A New Design of an Integrated Solar Absorption Cooling System Driven by an Evacuated Tube Collector: A Case Study for Baghdad, Iraq
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Design Aspects
2.1. Thermal Solar Cooling System Description
2.1.1. Solar Collector
2.1.2. Solar Tank
2.1.3. Auxiliary Boiler
2.1.4. Heat Rejection System: Cooling Tower
2.1.5. Cooling Cycle: Absorption
- →
- COP nominal. COPnom. (0.7 for Yazaki WFC-10, Yazaki Energy Systems Inc., Plano, TX, USA)
- →
- Nominal evaporator power . (35 kW for Yazaki WFC-10, Yazaki Energy Systems Inc., Plano, TX, USA)
- →
- Fraction capacity fcapacity: is the ratio of the evaporator’s output power to the nominal power of the chiller. With the manufacturer’s data for each of the established operating points, the quotient between the output power it has in each of these conditions and the nominal power of the evaporator is evaluated.
- →
- Energy input fraction fEnergyinput: is the ratio of the generator power to the nominal generator power necessary to satisfy the evaporator power. Similarly, it is obtained from the operation curves as:
2.2. Meteorological Data
2.3. House Profile and Cooling Loads
- The window-to-gross-wall area should not be greater than 35%.
- Overhangs should be placed on the east, west, and south windows of the building with a projection factor (overhang depth/window height) of greater than 0.5.
- Lighting devices should have an efficiency of 60 lumens/W.
- Specific lighting, 15 W/m2.
- Specific gain (equipment and people), 15 W/m2.
- Occupation rate 0.05 occupants/m2.
2.4. System Modeling
- The electrical energy consumed by the pumps is neglected.
- Pumps are not supposed to transmit thermal energy to the fluid.
- When the pumps are running the mass, flows remain constant.
- The limit capacity of the chiller is assumed to correspond to a cooling water temperature of 27 °C.
3. Performance Analysis
3.1. Solar Fraction
3.2. Primary Energy Saving
- is the efficiency of auxiliary boiler 0.9;
- is required heat for both space heating and DHW (Domestic Hot Water) in the conventional system (kWh).
- is the produced energy by auxiliary heater (kWh).
- , are the primary energy conversion factors for heat and electricity from fossil fuel, 0.95 kWhheat,fossil/kWhPE and 0.5 kWhelec,fossil/kWhPE.
3.3. Electric Efficiency of the Total System
- is the consumed electricity by a pump that feeds the chiller (kWh).
- is the consumed electricity by cooling water loop pump (kWh).
- is the consumed electricity by the chiller (kWh).
- is the electrical power of fan cooling tower (kWh).
- is the consumed electricity by solar loops pumps (kWh).
- is the consumed electricity by boiler (kWh).
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. House Energy Balance Analysis
4.2. Primary Energy Analysis
4.3. Parametric Analysis
4.3.1. Effect of Collector Slope
4.3.2. Effect of Water Flow Rate
4.3.3. Effect of Solar Field Area
4.3.4. Effect of Solar Tank Capacity
4.3.5. Effect of Solar Tank Temperature
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclatures, Subscripts and Abbreviations
Nomenclatures | |
area (m2) | |
loss coefficient | |
efficiency | |
radiation incident (W/m2) | |
mass flow rate (kg/s) | |
specific heat (kPa) | |
heat transfer rate (kW) | |
temperature (°C) | |
overall heat transfer coefficient (kW/m2·K) | |
power (kW) | |
Subscripts | |
a | Ambient |
Auxiliary | |
Condense | |
Evaporator | |
Fraction | |
Generator | |
i | Node |
Load | |
Nominal | |
Minimum | |
Maximum | |
Outlet | |
Source | |
Set | |
Water | |
Abbreviations | |
COP | Coefficient of performance |
DHW | Domestic hot water |
EES | Engineering Equation Solver |
ETC | Evacuated tube collector |
HVAC | Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning |
IEA | International Energy Agency |
IAM | Incidence angle modifier |
NTU | Number of transfer unit |
PE | Primary energy |
SACS | Solar absorption cooling system |
SF | Solar fraction |
TMY | Typical meteorological year |
TRNSYS | Transient System Simulation Program |
Appendix A
The House under Study
Wall Details Outside Surface Color Dark Absorptivity 0.900 Overall U-Value 0.415 W/(m2·K) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wall Layers Details (Inside to Outside) | |||||
Layers | Thickness mm | Density kg/m3 | Specific Ht·kJ/(kg·K) | R-Value (m2·K)/W | Weight kg/m2 |
Inside surface resistance | 0.000 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00200 | 0.0 |
Cement bounded | 12.000 | 1600.0 | 1.34 | 0.04200 | 19.2 |
Insulation | 50.000 | 32.0 | 0.90 | 1.66600 | 1.6 |
Hollow block | 200.000 | 1922.0 | 0.84 | 0.40000 | 384.4 |
