Systemic Insights on the Integration of UN Sustainable Development Goals within the Norwegian Salmon Value Chain

: This study proposes a conceptual framework that aims to gain insight into the integration of the sustainable development goals (SDG) within the Norwegian salmon value chain (NSVC). The proposed framework was developed by applying the systems engineering six-step method and validated through empirical ﬁndings from the NSVC. The framework’s application highlighted and analyzed the presence of the SDGs in corporate sustainability reports, academic curriculum, research, and governmental policies. This study uncovered the complexity-reduction elements within the system that drive SDG integration and assure their progress. The SDGs provide a global context for sustainability endeavors in the NSVC. A globally expanded value chain has an organic relationship with global sustainability terms and schemes. The existing practice of corporate sustainability annual reporting was found to be a signiﬁcant channel for SDG communication. The novelty of this study was that it proposed a mind-map to understand SDG integration within an industrial value chain abstracted into three concepts: commitment, communication, and performance measurability. tem’s communication channels between the stakeholders and the operational structure (company/corporation). Highlight the presence of the SDG in stakeholders’ communications and in the operational responding communications. Fourth step : Align the system’s existing data pool with the SDG and its associated global indicators framework. Identify existing data that serves SDG indicators and the needed measurable parameters to reﬂect the system’s SDG progress track. Fifth step : How SDGs are being adopted as key performance indicators within the culture and practice of the company. Sustainability KPIs must be ﬁt for corporate reporting and public communication on SDGs, rising from a supportive body of knowledge and cutting-edge scientiﬁc ﬁndings.


Introduction
Sustainable development can be seen as an anthropocentric view of the inter-relationships between environmental and socio-economic issues [1]. On its seventieth anniversary in September 2015, the United Nations (UN) general assembly adopted the resolution, "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development". With its 17 sustainable development goals (SDG) and 169 targets, Agenda 2030 presented a plan to achieve a vision of a peaceful world free from hunger, poverty, and environmental deterioration, a world of prosperity and the efficient use of natural resources for all [2]. Agenda 2030 is a call for partnership, solidarity, and mobilization of all efforts at all levels [3]. In July 2017, the UN general assembly added a total of 231 measurable indicators under the SDG framework, introducing a layer of complexity of SDG interactions that needs to be unraveled to optimize the benefits of their implementation [4]. There is a consensus among governments, experts, and researchers that a localization process is necessary to realize the SDGs at the level of locally and regionally driven operations [5]. The 2030 Agenda emphasized the need for inclusive participation and stakeholder engagement for the successful implementation of the goals. Nonetheless, the SDG framework is perceived as a top-down approach and criticized for an insufficient focus on systems stakeholders' perspectives and the potential role of businesses [6]. SDG achievement depends on the integration of SDGs into local business practices, created policies, internal education, active management, and engagement in partnerships [7]. Moreover, SDG integration in corporate culture is associated with a paradigm shift toward shared values of a sustainable future, as demonstrated by the SDGs [6]. Businesses can derive clear objectives from the SDG global priorities, aligned with governmental policies, societal interests, and appeal for private sector investors [8]. The formation of multi-stakeholder partnerships for SDG implementation is an opportunity that benefits both governmental and non-governmental actors [9]. and most of the final product is exported to countries all over the world, the NSVC can be described as a global value chain. The major sustainability challenges facing the NSVC, as frequently reported in the literature, are the following: sea lice parasites [33], fish escapees from the sea-cages in the farming sites to the surrounding marine environment [34,35], and the environmental footprint of the imported feed ingredients [36][37][38][39][40]. The efficiency in nutrient utilization management, starting from feed production all the way to postharvest byproducts, receives steady focus in NSVC sustainable development research [32,[41][42][43].
This study's main purpose is to develop a systems engineering-based framework for gaining insight into the SDG integration process within the Norwegian salmon value chain. The proposed framework will be applied and its outcomes will be discussed.

