Sugarcane Bagasse Torrefaction for Fluidized Bed Gasiﬁcation

: Sugarcane bagasse has a great potential to be used as biofuel; however, its use as feedstock in ﬂuidized bed reactors is hampered due to its ﬁbrous nature, low apparent density, high moisture content, and difﬁculties with its ﬂuidization. The present study evaluated the torrefaction of sugarcane bagasse to propose suitable process conditions that balance the properties of the fuel obtained in the torrefaction and the process’s energy requirements. Based on the thermogravimetric analysis and previous reports, two ﬁnal process temperatures (230 ◦ C and 280 ◦ C) and residence times (35 and 45 min) for the same heating rate (5 ◦ C/min) and nitrogen ﬂow (1 L/min) were evaluated. Within the experimental conditions evaluated, it can be concluded that for 30 min of residence time, the average target temperature of 230 ◦ C should be high enough to produce a stable torrefacted bagasse with a 3.41% reduction in the volatile content and obtain 98.85% of energy yield. Higher temperatures increase the feedstock’s carbon content and energy density, but the reduction in energy yield and the fraction of volatiles do not justify higher temperatures or longer residence times for pretreating the sugarcane bagasse.


Introduction
The energy produced from the sugar industry by-products represents an essential contribution to the renewable energetic matrix in countries cultivating sugarcane worldwide [1][2][3][4]. In the 2019/2020 season, the estimated sugar production worldwide was roughly 166.18 million metric tons, with a forecasted production of 182.1 million metric tons for season 2020/2021 [5,6]. The sugarcane plant's world biomass generation capacity is high, averaging approximately 69 t.ha −1 in 2018. The projection for this parameter for 2027 is 72.42 t.ha −1 [5].
Sugarcane bagasse is the crushed outer stalk by-product formed after the juice extraction from sugarcane in the sugar and alcohol industry. This material represents between 25-40% of the mill's total processed material, depending on the sugarcane fiber contents and the process efficiency [7]. Sugarcane bagasse is an inhomogeneous material containing

The Torrefaction Process
Torrefaction is a thermochemical pretreatment process that improves the characteristics of biomass to be used as fuel in fluidized bed gasifiers. The enhancements are related to removing the volatiles and cracking part of the feedstock fibers. However, these improvements should be accomplished without losing too much energy to volatile products throughout the process.
Solid-phase forms the main torrefaction product, comparable to the pyrolysis process, and is referred to as the charred residue or torrefied feedstock. The chemical structure of feedstock is altered in the process, forming diverse volatile products, and some liquids at room temperature (condensable). Other than torrefied feedstock, the main process product is carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methanol, acetic acid, and water [32]. All these non-solid reaction products contain relatively more oxygen compared to untreated biomass. Hence, the C/O ratio of torrefied biomass is higher than untreated biomass, increasing the torrefied feedstock's heating value.
High values of the C/O ratio (such as coal) are related to greater gasification efficiencies, while for low values of this ratio (such as biomass in general), the gasification efficiency drops. Therefore, fuels with high oxygen content are not ideal for gasification from an exergetic perspective [33].
In the torrefaction process, biomass loses its tenacious nature and part of its fibrous structure. The biomass usually has a darker color through torrefaction and becomes more suitable to be crushed into smaller pieces. Furthermore, the biomass is wholly dried during the process, and after it, the uptake of moisture is minimal, varying from 1-6% depending on the torrefaction conditions and the storage of the torrefied feedstock afterward.
The main reason for the hydrophobic behavior of torrefied biomass is the reduction of the hydrogen bonding capability by eliminating OH groups. The most reactive biomass polymer during torrefaction is hemicellulose [34][35][36]. After torrefaction, it has been entirely reacted to alternative char structures and volatiles. Most weight loss can be attributed to hemicellulose because torrefied biomass mainly consists of cellulose and lignin [25,37,38].
The temperatures of the torrefaction process range between 200 • C and 300 • C, according to previous studies [39,40]. Torrefaction above this temperature would result in extensive devolatilization and carbonization of the polymers, both undesirable for torrefaction products [39]. Also, the loss of lignin in biomass is very intensive above 300 • C. Furthermore, fast thermal cracking of cellulose causes tar formation, which starts around 300-320 • C [41]. These reasons fix the upper limit of torrefaction temperature as 300 • C for most biomasses.
The residence time exerts a significant influence on the thermal degradation of biomass. Longer residence times usually lower the mass yield and increase the energy density. However, the residence time influences the torrefaction products; but it is not as dominant as the final torrefaction temperature. The effect of residence time on mass loss diminishes after 60 min [42].

