.

Packaging Materials and Food Products
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) trays (350 microns thick) and polypropylene (PP) film (69 microns thick) were selected as representative of the main materials used for fresh food packaging. The former was rigid, while the latter was a flexible material. Both materials were provided by local food industry (Emilia-Romagna, Italy).
For the evaluation of virus inactivation, square pieces of PP and PET (~1 cm 2 ) were used for the inoculum of viral RNA and subjected to CAP treatment.
For the shelf-life study of food products, two different batches of fresh-cut unpeeled apples (cultivar Fuji) were packed with PP pouches (net weight 80g) and PET trays (net weight 150 g). Packaged food products were provided by local food industry (Emilia-Romagna, Italy)

Contamination of Materials with SARS-CoV-2 RNA and Analysis
The SARS-CoV-2 RNA extract used was purchased from Vircell (Granada, Spain). This RNA preparation was obtained from SARS-CoV-2 (lineage B1) grown in vitro in VERO E6 cells, extracted and stored at −80 • C until use.
Packaging material squares (area~1 cm 2 ) were used as a model of contact surfaces. These pieces were sterilized by immersion in H 2 O 2 at room temperature for 30 s.
Packaging materials were contaminated using the Sars-CoV-2 RNA extract previously described. Contamination of both packaging materials was performed by spreading two 5 µL drops of RNA extract on each piece, followed by exposure to air, as a positive untreated control (K), or immediate CAP treatment.

Plasma Treatment
Both packaging materials and packaged products were exposed to CAP treatment for two treatment times (5 and 10 min).
Square material samples with and without RNA inoculum were placed on Petri dishes and placed in the PASS treatment chamber at treatment volume V3.
Treatment of the packaged products without inoculum was carried out separately. Two packages containing fresh-cut apples, as described in Section 2.3, were subjected to CAP for 5 (P5) and 10 (P10) min and compared with the untreated sample (C). For each type of sample, 12 replicates were obtained and used for shelf-life tests.

Setup for Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (OAS) and Data Processing
The setup for OAS is the same as that used by Simoncelli et al. [13] and is schematically represented in Figure 2. A deuterium-halogen lamp, characterized by a broad band spectrum from UV to NIR radiation, was used as a light source. With the aim of investigating the plasma afterglow, the light beam was focused by means of optical fibers and fused silica lenses (50 mm of focus length) to achieve a parallel beam which passed under the mesh and was collected by a 500 mm spectrometer (Acton SP2500i, Princeton Instruments) to spectrally resolve the light beam in the UV, VIS, and near infrared (NIR) regions. The width of the inlet slit of the spectrometer was fixed at 50 µm for OAS acquisitions, and a grating with a resolution of 150 mm −1 was used. A photomultiplier tube (PMT, Princeton Instruments PD439) connected to a fast oscilloscope (Tektronix DPO40034) was used as detector, allowing fast acquisitions with a time resolution of 40 ms. The PMT amplification factor was kept constant for all acquisitions. In order to ensure identical initial conditions, the discharge chamber was opened and flushed for 30 s with fresh air prior to every measurement.

