Environments

20 pages, 1448 KB

Open AccessArticle

Amendment of Contaminated Soils with Biochar and Peat: Effects on Metal Solubility and Uptake in Grass and Earthworms in a Field Trial

by Charlotta Tiberg, Dan B. Kleja, Carin Sjöstedt, Mats Fröberg, Ingrid Rijk, A. Sigrun Dahlin, Maria Larsson, Alf Ekblad, Viktor Sjöberg and Anja Enell

Environments 2025, 12(11), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110447 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 544

Abstract

The effectiveness of biochar amendment for remediation purposes depends on many factors related to the biochar and the contaminated site. Therefore, each application must be evaluated site-specifically. To facilitate full-scale implementation, more information from field studies on biochar-amended contaminated sites, as well as [...] Read more.

The effectiveness of biochar amendment for remediation purposes depends on many factors related to the biochar and the contaminated site. Therefore, each application must be evaluated site-specifically. To facilitate full-scale implementation, more information from field studies on biochar-amended contaminated sites, as well as cost-effective approaches to evaluate the remediation efficacy of specific biochar materials are needed. We studied the effects of biochar and peat on metal solubility and bioavailability in a contaminated soil in a fully factorial field trial. The biochar was produced from wood via gasification in a floating fixed-bed reactor at 750 °C. Soil solutions from field-installed lysimeters, grass (Lolium perenne L), and earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were analyzed. In addition, a standardized batch leaching test (ISO 21268-2:2019) was performed to evaluate its feasibility to mimic soil solution concentrations. The results showed that biochar generally reduced the solubility and uptake of cationic metals. In situ solubility of Cu and Hg was reduced more than 80%, and Zn up to 70%. Soil solution concentrations of Cr increased in biochar-amended soils, but this effect was reduced by peat. Peat had small effects on in situ solubility of other metals. For cations, the batch test showed the same trends as the soil solution, with biochar decreasing solubility. However, mobilization of colloids during shaking in the batch test induced artefacts, leading to an overestimation of the solubility of some metals, especially Pb and Hg, an effect that was enhanced by peat applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochar as an Environmental Technology)

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20 pages, 501 KB

Open AccessReview

Urban Stormwater and Groundwater Quality: Pathways, Risks, and Green Infrastructure Solutions

by Amir Motlagh

Environments 2025, 12(11), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110446 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 918

Abstract

The development of urban areas and the proliferation of impervious surfaces have significantly altered natural hydrological cycles, resulting in an increase in stormwater runoff and substantial risks to groundwater quality. This review synthesizes current research on the transport mechanisms of stormwater contaminants, including [...] Read more.

The development of urban areas and the proliferation of impervious surfaces have significantly altered natural hydrological cycles, resulting in an increase in stormwater runoff and substantial risks to groundwater quality. This review synthesizes current research on the transport mechanisms of stormwater contaminants, including toxic elements, nutrients, pathogens, and emerging pollutants such as microplastics and pharmaceuticals, into aquifers. This study analyzes the physicochemical and biological processes that affect pollutant mobility and retention in urban soils, emphasizing the vulnerability of groundwater systems, particularly in areas with permeable soils and shallow water tables. The article evaluates a range of green infrastructure (GI) and low-impact development (LID) strategies—including rain gardens, bioswales, infiltration basins, constructed wetlands, and urban forestry—to assess how effectively they can mitigate stormwater pollution and improve groundwater protection. Case studies from North America illustrate the practical implementation and performance of GI systems, emphasizing the importance of site-specific design, monitoring, and adaptive management. The review also discusses global policy frameworks and community engagement strategies that support sustainable stormwater management. Ultimately, it advocates for an integrated, multidisciplinary approach that combines engineering, ecological science, and public policy to safeguard groundwater resources in the face of climate variability and urban expansion. Full article

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20 pages, 1771 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hard Evidence from Turtle Shells: Tracing Metal and Non-Metallic Elements Bioaccumulation in Freshwater Ecosystems

by Haithem Aib, Badis Bakhouche, Krisztián Nyeste, Boglárka Döncző, Selmane Chabani, Amina Saadi, Zsolt Varga and Herta Mária Czédli

Environments 2025, 12(11), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110445 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 787

Abstract

The longevity, site fidelity, and trophic position of freshwater turtles have led to their increasing recognition as useful bioindicators of environmental contamination. Mauremys leprosa (n = 25) shells from a Northern African wetland system were examined for trace element concentrations in order [...] Read more.

