Exact Soliton Solutions for Nonlinear Perturbed Schrödinger Equations with Nonlinear Optical Media

: The nonlinear perturbed Schrödinger equations (NPSEs) with nonlinear terms as Kerr law, power law, quadratic-cubic law, and dual-power law nonlinearity media play an important role in optical ﬁbers. In this article we implement the rational solitary wave method to study the NPSEs when nonlinear terms take some di ﬀ erent forms. Additionally, we use the q-deformed hyperbolic function and q-deformed trigonometric function methods to study the exact solutions to NPSEs. Di ﬀ erent kind of soliton solutions are obtained such as bright, dark, and singular periodic solutions to the NPSEs.


Introduction
In recent years, the research of optical (bright, dark, and singular) solutions for nonlinear Schrödinger equations have played an important role in nonlinear optical media. The optical pulses in the optical solutions play a significant role in communication systems, optical fibers, and so on. Many authors have discussed the optical solutions for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NSE) when the nonlinear terms are Kerr law, power law, parabolic law, dual-power law, saturating law, exponential law, higher order polynomial law, and triple-power law (see [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]). There are several previous studies which are of great interest in the optical solitons (see [18][19][20][21][22]). Ma et al. [23,24] have discussed exact solutions to NSEs and Lump solutions to higher order rational dispersion relations. Additionally, Ma [25] has provided better approximations to real physical nonlinear waves, which could exist in even linear wave models. Recently, Arshed [3] studied the exact solution for perturbed Schrödinger equations by using the Exp(−ϕ(ξ)) expansion function method.
In this research, we use the rational solitary solution methods and q-deformed functions methods for the following nonlinear perturbed Schrödinger equation [2][3][4][7][8][9]: where σ represents the linear evolution phenomena, ε is dispersion velocity, ζ is the nonlinear term coefficient, α is the temporal dispersion, η is the self-steepening perturbation term, υ is the coefficient of nonlinear dispersion, and k is the power of nonlinear terms. We will ansatz the traveling wave transformation as Q(x, t) = ψ(ξ)e i(−s 0 x+wt+ρ) , ξ = x − vt.

Analysis of Rational Solitary Solutions Methods (RSSM)
They are many methods to solve nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs) such as transformed rational function (TRF) method [26] and the multiple exp-function (MEF) method [24,25]. The RSSM is one of the important applications to the TRF method and MEF methods for solving the NPDEs. The transformation in Equation (2) is applied to transfer the NPDEs to NODEs. We suppose the solutions of the NODEs according to the RSSM have the shape where the conditions on the two functions g(ξ) and f (ξ) take shapes: A, B,a i , i = 0, 1, 2, . . . and b i , i = 0, 1, 2, . . . are constants and can be evaluated later, while δ = ±1. The nonlinear auxiliary conditions in Equation (8) can be solved as follows: If δ = 1, the hyperbolic solutions take the following form: or If δ = −1, the rational periodic solutions take the following form: or The homogenous idea of the balance power is used to determine the end sum of the series in Equation (7). Insert Equation (7) with the auxiliary Equation (8) into the NODEs and deduce the system of algebraic equations from comparison between the coefficients of f (ξ) and g(ξ). Resolve the aforesaid system of equations to A, B, a i , i = 0, 1, 2, . b i , i = 0, 1, 2, . . . and insert the results in the Equation (3) solution to get the solutions of the NPDEs. (8) can be presented by a single of NODE Bg (ξ) = g(ξ) [Bg 2 (δ + 2)A 2 + δB 2 − δ(A 2 + 2B 2 )g + δB] and it has the same solutions (9)-(12) when A 2 = B 2 .

Rational Soliton Solution to Nonlinear Perturbed Schrödinger Equations NPSEs with Kerr Law H(ψ) = ψ
The nonlinearity Kerr law PNSEs takes the form: Equations (3) and (4) lead to write PNSEs in Equation (3) as follows when the soliton velocity is given by v = 2εs 0 +α−σw (σs 0 −1) , the condition η = −2υ 3 , and put k = 1 in the nonlinear media to be integrable. Balancing ψ and ψ 3 , we get the Equation (14), which can be written in the form: where g(ξ), f (ξ) satisfies the conditions in Equation (8) and a 0 , a 1 , b 1 are arbitrary constants. The solution formula in Equation (15) is a solution to Equation (14) under the conditions of Equation (8) if and only if: . (16) In this family the solution of PNSEs in Equation (13) take the form: . (19) In this family, the solution of PNSEs in Equation (13) take the form: or 2.2. Rational Soliton Solution to NPSEs with Power Law H(ψ) = ψ k , 0 < k < 0 The nonlinearity power law PNSEs take the form: Equations (3) and (4) lead to write PNSEs in Equation (22) as follows: when the soliton velocity is given by v = 2εs 0 +α−σw (σs 0 −1) and η = −2kυ 2k+1 . From balance the highest power of ψ and ψ 2k+1 , we get N = 1 k as rational number, and we take the transformation The transformation in Equation (24) leads to obtain From ϕϕ and ϕ 3 , the solution of Equation (21) can be written in the form: where g(ξ), f (ξ) satisfies the conditions in Equation (8), and a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , b 1 , b 2 are arbitrary constants. The solution formula in Equation (26) is a solution to Equation (25) under conditions (8) if and only if: In this family the solution of PNSEs in Equation (22) takes the form: In this family, the solution of PNSEs in Equation (22) take the form: There are many different other solutions, but we leave it as a kind of convenience.