Framework Development
The SE approach for developing a framework for the purpose of gaining insight on SDG integration within the NSVC in this study was guided by the rationale sequence of the six-step SE method [44][45][46], summarized in Figure 1. The six-step method starts by 1identifying needs, based upon a stakeholder analysis; 2-defining requirements, based on needs; 3-specifying performance, system activities, and progress indicators; 4-analyzing the gathered information to conceptualize a model for the drivers of the performance; 5-designing, solving, and improving; 6-verifying, testing, and implementing.
ingredients from several countries and most of the final product is exported all over the world, the NSVC can be described as a global value chain. The m ability challenges facing the NSVC, as frequently reported in the literature, are ing: sea lice parasites [33], fish escapees from the sea-cages in the farming site rounding marine environment [34,35], and the environmental footprint of th feed ingredients [36][37][38][39][40]. The efficiency in nutrient utilization management, s feed production all the way to postharvest byproducts, receives steady foc sustainable development research [32,[41][42][43].
This study's main purpose is to develop a systems engineering-based fra gaining insight into the SDG integration process within the Norwegian sa chain. The proposed framework will be applied and its outcomes will be disc

Framework Development
The SE approach for developing a framework for the purpose of gainin SDG integration within the NSVC in this study was guided by the rationale the six-step SE method [44][45][46], summarized in Figure 1. The six-step method s identifying needs, based upon a stakeholder analysis; 2-defining requiremen needs; 3-specifying performance, system activities, and progress indicators ing the gathered information to conceptualize a model for the drivers of the p 5-designing, solving, and improving; 6-verifying, testing, and implementin Step 1: Identify the needs. What are the endeavors and resources being deployed by the NSVC stak allow SDG integration into the system's culture and practices? We need to kno form the SDGs will materialize in the industrial operational structure. Step 1: Identify the needs.
What are the endeavors and resources being deployed by the NSVC stakeholders to allow SDG integration into the system's culture and practices? We need to know in which form the SDGs will materialize in the industrial operational structure.
In this study, SDG integration in an industrial value chain is understood according to how far the concepts and values of the SDGs are conveyed to the value chains as functioning mechanisms for change. The SDG framework was preceded by the Agenda 2030 declaration and followed by the global indicators framework. In logical order, it started with obtaining world governments' commitment, followed by releasing the SDG framework that stressed the importance of creating partnerships through efficient and transparent communication, specified in SDG 17. Later, the global indicator framework was announced, as a support for the implementation through the concept of performance measurement. Derived from the given logical order, the framework is based on commitment, communication, and performance measurability as core concepts to include in the framework. The defined key concepts in the UN SDG framework (summarized in Table 1) should be interweaved with SE principles. UN Agenda 2030 started with the announced commitment from governments on behalf of the people they represent and serve. Achieving the SDG requires strategic commitment from all stakeholders [48]. Commitment to the SDG is a value that flows top-down through the system. The SDG framework clearly states that multistakeholder partnerships and voluntary commitments (SDG number 17) are musts for SDG achievement. The global indicator framework for measuring the performance of SDG implementation was developed for performance measurement in achieving the SDG goals [14,49]. Communication plays a central role in almost every aspect of effective partnership to achieve the SDGs. Partnerships between stakeholders from all interests, scales, sectors, and organizational cultures require forming a shared understanding to think creatively and ambitiously about possible solutions. Within an industrial value chain, sharing information between functions provides adequate visibility and enables the making of good decisions [50]. Reaching an advanced level of goal-oriented functioning requires effective, transparent, and sufficient communication. The flow of SDG-relevant information through the system will be in multiple forms of communication, which will be unique to each partnership [51]. Business organizations reporting on the SDGs can support the planning, implementation, measurement, and communication of their efforts to achieve the SDGs [52]. The practice of corporate sustainability reporting can raise the level of transparency in communication about companies' activities, enhance stakeholders' confidence, and serve the SDG implementation and performance measurement [51,53]. The importance of communication about SDGs among all the stakeholders was frequently highlighted in the relevant UN literature and official statements. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon in 2015 said: "Business is a vital partner in achieving the SDG, companies can contribute through their core activities, and we ask companies everywhere to assess their impact, set ambitious goals and communicate transparently about the results".