The longevity, site fidelity, and trophic position of freshwater turtles have led to their increasing recognition as useful bioindicators of environmental contamination. Mauremys leprosa (n = 25) shells from a Northern African wetland system were examined for trace element concentrations in order to assess shell composition as a non-invasive biomonitoring method. Micro x-ray fluorescence (μXRF) method was used to measure the shell concentrations of 17 elements, including Ca, P, Fe, Zn, Mn, Sr, Pb, Sb, and Al. As would be expected from the structural composition of bony tissues, calcium and phosphorus were the predominant constituents. In addition to bulk concentrations, micro-XRF elemental mapping revealed heterogeneous spatial distributions of essential and toxic elements within the shells, providing visual evidence of bioaccumulation patterns and supporting the use of shells as non-invasive bioindicators. There were statistically significant sex-related differences in the levels of trace elements, with males exhibiting higher concentrations of Mg, Mn, Sb, Pb, and Al (p < 0.05). Spearman correlations revealed strong associations between certain shell elements (e.g., Fe, Mn, Ti, Zn) and morphometric parameters. Comparisons with environmental samples (water and sediment) showed moderate to strong correlations, particularly with sediment metal concentrations, supporting the utility of shell chemistry as an integrative exposure matrix. Nonetheless, there were significant percentages of censored or missing values for certain metals (Cu, Ni, and As). This study emphasizes how viable turtle shells are as non-lethal markers of bioaccumulation and stresses how crucial it is to take environmental matrices, element-specific variability, and sex into account when assessing contamination. Longitudinal monitoring, physiological biomarkers, and isotopic analysis should all be used in future studies to bolster the causal relationships between environmental exposure and turtle health. Full article

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22 pages, 818 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Changes During Hydrothermal Carbonization of Manure Derived from Free-Range Bred Chickens and Its Potential as Organic Fertilizer for Tomato, Lettuce and Sunflower Plants

by Francisco J. Moreno-Racero, Marta Velasco-Molina, Rafael López-Núñez, Judy A. Libra and Heike Knicker

Environments 2025, 12(11), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110444 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 459

Abstract

Hygienization by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of chicken manure (CM) at 250 °C allows its valorization as soil amendment or even organic fertilizer. To test if this hypothesis is also valid for feedstocks from free-range breeding, respective material of a small farm in southern [...] Read more.

Hygienization by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of chicken manure (CM) at 250 °C allows its valorization as soil amendment or even organic fertilizer. To test if this hypothesis is also valid for feedstocks from free-range breeding, respective material of a small farm in southern Spain was comprehensively chemically characterized. The hydrochar of the manure collected from the ground of the farm was rich in mineral matter. After HTC, 68% of the organic carbon (C) was recovered, whereas 82% of the nitrogen (N) was lost most likely by volatilization and with the discarded process water. Despite this, 2.8% of the total N in the hydrochar was identified as inorganic N (N_i). Solid-state ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR spectroscopy revealed aromatization of organic C and N, although alkyl C and amide N still contributed with 23% and 35% to the total organic C and N, respectively. The obtained distribution of N-forms indicated that enough N_i is plant-available for early plant growth, while the remaining N occurs in structures that can be slowly mobilized during advanced plant development. Low heavy metal concentrations suggest low phytotoxicity. Pot experiments with lettuce, sunflower, and tomato plants confirmed species- and dosage-dependent effects. A dosage of 3.25 t ha⁻¹ improved lettuce and sunflower yields, whereas a dosage of 6.5 t ha⁻¹ provided no additional growth benefits but caused phytotoxic reactions of the tomato plants. Our results support HTC as a strategy to valorize CM from free-range farms, although, due to the high variability of such materials, we recommend a thorough chemical characterization and phytotoxic tests before its application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Application of Biochar (Second Edition))