Setup for Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (OAS) and Data Processing
The setup for OAS is the same as that used by Simoncelli et al. [13] and is schematically represented in Figure 2. A deuterium-halogen lamp, characterized by a broad band spectrum from UV to NIR radiation, was used as a light source. With the aim of investigating the plasma afterglow, the light beam was focused by means of optical fibers and fused silica lenses (50 mm of focus length) to achieve a parallel beam which passed under the mesh and was collected by a 500 mm spectrometer (Acton SP2500i, Princeton Instruments) to spectrally resolve the light beam in the UV, VIS, and near infrared (NIR) regions. The width of the inlet slit of the spectrometer was fixed at 50 µm for OAS acquisitions, and a grating with a resolution of 150 mm −1 was used. A photomultiplier tube (PMT, Princeton Instruments PD439) connected to a fast oscilloscope (Tektronix DPO40034) was used as detector, allowing fast acquisitions with a time resolution of 40 ms. The PMT amplification factor was kept constant for all acquisitions. In order to ensure identical initial conditions, the discharge chamber was opened and flushed for 30 s with fresh air prior to every measurement. In order to quantitatively evaluate the species' concentrations from absorption measurements, the Lambert-Beer law was taken into account: where I/I0 is the ratio between the initial light intensity I0 and the light intensity I after an optical path length L, and n is the concentration of absorbers. The absorption cross-section σ is a function of the wavelength (σ = σ(λ)).
In general, when N species absorb at the same λj wavelength, the Lambert-Beer equation can be re-written as: where σi,j represents the absorption cross-section of the i-species at λj and the ratio between the light intensities I and I0 is referred to the j-wavelength. The concentration n of each absorbing species can thus be obtained from the following expression, where the suffix k indicates a generic absorber: The wavelengths selected to perform the study and the corresponding absorption cross-sections for O3 and NO2 as absorbers are reported in Table 2. These wavelengths In order to quantitatively evaluate the species' concentrations from absorption measurements, the Lambert-Beer law was taken into account: where I/I 0 is the ratio between the initial light intensity I 0 and the light intensity I after an optical path length L, and n is the concentration of absorbers. The absorption cross-section σ is a function of the wavelength (σ = σ(λ)).
In general, when N species absorb at the same λj wavelength, the Lambert-Beer equation can be re-written as: where σ i,j represents the absorption cross-section of the i-species at λ j and the ratio between the light intensities I and I 0 is referred to the j-wavelength. The concentration n of each absorbing species can thus be obtained from the following expression, where the suffix k indicates a generic absorber: The wavelengths selected to perform the study and the corresponding absorption cross-sections for O 3 and NO 2 as absorbers are reported in Table 2. These wavelengths were Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4177 6 of 16 defined, in accordance with Moiseev [14], to maximize the absorption of the molecules relevant to our study while minimizing the contribution, and thus the disturbance, of other absorbing molecules.
For all experiments, the optical path length L was 21 cm and the contributions of background radiation and spontaneous plasma emission were duly taken into account in the data processing, subtracting them from the acquired values of I and I 0 .

SARS-CoV-2 RNA Analysis
After treatment, the inoculated drops were retrieved, collected, and stored at 4 • C in sterile RNAse-free vials for less than 24 h.
The applied PCR method is able to detect three sequence targets (E, RdRp, and N) in the SARS-CoV-2 genome.
PCR data were shown as a percentage reduction in detected RNA between treated and positive control (K) samples, using Ct values for each target: In this context, we approximated 100% of eliminated RNA to the experimental condition's upper detection limit (40 Ct) and approximated 0% of eliminated RNA to the Ct values observed for each target in the K samples (K Ct Value).

Packaging Material Performance
Packaging materials were tested for gas permeability, thermal properties, and global migration before and immediately after the application of plasma treatment.
Permeability measurement was performed using a manometric method, by the evaluation of gas transmission rate (GTR, expressed in cm 3 /m 2 day bar) for O 2 and CO 2 on a permeance testing device, type GDP-C (Brugger Feinmechanik GmbH, Munchen, Germany), in accordance with ASTM 1434 (standard test method for determining gas permeability characteristics of plastic film and sheeting, 2009), DIN 53536 (gas permeability determination), ISO 15105-1 (plastic film and sheeting determination of gas transmission rate-Part I: Differential pressure methods, 2007), and the Gas Permeability Testing Manual, 2008 (Registergericht München HRB 77020, Brugger Feinmechanik GmbH). A mean value from triplicate experiments was considered [15][16][17].
Film and tray thickness (δ) was measured using a Sample Thickness Tester DM-G with a digital dial indicator (MarCator 1086 model, Mahr GmbH, Esslingen, Germany) and associated DM-G software. The reading was made twice per second, with a resolution of 0.001 mm. The minimum, maximum, and average of each reading was recorded in triplicate, in 10 different positions for each film at room temperature, and reported as mean thickness value, expressed in microns.
Thermal properties were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using a DSC model Q20 (TA Instrument, New Castle, DE, USA) equipped with a cooling unit (TA Refrigerated Cooling System 90). The calibration of the instrument was performed with distilled water (T m 0.0 • C), indium (T m 156.60 • C), and zinc (T m 419.47 • C) under a dry nitrogen flow of 50 mL min −1 . Samples of about 10 mg were weighed in hermetically closed 50 µL aluminum DSC capsules. The samples were first equilibrated at a temperature of −30 • C for 5 min, then heated, with a first scanning rate of 10 • C/min, from −30 to 180 • C (for PP) and 280 • C (for PET) and then, after an isotherm of 3 min at 180 • C or 280 • C, samples were cooled to −30 • C at a rate of 80 • C/min. After a second isothermal step of 3 min at −30 • C, a second heating was performed with the same parameters as the first one (second scan). Peaks were integrated with TA Universal Analysis software (TA Instrument, New Castle, DE, USA) to determine the melting temperature (T m ) as the peak value of the endothermic phenomena in the DSC curve, and the melting enthalpy (∆H m ) from the area of the DSC endothermic peak. T m and ∆H m values were collected from the first scan.
The crystallinity percentage (X c ) was calculated through the following equation: where ∆H m is the experimental melting enthalpy and ∆H m * is the melting enthalpy of the 100% crystalline polymer, equal to 207.1 J/g for PP and 140.1 J/g for PET [18]. Overall migration test was performed according to UE 10/2011. For each polymer type, samples of 3 dm 2 were prepared and placed in a hermetically closed glass jar containing 100 mL of food simulant for 10 days at 40 • C. Acetic acid at 3% (w/v) and distilled water were used as food simulants. After 10 days of contact between the polymer and the simulants, the latter were evaporated and the glass jar was weighted. The overall migration was calculated according to the following equation: where OM is the overall migration (mg/dm 2 ), m i and m f are, respectively, the initial and final weight of the glass jar (mg), and S is the surface area of the polymer samples (dm 2 ).