SDG 17
Stakeholders engagement, partnerships. Voluntary commitment. Efficient communication. [48,55] Global indicator framework Measurability of performance. Data collection and management. [49,56] Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 12042 5 of 17 The system's stakeholders are government (central government and authorities), academia (education and research institutions), and industry (private sector). These stakeholders have been identified based on their significant roles and proven involvement in the SDG integration process.
To gain insight on the inclusion of SDGs as a vision, goals, and targets in value chains, the needs must be established as requirements in the developed framework. The needs are from step 1: declared commitment from all involved stakeholders, communication about the SDGs within the NSVC, and measuring the performance of its application. The concept of performance measurability, with its associated data collection, is applied in companies as key performance indicators (KPIs). It provides businesses with a means of measuring progress toward achieving set objectives. The integration of SDGs within the operational structure of a value chain should begin with identifying the data for performance monitoring in accordance with the global indicators associated with the respective SDG. Environmental impact assessment methods and sustainability performance assessment methods that already are commonly applied have high relevance to SDGs, with growing levels of integration between these methods and SDG-required measurements [51]. Industrial systems are required to be flexible and adaptable to change, a capacity that is determined by their level of structural and operational complexity [52]. A complex system would react to any change in its static structure with unpredictable, counterintuitive behavioral dynamics [53]. Complexity mitigation requires consistent, clear communication and strong stakeholder engagement [54]. SDG integration carries substantial changes in the system that will face points of resistance versus drives and stimulants. For the developed framework to address SDG integration objectively, it must investigate the complexity level in the system. In Table 2, we present needs and requirements as SE concepts and terms. Step 3: Specify performance.
The main consideration in this step is to specify how the SDG integration process will flow and how it will be carried out by the involved parties. From previous steps, a conceptual model for the SDG integration process evolved from the needs, requirements, and systems stakeholders (see Figure 2). The developed framework must be:

1.
Representative of reality, reflecting the SDG integration process as carried out by involved stakeholders in a logical sequence and with respect to the timeline of events.

2.
Evidence-based, describing the appearance of the SDGs in official communications, documents, and declared policies.

3.
Capable of including the NSVC as a whole system, presenting highlighted barrier factors and support factors.  Step 4: Analyze and Optimize.
To analyze the outcomes of steps 1-3, we looked at the NSVC system, including its subsystems. The SDG integration process is a top-down approach that starts with commitment and relies on knowledge, education, and communication flow among stakeholders. Therefore, seeking evidence to validate the framework can be achieved by reviewing the sustainability reports coming out of the industry. In this step, we aim to define which factors drive SDG integration within the NSVC. Reviewing the empirical findings on the SDGs in Norway and in the NSVC can define insight factors that can drive the merge between the SDGs and NSVC or other factors that will add to the complexity of this integration.
Step 5: Design and Solve. This step aimed to design a framework solution that can allow for gaining holistic multi-stakeholders insight. Elements defined in the previous steps were deployed in a conceptual structure (see Table 3). Table 3. Summary of the conceptual variables as elaborated by the authors.

Complexity
Obstacles, incentives, and enablers for the integration of a global agenda.
Communication SDG 17: Creating partnerships through communication. Flow of information to support the system and SDG integration.

System's Data
System's ability to measure performance in relation to SDGs and provide supporting data.

Sustainability KPI
Optimum form of a goal's integration in a company's strategy.
The proposed framework is composed of five steps, summed in the acronym (TCSAS) (see Figure 3), to be applied on the value chain as a targeted system. First step: Review the status of the existing commitments to the SDGs by the system's stakeholders. It is important to identify where the system is located, between governmental commitment to the SDGs and the voluntary commitment by academia and industrial sectors. Second step: A complexity analysis of the system to define obstacles and drives for SDG in- Step 4: Analyze and Optimize.
To analyze the outcomes of steps 1-3, we looked at the NSVC system, including its subsystems. The SDG integration process is a top-down approach that starts with commitment and relies on knowledge, education, and communication flow among stakeholders. Therefore, seeking evidence to validate the framework can be achieved by reviewing the sustainability reports coming out of the industry. In this step, we aim to define which factors drive SDG integration within the NSVC. Reviewing the empirical findings on the SDGs in Norway and in the NSVC can define insight factors that can drive the merge between the SDGs and NSVC or other factors that will add to the complexity of this integration.
Step 5: Design and Solve.
This step aimed to design a framework solution that can allow for gaining holistic multi-stakeholders insight. Elements defined in the previous steps were deployed in a conceptual structure (see Table 3). Flow of information to support the system and SDG integration.