Characterization of the Sugarcane Bagasse
The samples were characterized before and after torrefaction, using the standard methodology for proximate analysis of solid biofuels (UNE-EN 15148:2010, UNE-EN 14774-3:2010, and UNE-EN 14775:2010). The elemental analysis was performed according to ABNT-NBR-8112 in a Leco TruSpec Elemental Analyzer CHN 628 and 628 S (Leco.co., St. Joseph, MI, USA). The calorific values were determined through a unified correlation of Channiwala and Parikh that includes 18 correlations and 50 fuels [43].

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
The thermogravimetric studies were conducted with a thermobalance (Cahn-Ventron 2000) with a microprocessor, a temperature control unit, and thermal analysis data software. The samples (5-10 mg) were heated from 25 • C to 600 • C at a heating rate of 10 • C·min −1 , using a nitrogen flow of 50 mL·min −1 .

Experimental Setup
Torrefaction experiments were performed in a lab-scale batch installation. Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of the experimental setup. A flow regulator (1) fixes a nitrogen flow at 1 L/min to guarantee an inert atmosphere inside the reactor (4), loaded with 50 g of raw material by test. The reactor is heated through a 3-resistance furnace (3) with a heating rate of 5 • C/min in all tests. The controller (2) manages the furnace temperatures and heating rate. Volatiles leave the reactor through a thermally insulated line. Condensed gases are collected in the condenser (5), coupled to a water-cooling bath, recirculating water at 7 • C (6). Finally, non-condensable volatiles are evacuated from the installation after passing by a water trap (7). The datalogger (8) registers the reactor temperatures (T 1 and T 2 ) and the gas temperature at the reactor exit (T 3 ).
Torrefaction experiments were performed in a lab-scale batch installation. Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of the experimental setup. A flow regulator (1) fixes a nitrogen flow at 1 L/min to guarantee an inert atmosphere inside the reactor (4), loaded with 50 g of raw material by test. The reactor is heated through a 3-resistance furnace (3) with a heating rate of 5 °C/min in all tests. The controller (2) manages the furnace temperatures and heating rate. Volatiles leave the reactor through a thermally insulated line. Condensed gases are collected in the condenser (5), coupled to a water-cooling bath, recirculating water at 7 °C (6). Finally, non-condensable volatiles are evacuated from the installation after passing by a water trap (7). The datalogger (8) registers the reactor temperatures (T1 and T2) and the gas temperature at the reactor exit (T3). The experimental design evaluated the effect of the final process temperature (Ttorr) and residence time (tR) on the process products and the torrefied samples' physico-chemical properties. The process heating rate was the same for all the experimental runs.
An experimental design setup of two factors-Ttorr and tR, and two levels for each factor (namely 2 k ) was used. For the Ttorr factor, the levels assessed were 230 °C and 280 °C, and for the tR, the levels were 30 and 45 min. In addition, three experimental repetitions for each process condition were performed, totaling 12 experimental runs. The main output experimental variables observed in the experiments were the proximate and elemental composition and calorific value of torrefied bagasse.
In order to assess the impact of Ttorr, temperatures of 230 °C and 280 °C were selected considering previously reported experiences with similar feedstocks [25,39,40,44,45] and the TGA analysis results, which are presented in the next section. The experimental design evaluated the effect of the final process temperature (T torr ) and residence time (t R ) on the process products and the torrefied samples' physico-chemical properties. The process heating rate was the same for all the experimental runs.

Results and Discussion
An experimental design setup of two factors-T torr and t R , and two levels for each factor (namely 2 k ) was used. For the T torr factor, the levels assessed were 230 • C and 280 • C, and for the t R , the levels were 30 and 45 min. In addition, three experimental repetitions for each process condition were performed, totaling 12 experimental runs. The main output experimental variables observed in the experiments were the proximate and elemental composition and calorific value of torrefied bagasse.
In order to assess the impact of T torr , temperatures of 230 • C and 280 • C were selected considering previously reported experiences with similar feedstocks [25,39,40,44,45] and the TGA analysis results, which are presented in the next section. Figure 2 shows the thermal degradation of raw sugarcane bagasse under N 2 atmosphere, and it is observed that the thermal degradation profile of sugarcane bagasse showed three stages of mass loss, according to the DTG curve. The first one was below 113 • C and belonged to the biomass moisture evaporation, accounting for a water loss of 2.3%.