Product Shelf-Life
After the treatment, the packaged fresh-cut apple samples were stored at 8 ± 1 • C and analytical determinations were carried out after 0, 3, 6, and 9 days of storage, considering at least three packages each time.
The concentration of O 2 and CO 2 (%) in the package headspace was determined by a gas analyzer (MFA III S/L gas analyzer, Witt-Gasetechnik, Witten, Germany). The measurements were performed on at least three packages for each sample.
Microbiological analyses were performed after 1, 3, 6, and 9 days of refrigerated storage, in order to take into account the specific growth kinetics of the investigated microorganisms. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate. Microbial groups considered as spoilage indicators were total mesophilic counts (TMC), Lactobacillus spp., total yeasts, and molds. Fifty grams of cut apples were suspended 1:1 (p/v), serially diluted using physiological saline solution (0.9% NaCl), and 1 mL or 100 µL were included or spread in different selective or complex culture media, such as plate count agar (PCA) (Oxoid-Thermofisher, Milano, Italy) for TMC; de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar (MRS) (Oxoid-Thermofisher, Milano, Italy) supplemented with cyclo-heximide (0.2% p/v) (Sigma-Aldrich, Milano, Italy) for Lactobacillus spp.; and yeast extract, peptone, dextrose agar (YPD) for total yeast and mold counts. Plates were incubated for 24 or 48 h at 30 • C for the counts of total mesophilic bacteria, yeasts, and molds, and at 37 • C for Lactobacilli load determination.
Titratable acidity (TA) was determined by titration with NaOH 0.1 N until pH 8.1 was reached [19], and expressed in g of malic acid per 100 g of fresh weight. For each sample, TA was determined in triplicate on the juice obtained by 300 g of apple slices with a food processor.
Surface color of fresh-cut apple samples was measured with a Chroma Meter CR-400 reflectance colorimeter (Minolta Italia, Milano, Italy) using the D65 illuminant and a 10 • Texture of samples was assessed through a penetration test performed using a Texture Analyser TA-HDi500 (Stable Micro Systems, Surrey, UK) equipped with a 50-N load cell and a 6-mm diameter stainless steel cylindrical probe. The test speed was set at 0.5 mm s -1 and the maximum deformation at 90%. Fifteen measurements were carried out from each set of samples and the first peak force (N) was extracted from the acquired curves.

Statistical Analysis
Data were processed using STATISTICA 8 software (Version 8.0; Statsoft, Tulsa, OK, USA). Differences in relation to the plasma treatment applied were considered significant (p < 0.05) on the basis of ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post-hoc test.

Electrical Characterization and Gas Temperature Measurement
An example of recorded voltage and current waveforms, used for power calculation, is shown in Figure 3A. mm s -1 and the maximum deformation at 90%. Fifteen measurements were from each set of samples and the first peak force (N) was extracted from th curves.

