Statistical Hypothesis Testing for Asymmetric Tolerance Index

: Many of the nominal-the-best quality characteristics of important machine tool components, such as inner or outer diameters, have asymmetric tolerances. An asymmetric tolerance index is a function for the average of the process and the standard deviation. Unfortunately, it is difﬁcult to obtain the 100 ( 1 − α ) % conﬁdence interval of the index. Therefore, this study adopts Boole’s inequality and DeMorgan’s theorem to ﬁnd the combined conﬁdence region for the average of the process as well as the standard deviation. Next, using the asymmetric tolerance index for the target function and the combined conﬁdence region for the feasible region, this study applies mathematical programming to ﬁnd the conﬁdence interval as well as employs this conﬁdence interval for statistical hypothesis testing. Lastly, this study demonstrates the applicability of the proposed approach with an illustrative example.


Introduction
Taiwan's machine tool industry's output value and export volume are second to none in the world. Central Taiwan in particular is home to a large machine tool and machinery industry cluster incorporating the aerospace industry and the smart machinery industry. It includes several mechanical processing plants for precision machinery, machine tools, and important components [1][2][3]. Prahalad and Hamel [4] and Grossman and Helpman [5] pointed out that more and more companies were outsourcing their non-core operations to manufacturers specializing in the aforementioned areas to cut down on operating costs, focus their resources on their core technologies, and enhance not only their efficiency but also their competitiveness. In this context, the machine tool industry's clustering effect in Central Taiwan has resulted in a local supply chain that plays an important role in the global market.
Many of the nominal-the-best quality characteristics (QCs) of important machine tool components, such as the inner or outer diameters of shafts, bearings, and gears, have asymmetric tolerances [6][7][8][9]. A process capability index (PCI) is not only a convenient tool for process capability assessment and analysis but also an effective tool for communication between sales departments and customers [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. A process has a symmetric tolerance when the target value, T, equals the tolerance midpoint, M, where M = (USL + LSL)/2, and USL and LSL are the upper and lower specification limits, respectively. Suppose that X should be the quality characteristic of a process followed by an ordinary allocation using the average value of µ and the standard deviation of σ (i.e., X ∼ N µ, σ 2 ). Based on this assumption, Kane [17] proposed capability index C PK on the basis of the process yield with symmetric tolerance: where d = (USL − LSL)/2, δ = (µ − T)/d , and γ = σ/d . According to Boyles [18], the relation between index C PK and the process yield can be shown as follows: In Equation (2), Φ(·) refers to the function of cumulative distribution for the ordinary allocation. As mentioned above, the quality characteristics of many machinery products have asymmetric tolerances. A process has asymmetric tolerances when D u = USL − T does not equal D l = T − LSL (T = M), where D u is the upper tolerance and D l is the lower tolerance. If d = Min{D u , D l }, d u = d/D u , and d l = d/D l , then the process capability index containing asymmetric tolerances suggested by Pearn and Chen [19] can be defined as follows: Obviously, when T = M (a symmetric case), then C PK = C PK . Asymmetric tolerance index C PK is a function of µ and σ, which means it simultaneously depends on µ and σ. Unfortunately, the sampling distribution of index C PK is complex, making its 100(1 − α)% confidence interval hard to derive. As a result, this study adopts Boole's Inequality and DeMorgan's Theorem to find the combined confidence zone of (µ, σ). Next, using index C pk for the target function and the confidence zone of (µ, σ) for the feasible zone, this study applies mathematical programming to find the confidence interval of index C PK and employs this for statistical hypothesis testing capabilities of QCs with asymmetric tolerances meeting required quality levels. To sum up, the advantages of the model proposed in this study are that it (1) assesses the process quality of the asymmetric tolerance and symmetrical tolerance products; (2) uses mathematic programming to deduce confidence interval easily without regarding the complicated distribution of the estimated formula of the estimator of index C PK ; (3) reduces the misjudgment risk of sampling error owing to testing through the confidence interval.
The other sections of this study are arranged as follows: Section 2 displays the 100(1 − α)% confidence interval of the asymmetric tolerance index C PK , Section 3 demonstrates the 100(1 − α)% confidence interval used to construct statistical testing rules, Section 4 provides an illustrative example to explain the applicability of the method proposed by this study, and Section 5 presents conclusions. A conceptual framework of the Introduction section is shown in Figure 1.

Confidence Region
The section we will displays the   Furthermore, we let where T and K are respectively allotted as where t e 4; 1 n S t n