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17 pages, 2829 KB

Open AccessArticle

Livestock and Climate Change: How Do Livestock Practices Impact Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Holders Fields in Zamora Chinchipe?

by Leticia Jiménez, Daniel Capa-Mora, Natacha Fierro, Jefferson Lasso, Junior Roa, Juan Bermeo, Juan Merino and Rubén Carrera

Environments 2025, 12(11), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110443 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 530

Abstract

Agricultural production in Zamora Chinchipe is primarily focused on dairy farming, an activity that constitutes a key component of land use in the region. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were as follows: (a) to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms [...] Read more.

Agricultural production in Zamora Chinchipe is primarily focused on dairy farming, an activity that constitutes a key component of land use in the region. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were as follows: (a) to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms using the GLEAM model and (b) to evaluate the influence of altitude and livestock management practices on soil properties and the estimated GHG emissions associated with cattle production. This study encompassed 100 dairy farms, where the GLEAM methodology was applied to quantify emissions-related data. In addition, 300 soil samples (three per farm) were collected, and the perimeter of each farm, as well as the remaining forest areas, was mapped. The results indicate that although the farms generate CO₂-equivalent emissions associated with livestock activities, the remaining forest areas contribute to mitigation by storing carbon in the soil. Altitude was found to positively influence soil quality, increasing organic matter and nitrogen content, whereas overgrazing negatively affected key soil properties and was associated with higher levels of GHG emissions. These findings underscore the need to implement sustainable management strategies that integrate agricultural production with the conservation of ecosystem services. Full article

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25 pages, 3145 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Environmental Conditions Index (IECI) for Assessing Emerging/Legacy Pollutants and Environmental Integrity

by Rubén Rafael Granados-Sánchez, Jacinto Elías Sedeño-Díaz and Eugenia López-López

Environments 2025, 12(11), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110442 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 934

Abstract

Current environmental pollution and degradation are problems of global concern. Environmental assessment indices are commonly applied for managing and diagnosing the health of ecosystems. However, most indices are specific to a type or group of pollutants or environmental characteristics. Therefore, this study focused [...] Read more.

Current environmental pollution and degradation are problems of global concern. Environmental assessment indices are commonly applied for managing and diagnosing the health of ecosystems. However, most indices are specific to a type or group of pollutants or environmental characteristics. Therefore, this study focused on the development of a multi-metric index with the potential to integrate the environmental conditions assessed by specific indices. This index was named the Integrated Environmental Conditions Index (IECI). The IECI was applied to assess the environmental condition of rivers (Escanela, Jalpan, Ayutla, and Santa María) in the Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve in Mexico during two periods: the rainy and dry seasons. The study of surface water and sediment in riverbeds was addressed. We characterised ten study sites using both environmental indices and pollution indices associated with toxic metals/metalloids and microplastics. The IECI detected spatio-temporal changes. Seasonal variations in the environmental conditions were evident, as well as a reduction in environmental integrity in upstream sites, mainly due to the presence of microplastics and toxic metals/metalloids. The IECI proved effective in assessing environmental integrity and represents a valuable management tool for integrating environmental data and supporting informed decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potentially Toxic Elements in the Environment and Their Ecotoxicology)

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16 pages, 1863 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Nanoplastics (NPs): Uptake, Bioaccumulation, and Cellular Internalization in Scientific Literature

by Rossana Romano, Adele Cocozza di Montanara, Roberto Sandulli and Palma Simoniello

Environments 2025, 12(11), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110441 - 16 Nov 2025

Viewed by 689

Abstract

Nanoplastics, due to their small size and high surface reactivity, have emerged as critical pollutants with potential impacts on both environmental and biological systems. Their capacity for cellular internalization, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer raises serious concerns for ecosystem and human health. The objective [...] Read more.