System's Data
System's ability to measure performance in relation to SDGs and provide supporting data.

Sustainability KPI
Optimum form of a goal's integration in a company's strategy.
The proposed framework is composed of five steps, summed in the acronym (TCSAS) (see Figure 3), to be applied on the value chain as a targeted system. First step: Review the status of the existing commitments to the SDGs by the system's stakeholders. It is important to identify where the system is located, between governmental commitment to the SDGs and the voluntary commitment by academia and industrial sectors. Second step: A complexity analysis of the system to define obstacles and drives for SDG integration. The system's complexity will be approached by reviewing the system's three dimensions: structure, dynamic (operations), and sociopolitical [58,59]. Third step: Identify the sys-tem's communication channels between the stakeholders and the operational structure (company/corporation). Highlight the presence of the SDG in stakeholders' communications and in the operational responding communications. Fourth step: Align the system's existing data pool with the SDG and its associated global indicators framework. Identify existing data that serves SDG indicators and the needed measurable parameters to reflect the system's SDG progress track. Fifth step: How SDGs are being adopted as key performance indicators within the culture and practice of the company. Sustainability KPIs must be fit for corporate reporting and public communication on SDGs, rising from a supportive body of knowledge and cutting-edge scientific findings.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11,12042 dimensions: structure, dynamic (operations), and sociopolitical [58,59]. Third step tify the system's communication channels between the stakeholders and the opera structure (company/corporation). Highlight the presence of the SDG in stakeholders munications and in the operational responding communications. Fourth step: Ali system's existing data pool with the SDG and its associated global indicators frame Identify existing data that serves SDG indicators and the needed measurable param to reflect the system's SDG progress track. Fifth step: How SDGs are being adop key performance indicators within the culture and practice of the company. Sustain KPIs must be fit for corporate reporting and public communication on SDGs, rising a supportive body of knowledge and cutting-edge scientific findings. Step 6: Verify and Test. We applied each step of the TCSAS framework on the NSVC and matched th cepts with the relevant empirical findings obtained on the SDGs from stakeholders munications (Section 2.3).

Empirical Findings Acquisition
An empirical study was conducted on the basis of a critical discourse analysis ( [60] of publicly available reports from the NSVC's stakeholders-government, acad and industry-in relation to the SDG between 2016 and 2020. Governmental docum corporate reports, published articles, and official websites (Table 4) were selected a of analysis. The choice of units of analysis was based on common criteria, which inc  The presence of SDGs in the system's communications.  Statements of commitment to SDG implementation.  Data-supported indicators on performance related to SDGs.
We reviewed the Norwegian government's official follow-up report on the which is publicly available on the ministry of foreign affairs website.
In a list published by slamonbuisness.com for the largest salmon producers in Tag system's location on the commitment map Complexity analysis for the system's structure

System's communication channels on SDGs
Align system's data with the SDGs Step 6: Verify and Test.

Sustainability-KPIs development
We applied each step of the TCSAS framework on the NSVC and matched the concepts with the relevant empirical findings obtained on the SDGs from stakeholders' communications (Section 2.3).

Empirical Findings Acquisition
An empirical study was conducted on the basis of a critical discourse analysis (CDA) [60] of publicly available reports from the NSVC's stakeholders-government, academia, and industry-in relation to the SDG between 2016 and 2020. Governmental documents, corporate reports, published articles, and official websites (Table 4) were selected as units of analysis. The choice of units of analysis was based on common criteria, which included:

•
The presence of SDGs in the system's communications.

•
Statements of commitment to SDG implementation. • Data-supported indicators on performance related to SDGs. University of South-Eastern Norway SDG education and research [79] OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University SDG education and research [80] Nord University SDG research [81] We reviewed the Norwegian government's official follow-up report on the SDGs, which is publicly available on the ministry of foreign affairs website.
In a list published by slamonbuisness.com for the largest salmon producers in 2019, classified according to their production size in kilotons per year, 11 out of the top 20 companies were Norwegian. We reviewed these 11 companies and found that four of them do not have the practice of annual sustainability reports, and one company has no mention of the SDGs. The selected six companies are the largest producers in Norway and do have annually released sustainability reports. Furthermore, because we are focusing on the entire value chain, we included the salmon-feed producers in Norway with the reviewed companies. We looked for the largest salmon-feed producers. Based on experts' advice, we identified the four major feed corporations, one of which is also a salmon producer, and all four were selected for review. Norway currently has 10 universities, 8 university colleges and 5 scientific colleges owned by the state. We reviewed the Norwegian universities websites, excluding colleges and specialized education institutes by conducting a search on the universities webpages through the use of their online search engine. The following search words was used: Sustainable development goals, SDG, Agenda 2030.
Findings categorized and detailed under the TCSAS five steps will be presented in support of the TCSAS framework validation.