Confidence Region
The section we will displays the 100(1 − α)% confidence interval of the asymmetric tolerance index C PK by Boole's inequality and DeMorgan's theorem.
First, X 1 , X 2 , . . . , X n is assumed as a randomly chosen sample of N µ, σ 2 . Both the mean and variance of the sample are expressed in the following equations: Furthermore, we let where T and K are respectively allotted as t n−1 and χ 2 n−1 . To receive the (1 − α) × 100% lower confidence limits on index C pk , events E δ and E γ are defined as follows: and where t α/4;n−1 is the upper α/4 quantile of t n−1 , χ 2 α/4;n−1 is the upper α/4 quantile of χ 2 n−1 , and α stands for the confidence level. Clearly, P(E δ ) = P(E γ ) = 1 − (α/2), so P E C δ = P E C γ = α/2. Considering Boole's inequality and DeMorgan's theorem, Equivalently, If we let (x 1 , x 2 , . . . x n ) be the observed values of (X 1 , X 2 , . . . X n ), then x and s are expressed as the observed values of X and S, respectively, below: Therefore, the confidence region is expressed as follows: where e t0 is the observed value of e t and is written below: Clearly, C pk represents the function of (µ, σ). According to Chen et al. [20], we can employ mathematical programming to receive the lower confidence limit LC pk from C pk and the upper confidence limit UC pk from C pk . C pk refers to the target function, while the confidence region (CR) is viewed as the feasible region, as shown below: and Next, we discuss three cases: (1) T ∈ [x − e t0 , x + e t0 ], (2) x − e t0 >T, and (3) x + e t0 < T.
In case 1, we can conclude that since µ = T and C pk = d/(3σ), then whereĈ pk0 represents the observed values ofĈ pk . Furthermore, the confidence region is expressed as Then the mathematical programming model is illustrated below: Case 2: x − e t0 > T In case 2, it is concluded that when µ > T, then Similar to case 1, the mathematical programming model is exhibited below: Obviously, LC pk , UC pk is the 100(1 − α)% confidence interval of C pk , where Case 3: x + e t0 < T In case 3, we can conclude that since µ < T, then Therefore, the mathematical programming model is demonstrated below: Obviously, LC pk , UC pk is the 100(1 − α)% confidence interval of C pk , where

Statistical Hypothesis Testing
As described in the previous section, the 100(1 − α)% confidence interval of the asymmetric tolerance index C pk is represented by the following specification limits: Lo et al. [21] defined the following levels for process capability requirements: (1) Process capability is considered "inadequate" when C pk < 1.00.
(2) Process capability is considered "capable" when 1.00 ≤ C pk < 1.33 (3) Process capability is considered "satisfactory" when 1.33 ≤ C pk < 1.5 (4) Process capability is considered "excellent" when 1.50 ≤ C pk < 2.00 (5) Process capability is considered "superb" when 2.00 ≤ C pk To determine whether asymmetric tolerances index C pk is equal to c, we adopt null hypothesis H 0 :C pk = C against alternative hypothesis H 1 :C pk = C. Based on Equations (26) and (27) and with significance level α, we construct the following three statistical testing rules: (1) If LC pk > C, then reject H 0 and conclude that C pk > C (i.e., consider lowering costs).
(2) If UC pk < C, then reject H 0 and conclude that C pk < C (i.e., improve the process).
Next, to help the industry successfully apply the proposed assessment model, we established the following procedure: Step 1: Based on the capability level required by customers, determine the C value, significance level α, and sample size n.
Step 2: Figure out the mean and variance of the sample, and e t0 based on sample data as follows: Step 3: Reckon the values of [x − e t0 , x + e t0 ] and conduct statistical testing for three cases as follows: Case 1: T ∈ [x − e t0 , x + e t0 ] Figure outĈ pk0 , LC pk , and UC pk as follows: Case 2: x − e t0 > T CalculateĈ pk0 , LC pk , and UC pk as follows: Case 3: x + e t0 < T CalculateĈ pk0 , LC pk , and UC pk as follows: Step 4: According to the values of LC pk and UC pk in each of the three cases, conduct statistical verification using the statistical testing rules.
Besides the above steps, we also have made a flowchart, as shown in Figure 2, for making clear the methodology proposed in this section as follows: According to the evaluation procedure provided in Section 3, we perform the following steps: Step 1: Based on the capability level required by customers, we calculate the following: Required capability: C = 1.0, Significance level: α = 0.05, Sample size: n = 36, Null hypothesis: H 0 :C pk = 1.0, Alternative hypothesis: H 1 :C pk = 1.0.
Step 2: We then calculate the value of sample mean x, sample standard deviation s, and e t0 with sample size n = 36, as follows: Obviously, the estimated error item is less than or equal to 0.0017 when n = 36 (|x − µ| ≤ 0.0017). If e t0 is required to be smaller than 0.0017, the sample size of n needs to be larger. The value of n can be calculated by the inequality as shown below: n ≥ s e t0 t α/4;n−1 2 . Step Step 4: We use LC pk = 0.579 and UC pk = 0.919 to conduct statistical verification as follows: Since UC pk = 0.919 < C = 1.0, we reject H 0 and conclude that the process is inadequate (C pk < 1.0) and therefore in need of improvement.

Conclusions and Further Research
The quality characteristics of many important machine tool parts have asymmetric tolerances. Asymmetric tolerance index C pk is a function of µ and σ, which means it simultaneously depends on µ and σ. Unfortunately, it is difficult to derive the confidence interval of index C pk . This study therefore adopts Boole's inequality and DeMorgan's theorem to discover the combined confidence region of (µ, σ). Next, using index C pk as the objective function and the 100(1 − α)% confidence region of (µ, σ) as the feasible region, this study applies mathematical programming for the 100(1 − α)% confidence interval of index C pk and also employs it for the statistical hypothesis test to see if the process capabilities of QCs with asymmetric tolerances can meet the required quality levels. Last, this study provides an illustration to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. The advantages of this model proposed in this study are able to apply to evaluate the process quality of the asymmetric tolerance and symmetrical tolerance products at the same time and reduce the misjudgment risk of sampling error owing to testing through the confidence interval.
Since this study focuses on the normal distribution of a single process only, the statistical tests of multivariate asymmetric tolerance indicators can be included for future study. Meanwhile, the normal process distribution is a common research hypothesis, so this article focuses on parameters tests. However, the non-normal distribution of the process is explored in many research [22][23][24][25]. Therefore, nonparametric tests can be views as the important topic for further study.