Nanoplastics, due to their small size and high surface reactivity, have emerged as critical pollutants with potential impacts on both environmental and biological systems. Their capacity for cellular internalization, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer raises serious concerns for ecosystem and human health. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric assessment of global research trends pertaining to biological endpoints such as the uptake, cell internalization, and bioaccumulation of nanoplastics. Using the Scopus database and VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20), 638 relevant scientific articles published between 2012 and 2024 were analyzed. The number of publications has grown significantly in recent years, particularly from 2020 onward, indicating increasing scientific attention. Co-authorship among authors and among countries analyses highlights the global and interdisciplinary nature of this field, with strong contributions from China, Europe, and the United States. Keyword co-occurrence analysis reveals a strong thematic focus on oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and the interaction of nanoplastics with heavy metals, suggesting emerging interest in combined toxicity effects. Citation analysis of journals confirms that leading publications in environmental science and toxicology have been central to the dissemination of key findings. The results emphasize a growing international commitment to understanding the behavior of nanoplastics in biological systems, particularly their accumulation and potential health risks. This analysis not only maps the evolution of research but also identifies gaps of knowledge and future directions, offering a foundation for guiding subsequent investigations and informing regulatory frameworks. The use of software tools such as VOSviewer (version 1.6.20) is essential for synthesizing large volumes of scientific data, reducing subjectivity, and, thus, providing visual insights into the structure and development of this research field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk Assessment of Aquatic Environments)

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17 pages, 2089 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption-Desorption of Selenium on Different Nanoscale Waste Materials in Contaminated Water

by Ahmed M. Mahdy, Nieven O. Fathi and Zhi-Qing Lin

Environments 2025, 12(11), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110440 - 16 Nov 2025

Viewed by 513

Abstract

Different sources of nanomaterials on the adsorption of selenium (Se) in aqueous solutions were evaluated, including nanoscale municipal drinking water treatment residues (nWTRs) and agricultural waste pomegranate peels (PNPs), in comparison with commercial carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). Different Se(IV) treatments and application doses of [...] Read more.

Different sources of nanomaterials on the adsorption of selenium (Se) in aqueous solutions were evaluated, including nanoscale municipal drinking water treatment residues (nWTRs) and agricultural waste pomegranate peels (PNPs), in comparison with commercial carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). Different Se(IV) treatments and application doses of each nanomaterial were evaluated. The Se adsorption kinetics were determined at different time intervals. The results showed that the Se sorption capacity of different nanomaterials and their mixtures varied significantly (p < 0.05). Se concentration, the application dosage of nanoparticles, and the interaction time of Se and nanoparticles in Se solutions significantly affect the efficiency of Se adsorption at pH 3.51. The sorption isotherm of Se varied amongst different nanomaterials. Se adsorption on CNPs, nWTRs-CNPs, nWTRs, PNPs-CNPs, nWTRs-PNPs, and PNPs at the 800 mg Se/L treatment was 79.93, 77.48, 76.00, 72.97, 70.49, and 68.16 mg Se/g sorbent, respectively. The H-type isotherm became dominant, indicating intensive interaction between Se and nanoparticles. With the Se treatment of 50 mg/L, the Se removal efficiency of CNPs, nWTRs-CNPs, nWTRs, PNPs-CNPs, nWTRs-PNPs, and PNPs was 100, 96, 93, 87, 85, and 80%, respectively, but became 100, 97, 95, 91, 88, and 85%, respectively, at a higher Se concentration of 800 mg/L. Increasing the application dosage of nanomaterials resulted in a significant increase in Se mass sorbed by the nanoparticles. Se adsorption was best predicted by the Langmuir isotherm model. The desorption rate of the Se mass sorbed by nanoparticles at 800 mg Se/L was 0.4% of the total Se adsorbed by CNPs, with 0.88% by nWTRs-CNPs and 1.69% by PNPs-CNPs, while higher Se desorption rates of 4.2, 7.3, and 17.6% were observed with nWTRs, nWTRs-PNPs, and PNPs, respectively. This study demonstrates that nanoscale municipal and agricultural solid waste materials can be effective in removing Se from contaminated water. Full article