Framework Application
First step: Tag the Norwegian salmon value chain on the SDG stakeholders' commitment map.
There is a clear governmental commitment toward the SDGs since their announcement in 2015. "At a time when we need more, not less, global cooperation, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is the roadmap ensures everyone wins, even at the national level"-quote from Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg at UN General Assembly 2019. There is a Norwegian governmental follow-up on the progress of the SDG transitional process [61]. At the industrial level (private sector), the national association for seafood producers in Norway reported "aiming to contribute" to the progress of SDG achievement [82]. Annual sustainability reports from major companies in the NSVC mentioned the SDGs and presented the company's efforts toward their progress [69]. In 2016, corporate leaders and CEOs of the salmon industry in Norway and 12 other countries included the SDGs as part of the Global Salmon Initiative (GSI), with a clear voluntary commitment to the SDGs [83]. A National Committee for Agenda 2030 (SDG Norway) in higher education was formed in 2018 to strengthen the role of universities as relevant actors in the global endeavor raised by Agenda 2030 [73]. Evidence of commitment to the SDGs was found in the system's three most involved stakeholders: government, academia, and industry (see Figure 4).
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 12042 9 of 17 national level"-quote from Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg at UN General Assembly 2019. There is a Norwegian governmental follow-up on the progress of the SDG transitional process [61]. At the industrial level (private sector), the national association for seafood producers in Norway reported "aiming to contribute" to the progress of SDG achievement [82]. Annual sustainability reports from major companies in the NSVC mentioned the SDGs and presented the company's efforts toward their progress [69]. In 2016, corporate leaders and CEOs of the salmon industry in Norway and 12 other countries included the SDGs as part of the Global Salmon Initiative (GSI), with a clear voluntary commitment to the SDGs [83]. A National Committee for Agenda 2030 (SDG Norway) in higher education was formed in 2018 to strengthen the role of universities as relevant actors in the global endeavor raised by Agenda 2030 [73]. Evidence of commitment to the SDGs was found in the system's three most involved stakeholders: government, academia, and industry (see Figure 4). Second step: Complexity analysis of the system's structure. By reviewing the NSVC's structure [24,28,[84][85][86], we identified certain structural, dynamic, and sociopolitical elements in the system that might add to or reduce its level of complexity in relation to SDG integration (see Table 5).  Second step: Complexity analysis of the system's structure. By reviewing the NSVC's structure [24,28,[84][85][86], we identified certain structural, dynamic, and sociopolitical elements in the system that might add to or reduce its level of complexity in relation to SDG integration (see Table 5).  Third step: System's communication channels. The SDGs are present in stakeholders' communications and the associated literature. The NSVC information pool is nourished by input from institutions that are committed to the SDGs. This input is communicated through the channels of published research literature and education discourse [87] for professionals who serve the industry. The engagement of a broad range of researchers in scholarly discussions about SDG implementation is central [88]. Expanding the discussion to involve more groups of interest in the NSVC can be described as an area for further development. The system is regulated by governmental institutions that are committed to the SDGs; this is clearly communicated in the media, official websites, and reports. In addition, the Norwegian practices of science-industry platforms, conferences, and consortiums are a significant channel for communications about the SDGs. The practice of releasing annual corporate sustainability reports is common among Norwegian seafood corporations. Reports communicated to the public on company websites contribute to transparency and collective knowledge about the SDGs. Annual corporate sustainability reports can reflect the system's responsiveness to the SDGs, a feedback loop of information from companies to the SDG-committed society about the integration of SDGs in the operational structure of the NSVC.
Fourth step: Align the system's data with the global indicator framework. The NSVC's available data is systemically gained through a well-established methodology. Reviewed reports, published information, and statistics display the system's data acquisition capabilities, which can be described as high. The system's existing data in relation to the SDGs can be categorized as social, environmental, and economic. Official statistics on the salmon industry are publicly available on the Norwegian statistics bureau website [31]. The NSVC has an environmental database that can cover many of the SDG requirements; the methodology of life-cycle assessment (LCA) has been a common practice in this industry to assess environmental impacts [89]. Scientific research and data acquisition on salmon production and sustainability is a continuous endeavor in Norwegian universities [28,89,90]. Besides the environmental data, there are data on material-efficient utilization, food, nutrients, the societal contribution of employment, gender equality, and revenue, all of which were presented in the reviewed corporate sustainability reports [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63].
A key performance indicator (KPI) is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively a company is achieving objectives. Companies present their revenue, number of jobs, gender balance in employment, material utilization efficiency, environmental impact, and related practices as KPIs of the company's progress. The NSVC's major companies release annual sustainability reports that reflect the continuous search for more KPIs on all aspects of production and perspectives of sustainability. The reviewed corporate sustainability reports from the NSVC showed several SDG-driven KPIs. The reported KPIs reflected companies' efforts and achievements on protecting the ocean, community empowerment, responsible production, climate action, and partnerships for SDG achievement. Adopting the SDGs with a clear commitment, including using their indicators as KPIs and referring to them in annual corporate sustainability reports, is a common feature of the NSVC. However, there are different levels of SDG inclusion as KPIs between the different companies, ranging from total integration and usage of SDG terminology, icons, and associated indicators to limited mentions [64,69,[91][92][93]. The reviewed corporate sustainability reports indicate that SDGs are a thriving trend in the NSVC's corporate reporting and communication culture (see Table 6).