13 mm gypsum board | 12.700 | 800.9 | 1.09 | 0.07890 | 10.2 |
Outside surface resistance | 0.000 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00200 | 0.0 |
Air space | 0.000 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.16026 | 0.0 |
Outside surface resistance | 0.000 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.05864 | 0.0 |
Totals | 274.700 | - | - | 2.40980 | 415.4 |
Component | Exterior Roof | Exterior Glass | Exterior Wooden Door | Exterior Steel Door |
---|---|---|---|---|
U value (W/m2 °C) | 1.670388 | 5.888993 | 2.087049 | 6.07040 |
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Variable | Units | Value |
---|---|---|
Absorber area | m2 | 2.4 |
Optical performance () | - | 0.845 |
Loss coefficient () | W/(m2·K) | 1.47 |
Loss coefficient () | W/(m2·K) | 0.01 |
Characteristics | Value | Units |
---|---|---|
Cooling tower capacity | 105 | kW |
Wet temperature | 25 | °C |
Cooling water temperature | 35-30 | °C |
Airflow rate | 16 | m3/h |
Electrical power | 0.75 | kW |
Characteristic | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Cooling capacity | kW | 35 |
Chilled water outlet /inlet temp. | °C | 7/12.5 |
Cooling water outlet /inlet temp. | °C | 35/31 |
Heating water outlet /inlet temp. | °C | 88/83 |
Chilled water flowrate | m3/h | 11 |
Cooling water flow rate | m3/h | 36.7 |
Heating water flow rate | m3/h | 17.3 |
Electric power consumption | kW | 0.21 |
Component | Type TRNSYS | Parameters (Base Design Values) |
---|---|---|
Solar Collector | TYPE 71a | Apricus ETC-30 (Table 3) Number of collectors (12) Inclination (30°) |
Hot water tank | TYPE 4a | Volume (50 L/m2 collector) |
Auxiliary boiler | TYPE 6 | Efficiency (90%) |
Absorption chiller | TYPE 107 | YAZAKI WFC SC10 (Table 5) |
Cooling tower | TYPE 51b | B.A.C. FXT-26 (Table 4) |
Weather data | TYPE 109—TMY2 | Location: Baghdad, Iraq |
Collector pump | TYPE 3b | Flow rate 50 (L/h)/m2 of collector |
Collector pump control | TYPE 2b | Maximum accumulator temperature (90 °C) Minimum collector gain (5 °C) |
Pipe | TYPE 31 | |
Flow mixer | TYPE 11h | |
Building | TYPE 56a |
Month | Incident Energy | Collected Energy | Solar Tank Energy | Aux. Boiler Energy | Load Energy | Collector Efficiency (%) | COP | Solar Fraction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April | 17,329 | 9489 | 2350 | 1760 | 4110 | 54.75 | 0.39 | 57.17 |
May | 19,624 | 11,346 | 3642 | 1954 | 5596 | 57.81 | 0.41 | 65.08 |
June | 30,632 | 16,358 | 6243 | 4720 | 10,963 | 53.40 | 0.45 | 56.94 |
July | 33,685 | 18,509 | 7496 | 5153 | 12,649 | 54.94 | 0.51 | 59.26 |
August | 35,173 | 19,245 | 7889 | 5391 | 13,280 | 54.71 | 0.52 | 59.40 |
September | 29,627 | 15,296 | 4948 | 4430 | 9378 | 51.62 | 0.40 | 52.76 |
Oct. | 11,953 | 5830 | 2162 | 2617 | 4779 | 48.77 | 0.40 | 45.23 |
Total | 178,023 | 96,073 | 34,730 | 26,025 | 60,755 | 53.96 | 0.44 | 57.16 |
Number of Collectors | Solar Tank Volume L | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 (25 m2) | 12 (30 m2) | 14(35 m2) | 1000 | 1500 | 2000 | ||
Solar Fraction% | 53.1 | 62.3 | 70.2 | 61.5 | 62.3 | 63.9 | |
ηele,total | 11.2 | 11.5 | 11.9 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 12.1 | |
PE save | PEsave kWhPE | 1361 | 3759 | 5661 | 4669 | 5761 | 6342 |
PEref (Primary Energy References) kWhPE | 15,469 | 15,545 | 15,666 | 15,628 | 15,666 | 15,306 | |
Relative % | 8.8 | 24.8 | 36.8 | 29.9 | 36.8 | 40.6 |
Temperature °C | 70 | 72.5 | 75 | 77.5 | 80 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solar Fraction% | 63.1 | 62.2 | 61.2 | 59.9 | 57.9 |
Temperature °C | 85 | 87.5 | 90 | 92.5 | 95 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solar Fraction% | 60.7 | 61.0 | 61.2 | 61.3 | 60.6 |
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Al-Falahi, A.; Alobaid, F.; Epple, B. A New Design of an Integrated Solar Absorption Cooling System Driven by an Evacuated Tube Collector: A Case Study for Baghdad, Iraq. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 3622. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103622
Al-Falahi A, Alobaid F, Epple B. A New Design of an Integrated Solar Absorption Cooling System Driven by an Evacuated Tube Collector: A Case Study for Baghdad, Iraq. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(10):3622. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103622
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Falahi, Adil, Falah Alobaid, and Bernd Epple. 2020. "A New Design of an Integrated Solar Absorption Cooling System Driven by an Evacuated Tube Collector: A Case Study for Baghdad, Iraq" Applied Sciences 10, no. 10: 3622. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103622