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14 pages, 2731 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isotopic Evidence from the Po River Under Prolonged Drought Conditions (Northern Italy, 2022–2023)

by Gianluca Bianchini, Valentina Brombin, Chiara Marchina and Claudio Natali

Environments 2025, 12(11), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110439 - 16 Nov 2025

Viewed by 605

Abstract

The Po River, the largest watercourse in northern Italy, represents a fundamental resource for the socio-economic system of the Padanian Plain. Between February 2022 and February 2023, the basin was affected by exceptional climatic anomalies, with unprecedented high temperatures, marked precipitation deficits, and [...] Read more.

The Po River, the largest watercourse in northern Italy, represents a fundamental resource for the socio-economic system of the Padanian Plain. Between February 2022 and February 2023, the basin was affected by exceptional climatic anomalies, with unprecedented high temperatures, marked precipitation deficits, and the most severe hydrological drought documented in the instrumental record. Po river waters sampled during this period showed variable increases (Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻) or decreases (Ca²⁺, NO₃⁻) in the geochemical composition of major ions compared to data from previous decades collected under various climatic and hydrological conditions In contrast, the water stable isotope composition (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) of the period 2022–2023 displayed distinct and peculiar signatures, ranging from −64.1 to −53.5‰ for δ²H and from −9.4 to −5.7‰ for δ¹⁸O, compared to historical averages for 1998–2014 (−71.3 to −58.0‰ and −10.0 to −8.7‰, respectively). These values indicate a strong enrichment in heavy isotopes, reflecting warmer and drier climatic conditions, comparable only to those observed during the severe drought of 2015. Two groups of data were identified: Group 1, showing affinities with Eastern Mediterranean precipitation, and Group 2, characterized by pronounced evaporative isotopic enrichment due to prolonged drought, as evidenced by strongly negative d-excess and LC-excess values, consistent with those from arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. This study demonstrates how climate change and increasing hydrological stress are altering the isotopic composition of one of Europe’s most important river systems. Stable isotopes provide a sensitive tool for tracing moisture sources, quantifying evaporative processes, and assessing drought impacts, confirming their role as Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) in climate and water-resource studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Past, Current and Future Processes in the Earth Critical Zone)

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30 pages, 711 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coevolving Citizen Science, Bats, and Urban Planning to Support More-Than-Human Healthy Cities: Lessons from Florida

by Nicole Sarver, Glen Cousquer and Peter Lurz

Environments 2025, 12(11), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110438 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 666

Abstract

Urbanisation has resulted in habitat degradation and destruction for native bat species in Florida, USA, posing a continuing threat to bat populations and ecosystem health. Citizen science has been documented to fill population data gaps and outline bat responses to urbanisation, but an [...] Read more.

Urbanisation has resulted in habitat degradation and destruction for native bat species in Florida, USA, posing a continuing threat to bat populations and ecosystem health. Citizen science has been documented to fill population data gaps and outline bat responses to urbanisation, but an understanding of how this influences societal perceptions of bats and can shape and evolve urban planning initiatives are under-researched and poorly understood. This paper explores how citizen science could contribute to urban planning for bat conservation. A literature review of citizen science projects and native species’ responses to urbanisation mapped the current situation and was supplemented by an analysis of semi-structured interviews with three key informants in the field of bat conservation. Only four of Florida’s thirteen species were featured in the citizen science projects reported in the literature. There was a clear lack of attention to the impact of urbanisation on these species, demonstrating a need for reimagining how data collection and public participation can be improved. An analysis of interviews identified themes of evolving individual perspectives and complex societal connections whose interdependence and coevolution influences the success of both citizen science and urban planning. Understanding this coevolution of society and bat conservation alongside our current knowledge could provide future opportunities for bat-friendly urban planning in Florida with the potential for this to be framed in terms of healthy more-than-human cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Contributions to the One Health Approach)