Rational Soliton Solution to NPSEs with Quadratic
The nonlinearity quadratic law PNSEs take the form: where E 1 and E 2 are constants. Equations (3) and (4) lead to write PNSEs in Equation (33) as follows: When the soliton velocity is given by v = 2εs 0 +α−σw (σs 0 −1) , the condition η = −2kυ 2k+1 . Balancing the power of ψ and ψ 3 in the series solution in Equation (7) with the restriction in Equation (8), we have N = 1 and Equation (28) is integrable when k = 1. Consequently, we set the solution in the following form: where g(ξ), f (ξ) satisfies the conditions in Equation (8), and a 0 , a 1 , b 1 are arbitrary constants. (8) if and only if:

The solution formula in Equation (35) is a solution to Equation (34) under conditions in Equation
In this family the solution of PNSEs in Equation (33) take the form: or (38) In this family, the solution of PNSEs in Equation (33) takes the form: There are many different other families, but we leave it as a kind of convenience to the readers.

Rational Soliton Solution to NPS's with Anti-Cubic
The nonlinearity anti cubic law PNSEs takes the form: where M 1 , M 2 and M 3 are nonzero constants. Equations (3) and (4) when the soliton velocity is given by v = 2εs 0 +α−σw (σs 0 −1) , the condition η = −2kυ 2k+1 . From equating the power of terms ψ 3 ψ and We suppose N = 1/2, we have ψ 8 From Equations (44) and (43) we get: Consequently, we set the solution of Equation (45) in the following form: where g(ξ), f (ξ) satisfies the conditions in Equation (8) In this family, the solution of PNSEs in Equation (42) takes the form: (49) In this family, the solution of PNSEs in Equation (42) takes the form: or There are many different other families, but we leave it as a kind convenience to the readers.
In this set, the solution to NPSEs in Equation (13) is In this set, the solution to NPSEs in Equation (13) is For the type 2. the solutions of the NPSEs in Equation (13) are given by: 3.2. Power Law H(ψ) = ψ k , 0 < k < 2 From Type 1, we suppose the solution to NPSEs in Equation (25) in the form in Equation (53). The formula in Equation (53) is a solution to Equation (25) when n = 2, consequently we have: Equation (65) is a solution to Equation (25) when Set 1.
In this set, the solution to NPSEs in Equation (33) is

Anti-Cubic Law H(Q)
From Type 1, we suppose the solution to NPSEs in Equation (45) Equation (82) is a solution of Equation (45) when Set 1.
In this set, the solution to NPSEs in Equation (45) is Set 2.
In this set, the solution to NPSEs in Equation (42) is Set 3. (87) In this set, the solution to NPSEs in Equation (42) is For the type 2. The solutions of the NPSEs in Equation (42) are given by where where

Kerr Law H(ψ) = ψ
From Type 3, we suppose the solution to NPSEs in Equation (14) in the form in Equation (92). The formula in Equation (92) is a solution to Equation (14) when n = 1, hence Substituting Equation (96) into Equation (14) and setting the coefficients of (sec q ξ) j (tan q ξ) i , j = 0, 1, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , to be zero, we acquire the system equations which can be solved to have: Set 1.
In this set, the solution to NPSEs in Equation (13) is

Set 2.
In this set, the solution to NPSEs in Equation (13) is
, q > 0, In this set, the solution to NPSEs in Equation (22) is Set 2.

Anti-Cubic Law H(Q)
From Type 3, we suppose the solution to NPSEs in Equation (45)  , In this set, the solution to NPSEs in Equation (42) is Set 2.
In this set, the solution to NPSEs in Equation (42) is Set 3.
In this set, the solution to NPSEs in Equation (42) is For the type 4. The solutions of the NPSEs in Equation (42) are given by where where , q > 0

Behavior of Soliton Solutions
In this section we plot the two-and one-dimensional solutions when the parameters take some suitable values to determine the type of the optical solutions. We show the effect of the parameter q in the q-deformed functions in optical solutions. We plot the absolute value of the complex exact solution to discuss the amplitude of the soliton solutions. In Figure 1, we plot the traveling wave solution (17) when the parameters take the values s 0 = 0.01, ε = 2, α = 5, σ = 0.5, η = 1, ζ = −100, A = 3 and B = 2. We get a singularity at x = −1.4 when the velocity of solion is equal to 2 and the wave number is 4; consequently the soliton solution in Equation (17) is the singular soliton solution while in the Figure 2, the soliton solutions in Equation (18) is periodic singular solution. Figure 3 presents the exact solution of Equation (59) when s 0 = 2, ε = 0.2, α = −2, σ = 0.1, η = 2, ζ = 1, q = 11 is the bright soliton equations while the exact Equation (80) in the Figure 4 is dark soliton equations. Figure 5 illustrates the periodic soliton Equation (119) when s 0 = 2, ε = 0.2, α = −2, σ = 0.1, η = 2, ζ = 1, q = 11.

Conclusions
In this paper, we applied some interesting algebraic methods to find a variety of explicit solutions to nonlinear perturbed Schrödinger equations when the nonlinear parts take different terms: nonlinear Kerr law, power law, quadratic-cubic law, and anti-cubic law. In this article, we construct the rational solitary solutions, q-deformed hyperbolic solutions, and q-deformed trigonometric solutions for one of the important equations in optical media which has many applications in optics and communications. Through our study that we conducted on the non-linear Schrödinger equation, it is clear that the proposed methods are effective methods in finding the soliton solutions. The drawings studied during this work illustrate the different optical solutions that have many applications in optics.