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
Besides, the pyrolysis was concentrated in the temperature range 178-478 • C and reached the maximum decomposition rate at 356 • C, which is in line with previously reported results for this agro-fiber [35,46,47]. In Figure 2, it is observed that the thermal degradation profile of sugarcane bagasse showed three stages of mass loss, according to the DTG curve. The first one was below 113 °C and belonged to the biomass moisture evaporation, accounting for a water loss of 2.3%. Besides, the pyrolysis was concentrated in the temperature range 178-478 °C and reached the maximum decomposition rate at 356 °C, which is in line with previously reported results for this agro-fiber [35,46,48].
The second decomposition stage contributes to the mass loss of 28.8%, in the temperature range of 178-321 °C, and the maximum decomposition rate is peaking at 307.4 °C. Then, a third decomposition stage can be observed at a higher temperature range of 322-478 °C, with a maximum decomposition rate at 356 °C, and an associated mass loss of 45.1%. Finally, 22.1% of char is obtained, which belongs to inorganics and the remaining condensed material. The second stage corresponds to the thermal decomposition of hemicellulose, which is less thermal stable than cellulose. The third stage belongs to cellulose degradation, a semicrystalline ordered polymer with higher thermal stability [34]. Besides, the lignin decomposition occurred in the broader range from 160-500 °C, overlapping with the polysaccharide degradation [34][35][36]. However, it has been demonstrated that those processes overlapped and do not belong to pure compounds because those components can have complex interactions during thermal degradation, and different profiles can be obtained for different lignocellulosic sources [49,50]. The second decomposition stage contributes to the mass loss of 28.8%, in the temperature range of 178-321 • C, and the maximum decomposition rate is peaking at 307.4 • C. Then, a third decomposition stage can be observed at a higher temperature range of 322-478 • C, with a maximum decomposition rate at 356 • C, and an associated mass loss of 45.1%. Finally, 22.1% of char is obtained, which belongs to inorganics and the remaining condensed material. Table 1 summarizes the thermal analysis results. The results were obtained from the graphical analysis of the DTG curve shown in Figure 2. Lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose are macromolecular compounds that display different thermal decomposition behavior under pyrolysis conditions [34]. Moreover, their chemical composition can influence biomass pyrolytic behavior due to the interaction of their components [46]. It has been reported that sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis can be represented as an independent parallel reaction model [48]. Each component (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) could decompose at temperature intervals that overlap among each other instead of starting to decompose only after the other one ends.
In Figure 2, it is observed that the thermal degradation profile of sugarcane bagasse showed three zones of mass loss. The first one was below 113 • C and belonged to the biomass moisture evaporation, accounting for a water loss of 2.3%. The second zone corresponds to the predominant thermal decomposition of hemicellulose, and in the third zone, the degradation of cellulose was the predominant event that took place, while the lignin decomposition starts [34].
For sugarcane biomass, the pyrolysis was concentrated in the temperature range 178-478 • C and reached the maximum decomposition rate at 356 • C, which is in line with previously reported results for this agro-fiber [35,46,48]. The decomposition of hemicellulose contributes to the mass loss of 28.8%, in the temperature range of 178-321 • C, and the maximum decomposition rate is peaking at 307.4 • C.
Cellulose pyrolysis occurs in a higher temperature range of 322-478 • C, with a maximum decomposition rate at 356 • C. The associated mass loss for this temperature range is 45.1%, mainly related to cellulose degradation. Meanwhile, according to several authors, the lignin decomposition occurred in the broader range from 200 to 500 • C, overlapping with the polysaccharide degradation [34][35][36]. Therefore, this mass loss can also be associated with lignin degradation but in a smaller proportion.
In Figure 2, it is observed that the thermal degradation profile of sugarcane bagasse showed three stages of mass loss, according to the DTG curve. The first one was below 113 • C and belonged to the biomass moisture evaporation, accounting for a water loss of 2.3%. Besides, the pyrolysis was concentrated in the temperature range 178-478 • C and reached the maximum decomposition rate at 356 • C, which is in line with previously reported results for this agro-fiber [35,46,48].
The second decomposition stage contributes to the mass loss of 28.8%, in the temperature range of 178-321 • C, and the maximum decomposition rate is peaking at 307.4 • C. Then, a third decomposition stage can be observed at a higher temperature range of 322-478 • C, with a maximum decomposition rate at 356 • C, and an associated mass loss of 45.1%. Finally, 22.1% of char is obtained, which belongs to inorganics and the remaining condensed material.
The second stage corresponds to the thermal decomposition of hemicellulose, which is less thermal stable than cellulose. The third stage belongs to cellulose degradation, a semicrystalline ordered polymer with higher thermal stability [34]. Besides, the lignin decomposition occurred in the broader range from 160-500 • C, overlapping with the polysaccharide degradation [34][35][36]. However, it has been demonstrated that those processes overlapped and do not belong to pure compounds because those components can have complex interactions during thermal degradation, and different profiles can be obtained for different lignocellulosic sources [49,50].
Considering that the torrefaction temperature must be lower than 300 • C, and as observed in Figure 2, the changes in the monotony of DTG before that temperature occur at around 230 • C, where we see an increase in the temporal rate of mass loss, and in the vicinity of 280 • C where it reaches the maximum of the temporal rate of mass loss before 300 • C. Considering previous studies [25,39,40,44,45] and the sugarcane bagasse thermal degradation behavior observed, those values were fixed as the torrefaction temperature levels in the experimental runs.