Statistical Analysis
Data were processed using STATISTICA 8 software (Version 8.0; Statsoft., USA). Differences in relation to the plasma treatment applied were considered (p < 0.05) on the basis of ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post-hoc test.

Electrical Characterization and Gas Temperature Measurement
An example of recorded voltage and current waveforms, used for power c is shown in Figure 3A.
The SPD absorbed by the SDBD was 6.81 ± 0.02 × 10 / . The SP parameter of CAP treatment in air because it is known to directly affect the pro RONS [20,21].
This value of SPD was measured using each available treatment volume; a no difference could be detected. Figure 3B highlights the limited increase in temperature in the afterglow r ing the discharge time. The maximum measured gas temperature was below 3  The SPD absorbed by the SDBD was 6.81 ± 0.02 × 10 −2 W/cm 2 . The SPD is a key parameter of CAP treatment in air because it is known to directly affect the production of RONS [20,21]. This value of SPD was measured using each available treatment volume; as expected, no difference could be detected. Figure 3B highlights the limited increase in temperature in the afterglow region during the discharge time. The maximum measured gas temperature was below 34 • C.

O 3 and NO 2 Kinetics
The kinetics of ozone generation obtained by varying the treatment volume are shown in Figure 4. At first, the ozone kinetics showed a continuous increase in O 3 concentration over time; after reaching a maximum value, the concentrations remained constant until the end of the treatment. It must be highlighted that, while the O 3 maximum values were almost the same for the different treatment volumes (~1700 ppm), the time needed to reach that maximum value was different for the three investigated cases. It can be noted that the larger the volume, the slower the maximum concentration was reached; moreover, larger volumes produced slightly lower concentration peaks. Finally, it must be underlined that using the larger volume created an anomalous trend during the initial 50 s of treatment; however, this phenomenon was observed in each repetition.

O3 and NO2 Kinetics
The kinetics of ozone generation obtained by varying the treatment v shown in Figure 4. At first, the ozone kinetics showed a continuous increase in tration over time; after reaching a maximum value, the concentrations remaine until the end of the treatment. It must be highlighted that, while the O3 maxim were almost the same for the different treatment volumes (~1700 ppm), the ti to reach that maximum value was different for the three investigated cases. It ca that the larger the volume, the slower the maximum concentration was reach ver, larger volumes produced slightly lower concentration peaks. Finally, it m derlined that using the larger volume created an anomalous trend during the of treatment; however, this phenomenon was observed in each repetition. The time needed in the different cases to overcome the threshold of 1600 concentration, and the maximum concentration reached during treatments, ar in Table 3. NO2 concentration was not detectable, which is in good agreement with th [13,14,20,21]. It is known that for small values of SPD, reactions leading to the of nitrogen oxides are disadvantaged and therefore negligible (ozone regime). F ing values of SPD, the production of nitrogen oxides is favored, resulting in t tion of ozone (nitrogen oxides regime). Among the above-mentioned paper The time needed in the different cases to overcome the threshold of 1600 ppm ozone concentration, and the maximum concentration reached during treatments, are reported in Table 3. NO 2 concentration was not detectable, which is in good agreement with the literature [13,14,20,21]. It is known that for small values of SPD, reactions leading to the production of nitrogen oxides are disadvantaged and therefore negligible (ozone regime).
For increasing values of SPD, the production of nitrogen oxides is favored, resulting in the destruction of ozone (nitrogen oxides regime). Among the above-mentioned papers, different values of SPD can be found to define the threshold which divides ozone regime and nitrogen oxides regime. Even if the SPD threshold changes with the plasma source, all the values reported in the literature are close to 0.1 W/cm 2 , which is consistently larger than our SPD. Both SPD and OAS measurements suggest that the process studied in this work occurs in ozone regime, regardless of the treatment volume used, which in fact does not affect the SPD.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA Degradation
The results of the degradation of viral RNA on PP and PET after 5 and 10 min of exposure to air (K5 and K10) and CAP (P5 and P10) for the three analyzed RNA targets (E, RdRP, and N) are shown in Figure 5. The viral RNA reduction promoted only by air exposure for both the packaging materials investigated was very limited, as reported for K5 and K10 samples. After 5 min of CAP treatment, for both packaging materials, a significant but small reduction in detected RNA was observed, of about 10 and 16% for PP and PET, respectively. On the contrary, CAP treatment for 10 min completely degraded the RNA molecules, whose concentration resulted below the detection limits for each target sequence detected by this PCR method.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA Degradation
The results of the degradation of viral RNA on PP and PET after 5 and 10 exposure to air (K5 and K10) and CAP (P5 and P10) for the three analyzed RNA (E, RdRP, and N) are shown in Figure 5. The viral RNA reduction promoted only exposure for both the packaging materials investigated was very limited, as repo K5 and K10 samples. After 5 min of CAP treatment, for both packaging material nificant but small reduction in detected RNA was observed, of about 10 and 16% and PET, respectively. On the contrary, CAP treatment for 10 min completely de the RNA molecules, whose concentration resulted below the detection limits for e get sequence detected by this PCR method. The damage of viral nucleic acid, as evidenced in different studies, seems to principally to the action of reactive oxygen and nitrogen (RONS) species. In this di the active species produced during the CAP treatment, being able to damage the material of the virus, can make viral cells unable to promote the infection, consider the genetic material is necessary for the virus genome translation and replicatio slight difference observed between CAP performance on PP and PET, treated for may suggest that the interaction between reactive species and viral genetic materi fected by the matrix. The damage of viral nucleic acid, as evidenced in different studies, seems to be due principally to the action of reactive oxygen and nitrogen (RONS) species. In this direction, the active species produced during the CAP treatment, being able to damage the genetic material of the virus, can make viral cells unable to promote the infection, considering that the genetic material is necessary for the virus genome translation and replication. The slight difference observed between CAP performance on PP and PET, treated for 5 min, may suggest that the interaction between reactive species and viral genetic material is affected by the matrix.
There is also evidence that the high oxidative power of CAP treatment can disrupt viral integrity at both structural and genomic levels, and even damage the capsid structure, which could drive the loss of viral functionality [22]. For this reason, further studies will be undertaken in due course in our lab in order to assess the CAP effect on the SARS-CoV-2 virus whole capsid, using combinations of methods able to assess both of these different types of actions.