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17 pages, 3098 KB

Open AccessReview

Current Knowledge of Carnauba Plant (Copernicia prunifera): Current Stage, Trends, and Future Perspectives

by Elane Bezerra da Silva, Vanessa Nessner Kavamura, Francisco Matheus Medeiros de Freitas, Adijailton José de Souza and Arthur Prudêncio de Araujo Pereira

Environments 2025, 12(11), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110437 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 572

Abstract

Carnauba (Copernicia spp.) is a palm tree native to the Brazilian semi-arid region, valued for its significant economic, social, and environmental importance. This resilient species possesses adaptive mechanisms that enable it to endure prolonged periods of soil water scarcity and conditions of [...] Read more.

Carnauba (Copernicia spp.) is a palm tree native to the Brazilian semi-arid region, valued for its significant economic, social, and environmental importance. This resilient species possesses adaptive mechanisms that enable it to endure prolonged periods of soil water scarcity and conditions of flooding and salinity. However, despite its relevance, there is a notable lack of scientometric data on this species in the literature, representing a significant research gap. This study aimed to analyze the state of research on carnauba palm from 2007 to 2022. Datasets were collected from the Web of Science central database, totaling 658 publications related to the terms “carnauba” or “copernicia”. The bibliometric software VOSviewer was used to create visual maps of keyword co-occurrence networks, providing deeper insights into the progress and research trends on the topic. Since 2014, the number of publications on carnauba has steadily increased, peaking between 2019 and 2021. The most prominent focus in these articles is on carnauba wax, with extensive research on its properties and applications in the food production chain. This significance is also reflected in the keyword co-occurrence networks. However, studies combining carnauba with soil sciences remain underexplored. Given carnauba’s importance in environmental and soil conservation, future research linking these areas could become a key avenue for advancing knowledge on the subject. Full article

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22 pages, 2672 KB

Open AccessReview

Mapping Agricultural Sustainability Through Life Cycle Assessment: A Narrative Review

by Konstantinos Spanos, Nikolaos Kladovasilakis, Charisios Achillas and Dimitrios Aidonis

Environments 2025, 12(11), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110436 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1064

Abstract

Over the past few decades, the concept of sustainable agriculture has gained popularity. However, the notion of sustainable agriculture is highly imprecise and unclear, making its application and execution exceedingly challenging. Moreover, disagreements about what sustainability means can lead to a deeper understanding [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, the concept of sustainable agriculture has gained popularity. However, the notion of sustainable agriculture is highly imprecise and unclear, making its application and execution exceedingly challenging. Moreover, disagreements about what sustainability means can lead to a deeper understanding of the intricate empirical procedures and possibly debatable principles involved in any effort to achieve sustainability in agriculture. Practices to increase crop resilience, lower chemical inputs, and boost efficiency are examples of future developments. This review identifies how agricultural life cycle assessment (LCA) studies engage with climate-related metrics such as GHG emissions and land use changes, offering insights for adaptation and mitigation strategies. This review also addresses the need to synthesize existing research on how agriculture and food systems can become more environmentally friendly through LCA. LCA enables the identification of environmental hotspots within agricultural systems, therefore, guiding efforts to limit resource consumption and emissions. For this purpose, a search of a bibliographic database was carried out and the results obtained were analyzed with the open-source tool bibliometrix. There were 2328 results in total with publication years from 1993 to 2025, the latter of which refers to a pre-publication. Then, a post-processing analysis of 1411 articles was conducted and a narrative review of around 100 publications was carried out, where agricultural practices with LCA, current trends, and research gaps were explored. Finally, this paper contributes by identifying three major research gaps derived from the literature synthesis: firstly, the underrepresentation of dynamic LCA models in agriculture; secondly, the lack of geographical balance in case studies; and thirdly, the insufficient integration of socio-economic dimensions in environmental assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy in Waste Management: Challenges and Opportunities)

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15 pages, 10715 KB

Open AccessArticle

Noise Pollution from Diesel Generator Use During the 2024–2025 Electricity Crisis in Ecuador

by David del Pozo, Bryan Valle, Silvio Aguilar, Natalia Donoso and Ángel Benítez

Environments 2025, 12(11), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110435 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 962

Abstract

Hydropower is the primary source of electricity in several countries in Latin America. Hydropower provides approximately 80% of Ecuador’s electricity; however, it remains highly vulnerable to climate change, resulting in uncertainties in power generation due to altered precipitation patterns, runoff, and systematic failures. [...] Read more.