Proximate Analysis of Unprocessed Sugarcane Bagasse
According to Table 2, the volatile matter forms more than 88% of the studied raw sugarcane bagasse's overall composition, which is high compared with the previously reported compositions. On the contrary, the fixed carbon content of the studied sample is lower than the average content for this component. The overall ash content rounds 2% within the average content for this biomass if compared with previously reported data. In the combustion of this feedstock, the low ash content could prevent deposits in the combustion appliances. Deposits can bridge across tube bundles, increasing the combustion side pressure drop and increasing the fan work needed to sustain proper flow. In the sugarcane bagasse, the leaching process during the juice extraction removes a significant quantity of alkaline constituent from the sugarcane, significantly reducing the alkaline index and the potential formation of fouling and slagging in the combustion of this feedstock. Considering this fact, 2% of ash content in this fuel can be considered acceptable. The obtained higher heating value of the studied unprocessed sugarcane bagasse is roughly 15% lower than the expected value for this feedstock. The proximate analysis shows that the sugarcane bagasse is feedstock with a high potential for gasification. Table 3 shows the elemental composition of unprocessed sugarcane bagasse, i.e., the fractions of the elemental Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S), Chlorine (Cl), and Oxygen (O). The studied sample of sugarcane bagasse contains more than 41% of carbon, a relatively lower value than the mean for the previously studied samples, but not out of order for sugarcane bagasse [4,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. This is the main reason for the comparatively lower HHV reported in Table 2. Hydrogen contributes 5.51%, in line with the previously reported value for this feedstock. Oxygen credits roughly 50% of the overall composition, relatively high compared to the other sugarcane bagasse samples reported in Table 2. All other elements studied here (N, S, Cl) are lower than 1%. In the case of sulfur content demeanor, as expected, the concentration remains in the order of 0.05%, reducing the potential formation of the common pollutant throughout the combustion of this biomass, caused by the probable combination of sulfur with hydrogen and oxygen. These values are within the range found in herbaceous and non-woody biomasses [58].