Packaging Performance
GTR values related to O 2 and CO 2 permeability were, respectively, 913 ± 0.6 and 2230 ± 17 cm 3 /m 2 day bar for untreated PP. The CAP treatment, either for 5 or 10 min, did not induce any significant changes on these parameters (data not reported), indicating that the controlled exposure of polymeric films to gas plasma did not produce important effects on their performance in terms of gas barrier properties. Table 4 shows the measured thermal properties of PP and PET before and after plasma exposure. The melting enthalpy of PP film did not change after exposure to gas plasma. Crystallinity percentage values ranging between 16.2-17.8% from the first scan, and 15.8-16.7% from the second scan, were recorded. A slight but not statistically significant temperature increase was measured during the second scans, highlighting the great thermal stability of PP films. Table 4. Thermal properties of untreated (C) and cold plasma-treated PP and PET samples for 5 (P5) and 10 (P10) min.

First Heating
Second Heating  Table 4 shows also the thermal parameter values related to PET material. In general, the values determined in the first scan are affected by the treatment undergone by the material during the production and use phases. These are the values that characterize the properties of the material. The values determined in the second scan give information on the intrinsic properties of the material, indicating, in this case, its tendency to recrystallize after melting and, therefore, highlighting the material behavior. In the present study, no significant differences between ∆H m and X c parameters were observed, indicating that the exposure to cold plasma at the applied condition did not change the materials thermal performance.
The EU regulation 10/2011 establishes that the acceptable limit for the global transfer of migrants from plastic materials intended to come into contact with food is equal to 10 mg/dm 2 . The obtained results showed that the values of OM in PP and PET (Table 5) were well below the limits imposed by this regulation, and plasma exposure for 5 and 10 min did not modify this parameter. The results of these tests show that controlled exposure to CAP for 5 and 10 min did not promote migration from the selected food contact materials (FCMs) beyond the permitted limits, and therefore, the applied treatments can be considered safe from this point of view. Figure 6 shows the evolution of O 2 and CO 2 in the packages' headspaces during storage for all the samples, both in PET and PP. As expected, due to the respiration of the apple tissues, accumulation of CO 2 and consumption of O 2 were observed. The decrease in O 2 was faster for apples in the PET packaging, due to the higher thickness and lower permeability of this kind of material. Indeed, after only three days, the O 2 was totally consumed. However, no significant difference in CO 2 and O 2 content were found between treated (P5, P10) and control samples (C) for both packaging materials, confirming the results obtained by the permeability measurements.   Figure 6 shows the evolution of O2 and CO2 in the packages' headspaces during storage for all the samples, both in PET and PP. As expected, due to the respiration of the apple tissues, accumulation of CO2 and consumption of O2 were observed. The decrease in O2 was faster for apples in the PET packaging, due to the higher thickness and lower permeability of this kind of material. Indeed, after only three days, the O2 was totally consumed. However, no significant difference in CO2 and O2 content were found between treated (P5, P10) and control samples (C) for both packaging materials, confirming the results obtained by the permeability measurements. The color data, expressed in L (lightness) and a* (redness) of the CIE-Lab color scale, are reported in Table S1. After exposure of the packages to CAP, and during the 9 days of storage, the values remained fairly constant, with no significant differences. The color data, expressed in L (lightness) and a* (redness) of the CIE-Lab color scale, are reported in Table S1. After exposure of the packages to CAP, and during the 9 days of storage, the values remained fairly constant, with no significant differences.