Discussion
The six-step method is a structured approach based on a logical systematic order to systemic challenges. The developed TCSAS framework came about as a result of the SE approach of the six-step method application. By applying the TCSAS framework to the NSVC case, we can see that the system's host country's official government's commitment to sustainability-in general, and to the UN SDGs in particular-is driven to embrace the SDGs within the operational structure of the system. The heavy influence of the governmental stakeholder in shaping the vision for development and related policies [89] was deployed in favor of SDG integration. A lack of political will is not found to be a roadblock between aquaculture and SDG implementation in the NSVC, in contrast to previous findings [94]. The TCSAS framework relied on understanding the value chain's structure, operational dynamics, and sociopolitical reality as a prerequisite to identify its complexity and adaptability to the integration of SDGs. In this study, the NSVC is seen as a moderate-complexity system in its SDG relation, with more complexity-reducing than complexity-adding factors. The geographical expansion of the NSVC over several countries is a significant consideration, starting from where the basic raw material is produced and then imported to the aquaculture production sites in Norway all the way to the product export destinations all over the globe. This international presence gives more importance to the global perspective of sustainability and the SDGs. The NSVC is structured around salmon feed production from plant material and marine material, then progressing to salmon-farming in sea cages in the marine environment. Clearly, both environments-land and marine-are impacted by this industry and must be included in any sustainability endeavor. Findings of the academic stakeholder (universities) point out that the NSVC is supported by continuous research and development, making it a dynamic system that can embrace change with a high capacity for adaptation despite the presence of certain complexity-adding factors. Responsive communication between the system's stakeholders and system's operational structure is the main channel for the SDGs to flow into the system. The SDGs' appearance in stakeholders' communications, the literature, educational discourse, websites, reports, etc., is indirectly inviting a response from the industry on the issue of SDG implementation. The empirical findings showed evidence of voluntary commitment to SDGs in the industrial private sector. A milestone example is the global salmon initiative [83]. Academia is considered by this study as a major stakeholder in embracing the SDGs; the findings confirmed that Norwegian universities are engaged in the process of SDG integration. Most of the scientific research on the NSVC is taking place in universities, where most of NSVC's skilled workforce is being educated. The SDGs are frequently mentioned on universities' official websites and presented within education programs, sustainability projects, and in their published research work. "It is vital for Norway to have a national action plan for the Sustainable Development Goals and only natural for academia to inhabit a key role by contributing with research-based knowledge and critical thinking on the goals," says Vice-Rector Annelin Eriksen at the 2019 National SDG Conference, University of Bergen. The sustainability reporting from a global value chain must have the qualities of being internationally directed, considerate of product life cycle from source to sink, and holistically covering all sustainability criteria. Adopting SDG in NSVC's communications provides globally understood terms to describe NSVC's sustainability endeavors, this advantage motivates for further inclusion of the SDG. Moreover, the presence of SDGs in the sustainability communications of global value chains is becoming highly anticipated [95]. The occurrence of import/export operations and the expansion of the NSVC over several countries creates a need for international common ground and terminology for communicating sustainability performance. Defining the coordinates of where the local system is standing relative to the global agenda and highlighting the points of intersection will upgrade the communication and performance on sustainability within the corporate culture. The existing corporate practices, considerate of local environmental protection and societal and economical welfare, are also serving collective global sustainability. The communication on SDGs from companies to other stakeholders requires providing relevant performance data. The purpose of including the SDGs in corporate culture and practices is not only as a vision for the future but also as a systemic data-based framework for development. The corporate practice of releasing an annual sustainability report with supporting data to the claims of achievement to the public is seen by this study as a cornerstone in the SDG integration process. Communicating sustainability information from companies to system's stakeholders who are voluntarily committed to the SDGs, might lead to mentioning the company's commitment to SDGs in its mission statement or general policy. The question of what benefits might interest the companies in committing to SDGs is a start point to understand how UN SDGs can introduce new concepts that will improve the system's local reality in relation to sustainability.
Such a perspective might raise the awareness of responsibility toward global sustainability, both at the corporate and societal levels. The SDGs' general perspective for a sustainable value chain is that it is profitable throughout all its stages and provides broad benefits for society with a positive or neutral impact on the environment. SDG-guided value chains must adopt the full life-cycle perspective, expanding the focus from basic raw material obtainment to the endpoint of the product, including its processing, supply, delivery, and waste. Companies are key functional structures in the process of integrating the SDGs into value chains. Larger companies (corporations) have larger sustainability-related impacts that are spatially spread over different countries. Corporate activities severely affect the present and critically impact the future, and for that reason, corporate sustainability is necessary for the long-term sustainable development of the economy and society [96]. There is a general agreement that a value chain's success and survival require consideration for sustainability [97]. A value chain's economic, environmental, and social performance may significantly benefit from integrating SDGs into their standard business practices. Integrating SDGs into corporate strategy can be achieved by developing the most appropriate KPI system to create a strategic alignment with the global indicators framework [98]. Developing a KPI that serves the SDGs within the value chain is a collective task that requires efficient communication, partnerships, empowerment of the involved, and a high level of commitment [99]. The communication on SDGs is more prominent in companies with high business volume and regular release of sustainability reports on their official websites [100]. This correlation is clearly observed in the NSVC.