Improving Energy Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse by Torrefaction
Tables 4 and 5 summarize the obtained composition of the torrefied sugarcane bagasse at temperatures of 230 • C and 280 • C and for residence times of 30 and 45 min, respectively.
Torrefaction causes reductions in biomass energy yields on an ash-free basis (DAF) [59] because of partial devolatilization but also causes an increase in the energy density (DAF). In the case of the sugarcane bagasse torrefaction at 230 • C (Table 4), it was noticed that by reducing 3% to 5% of the energy yields, the feedstocks lost between 18% to 19% of its original mass. Thus, it increases by 19% to 20% in the bagasse samples' energy density for those experimental conditions, increasing its higher heating value by 20%.   Table 5 shows a similar behavior on the analyzed parameters for the sugarcane bagasse torrefaction at 280 • C. At this temperature, reductions in the biomass energy yield ash-free basis reach 12%, increasing the sample's energy density by 26%. Figure 3 shows the effects of the studied torrefaction temperatures and residence times on the proximate analysis of sugarcane bagasse. Figure 3-I presents the variation of ash, fixed carbon, volatiles, and higher heating value for 30 min. Figure 3-II presents the same effects for 45 min. The results have shown that the fuel composition has the same behavior with the temperature increment for both residence times.
The percentage of volatiles in the composition is reduced at higher treatment temperatures with a significant increment in the variation rate for the temperature of 280 • C, as previously observed in Figure 2. Fixed carbon has less than 1% of the variation for 230 • C, increasing more than 4% when the temperature increases by 50 • C.  The higher heating value shows a similar trend for both residence times, opposite to volatiles and fixed carbon, with the lower increments at the temperature of 280 °C for both residence times. Figure 3-III presents the variation of fuel properties with residence time increase for the temperature of 230 °C. Figure 3-IV presents the same effects for the temperature of 280 °C. For the temperature of 230 °C, no significant variation is observed after the obtained composition at 30 min. Conversely, for 280 °C, a substantial enhancement is observed for the fixed carbon content after 30 min. The torrefaction process also causes a noticeable reduction of the volatiles and ash composition for a residence time of 45 min, compared with the obtained composition at 30 min. A slight increment of the higher heating value is observed for a residence time of 45 min. Figure 4 shows the effects on sugarcane bagasse elemental composition of studied torrefaction temperatures and residence times. The elemental composition has the same behavior for both residence times when the temperature increases. However, the nitrogen concentration has a minor reduction, with the temperature for both residence times differing from the behavior observed for hydrogen and carbon when increasing the temperature increment. The increase of hydrogen concentration is lower than 1%, with carbon being the component with the most significant increment for the studied conditions, raising 8% for a residence time of 30 min and more than 9% for 45 min. The primary increment occurs for the temperature of 230 °C, with 6% and 7% for 30 and 45 min residence times, respectively. For the residence time of 45 min, the fixed carbon has the same behavior for the temperature of 230 • C, but with a more significant increment for 280 • C. Ash content showed the primary increment for the temperature of 230 • C, with the same tendency for the temperature increase for the residence time of 30 min; ash remains almost in its totality in the solid product of the torrefaction. On the other hand, the tendency is slightly reverted for the residence time of 45 min.
The higher heating value shows a similar trend for both residence times, opposite to volatiles and fixed carbon, with the lower increments at the temperature of 280 • C for both residence times. Figure 3-III presents the variation of fuel properties with residence time increase for the temperature of 230 • C. Figure 3-IV presents the same effects for the temperature of 280 • C. For the temperature of 230 • C, no significant variation is observed after the obtained composition at 30 min. Conversely, for 280 • C, a substantial enhancement is observed for the fixed carbon content after 30 min. The torrefaction process also causes a noticeable reduction of the volatiles and ash composition for a residence time of 45 min, compared with the obtained composition at 30 min. A slight increment of the higher heating value is observed for a residence time of 45 min. Figure 4 shows the effects on sugarcane bagasse elemental composition of studied torrefaction temperatures and residence times. Figure 4-I presents the carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen composition at different temperatures, for the residence time of 30 min.   The increase of the elemental carbon fraction in the feedstock composition is essential for biomass as feedstock in combustion devices. For gasification, it is also essential not to significantly reduce the volatile fraction of the processed feedstock [60][61][62]. In the torrefaction process, the volatile release rate, mainly hydrogen and oxygen, increases with temperature. The volatile fraction reduction increases the C/O ratio to 40.82% and 50.05% for 230 °C and 280 °C, respectively. Reduction in the volatile content also caused a decrease in the H/C ratio to 3.75% for 230 °C and 5.26% for 280 °C, both for 30 min of residence time.