Product Shelf-Life
Titrable acidity (TA) of apple samples and firmness values (N), measured in the apple samples during storage, are reported in Table 6. Table 6. Titratable acidity (g/100 g) of apples packaged in PET and PP after 5 (P5) and 10 (P10) min of CAP treatment compared with the control (C) sample during 9 days of storage at 8 • C.

Sample
Storage TA showed an increase during storage in all apple samples packaged in PE; this could be related to the production of carbonic acid from CO 2 , present in higher concentration in PET packages compared with PP ones. However, this difference was related to the type of material, while the exposure to CAP in both cases did not lead to any significant difference among samples.
In addition, for sample hardness data (Table S2) measured by penetration tests, results were not influenced by exposure to CAP.
Cell loads of total bacterial count, Lactobacillus spp., yeasts, and molds of packaged apples samples are shown in Table 7. These microbial groups were chosen because they are the main spoilage agents of minimally processed fruits and vegetables and, consequently, are able to affect the product shelf-life [23]. Although the dominance of spoilage depends on many factors, the raw material initial microbiota, the package atmosphere gas composition, and the gas permeability of packaging materials are pivotal to the determination of the relative ratios among the different microbial groups and their cell loads during storage. Otherwise, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae are generally used as microbial spoilage indicators of fruits to model the shelf-life of minimally processed fruits and vegetables in relation to process and storage variables [23][24][25].
No significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among control and treated samples for both packaging materials used during storage at 8 • C. All considered microbial groups considered showed a similar trend in the samples, independent of the CAP treatment applied. Total mesophilic bacteria played the main role in the spoilage of packaged apples, followed by lactobacilli and yeasts, independent of the packaging material considered.
In fact, mesophilic bacteria attained the spoilage threshold limit of 6 log CFU/g after 6 days and 3 days in PET and PP packaging, respectively, independent of the plasma treatment applied. The limited shelf-life of the samples packaged in PP bags was mainly due to the high initial contamination values of fresh-cut apples.

Conclusions
The present study investigated the use of a newly developed plasma sanitation system for food packaging decontamination from SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Results showed that 10 min of exposure was sufficient to almost completely eliminate the extracted viral RNA from package surfaces. The treatment did not produce any significant variation in packaging material performance or the shelf-life of packaged products, indicating the potentiality of this treatment for the decontamination of packaged products.
In addition to the effect of the applied plasma treatment at the genomic level, its structural effect on the whole envelope and capsid of the actual virus needs to be assessed, while also extending this experimental approach to different packaging materials. For this reason, further studies will be undertaken in due course in our lab in order to better clarify these important aspects.
Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10 .3390/app11094177/s1; Table S1. Firmness (N) value of apples packaged in PET and PP after 5 (P5) and 10 (P10) min of CAP, compared with the control (C) sample during 9 days of storage at 8 • C; Table S2. Color parameters (L* and a*) of apples packaged in PET and PP after 5 (P5) and 10 (P10) min of CAP, compared with the control (C) sample during 9 days of storage at 8 • C.

Data Availability Statement:
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to Intellectual Property protection.