Conclusions
The suggested framework (TCSAS) managed to provide system insight on the integration process of SDGs within the NSVC. Communication on SDGs by NSCV stakeholders progresses into responsive, data-supported reporting from the operational structure on its status of commitment and performance in relation to the SDGs. Internationally operating value chains have an interest in embracing SDGs into their sustainability endeavors due to the SDGs' global nature. This study showed that after six years from the declared Norwegian governmental commitment to the SDGs, the SDGs were found to be present in the largest companies in the NSVC, as evidenced in their issued annual sustainability reports. This reflects the relative efficiency of the top-down approach. The academic institutions are creating a pool of knowledge about the SDGs' value, which is accessible by the industry. We see that the SDGs' optimum form of integration in an industrial system materializes as strategically adopted measurable key performance indicators (KPIs) associated with specific SDGs.

Limitations and Future Research
The level of SDG integration within the NSVC will progress further with time and gain more depth and breadth. There is the potential for a feedback loop of useful practical insights on the SDG integration process within the NSVC to the global stakeholders of the UN SDGs and other global value chains. It can carry new perspectives to serve SDG implementation in other value chains. This study investigated the system's available communication channels on SDGs without much focus on the "Status of Dialectic" within the system around the SDGs. Future research should be done on the adoption of each of the 17 SDGs and investigate their specific challenges. The framework proposed in this paper could be applied to other industries to gain insight into their SDG integration processes.