In addition, the yield of volatiles was also reduced by 3.41% and 8.09% at 230 °C and 280 °C, respectively, for 30 min of residence time. The variation is partially balanced with the increment of HHV and the energy yield (98.85% at 230 °C, and 88.10% at 280 °C), keeping viable the uses of torrefacted sugarcane bagasse as feedstock for thermal gasification (Tables 4 and 5).
For the torrefaction at 230 °C, the HHV of sugarcane bagasse increased 20.24% for 30 min of residence time and, for 280 °C, the HHV increased 24.11%-less than 4% higher if compared with the observed increment for 230 °C. The energy yield in these conditions The elemental composition has the same behavior for both residence times when the temperature increases. However, the nitrogen concentration has a minor reduction, with the temperature for both residence times differing from the behavior observed for hydrogen and carbon when increasing the temperature increment. The increase of hydrogen concentration is lower than 1%, with carbon being the component with the most significant increment for the studied conditions, raising 8% for a residence time of 30 min and more than 9% for 45 min. The primary increment occurs for the temperature of 230 • C, with 6% and 7% for 30 and 45 min residence times, respectively. Figure 4-III presents the variation of the elemental composition with the variation of the residence time for the temperature of 230 • C. Figure 4-IV presents the same effects for the temperature of 280 • C. No significant variation is observed in the torrefied samples' elemental composition after the attained composition at 30 min of residence time, similar to results at 230 • C. On the contrary, for a temperature of 280 • C, the fixed carbon composition increases, after 30 min. For the temperature of 280 • C, the torrefaction process causes a slight reduction of hydrogen concentration for a residence time of 45 min when compared with the obtained composition at 30 min.
The increase of the elemental carbon fraction in the feedstock composition is essential for biomass as feedstock in combustion devices. For gasification, it is also essential not to significantly reduce the volatile fraction of the processed feedstock [60][61][62]. In the torrefaction process, the volatile release rate, mainly hydrogen and oxygen, increases with temperature. The volatile fraction reduction increases the C/O ratio to 40.82% and 50.05% for 230 • C and 280 • C, respectively. Reduction in the volatile content also caused a decrease in the H/C ratio to 3.75% for 230 • C and 5.26% for 280 • C, both for 30 min of residence time.
In addition, the yield of volatiles was also reduced by 3.41% and 8.09% at 230 • C and 280 • C, respectively, for 30 min of residence time. The variation is partially balanced with the increment of HHV and the energy yield (98.85% at 230 • C, and 88.10% at 280 • C), keeping viable the uses of torrefacted sugarcane bagasse as feedstock for thermal gasification (Tables 4 and 5).
For the torrefaction at 230 • C, the HHV of sugarcane bagasse increased 20.24% for 30 min of residence time and, for 280 • C, the HHV increased 24.11%-less than 4% higher if compared with the observed increment for 230 • C. The energy yield in these conditions was also higher than the value reported by Basu et al. [63] for 30 min of residence time and Manatura [29] at 225 • C for 30 and 60 min of residence time.
Daniyanto et al. [62] obtained a similar composition for the torrefied Indonesian sugarcane bagasse at 220 • C but for a longer residence time of 60 min. The torrefied bagasse gasification with the later torrefaction parameter was also reported [56], showing comparatively better results than the torrefied bagasse at a higher temperature and same residence time. Even though obtained HHV was inferior to other conventional gasification fuels [53,64,65], the obtained benefits associated with the torrefaction of sugarcane bagasse suggest using the process as a pretreatment technology for gasification.

Conclusions
Due to the torrefied biomass's hydrophobic character, the results have proven that it is possible to avoid natural degradation of the untreated bagasse due to water content, sugar, and dirt that occurs during storage.
This work corroborates the hypothesis that torrefaction temperature affects the resulting torrefaction yield and quality. Furthermore, the residence time was also revealed to have an essential role in the torrefied sample's chemical properties.
Considering as main purpose the usage of torrefied biomass as feedstock for gasification, within the range of the temperatures in this work, it can be concluded that for 30 min of residence time, the middle target temperature used of 230 • C should be high enough to produce stable torrefied sugarcane bagasse with a reduction of 3.41% in the volatile content and obtaining 98.85% of energy yield. The previously reported studies also support this conclusion. Higher temperatures increase the carbon content and the feedstock energy density, but the reduction of energy yield and volatile fraction do not justify higher temperatures or longer residence times for pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. Further studies about the heating rate effects while using this temperature should be performed.

Data Availability Statement:
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.