Hydropower is the primary source of electricity in several countries in Latin America. Hydropower provides approximately 80% of Ecuador’s electricity; however, it remains highly vulnerable to climate change, resulting in uncertainties in power generation due to altered precipitation patterns, runoff, and systematic failures. Consequently, Ecuadorians are becoming increasingly reliant on diesel generators during crises, resulting in public health, safety, and economic impacts, as well as social and political disruptions. This study evaluated noise pollution in the central urban area of the city of Loja for the first time during the 2024–2025 electricity crisis in Ecuador. A Type 1 integrating sound-level meter was used to monitor noise pollution (LAeq, 10min) at 20 locations during periods of generator operation and non-operation. At each location, the number of generators, the density of commercial activities along the streets, as well as traffic and other urban characteristics, were recorded. Results revealed that the presence of generators, street width, and the number of generators significantly increased the LAeq, 10min, often exceeding the limits set by the World Health Organization and Ecuador’s environmental regulations. Frequency spectrum analysis revealed that medium frequencies increased with A-weighting, while low frequencies rose with C-weighting, suggesting potential health risks to the local population. The thematic noise map during generator inactivity showed lower noise levels, averaging around 71.5 dBA. Conversely, when the generators were operational, noise levels exceeded 79.6 dBA, indicating a significant increase in environmental noise exposure associated with their use. This highlights an urgent need to implement and expand renewable energy sources, as existing options like wind power, photovoltaic energy, and biomass are insufficient to meet community demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Noise Research)

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21 pages, 1931 KB

Open AccessReview

Microfluidic Field-Deployable Systems for Colorimetric-Based Monitoring of Nitrogen Species in Environmental Waterbodies: Past, Present, and Future

by Jelena Milinovic, James Lunn, Sherif Attia and Gregory Slavik

Environments 2025, 12(11), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110434 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 754

Abstract

The biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (N) in natural waterbodies, ranging from freshwaters to estuaries and seawater, is fundamental to the health of aquatic ecosystems. Anthropogenic pressures (agricultural runoff, atmospheric deposition, and wastewater discharge) have profound effects on these cycles, leading to widespread problems, [...] Read more.

The biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (N) in natural waterbodies, ranging from freshwaters to estuaries and seawater, is fundamental to the health of aquatic ecosystems. Anthropogenic pressures (agricultural runoff, atmospheric deposition, and wastewater discharge) have profound effects on these cycles, leading to widespread problems, such as eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and contamination of drinking water sources. Monitoring of different N-species—ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrite (NO₂⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻) ions, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and total nitrogen (TN)—is of crucial importance to protect and mitigate environmental harm. Traditional analytical methodologies, while providing accurate laboratory data, are hampered by logistical complexity, high cost, and the inability to capture transient environmental events in near-real time. In response to this demand, miniaturised microfluidic technologies offer the opportunity for rapid, on-site measurements with significantly reduced reagent/sample consumption and the development of portable sensors. Here, we review and critically evaluate the principles, state-of-the-art applications, inherent advantages, and ongoing challenges associated with the use of microfluidic colorimetry for N-species in a variety of environmental waterbodies. We explore adaptations of classical colorimetric chemistry to microfluidic-based formats, examine strategies to mitigate complex matrix interferences, and consider future trajectories with autonomous platforms and smart sensor networks for simultaneous multiplexed N-species determination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring of Contaminated Water and Soil)

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22 pages, 19807 KB

Open AccessArticle

Shore Protection Structures as Contributors to Drowning Risk in Italy

by Dario Giorgio Pezzini and Enzo Pranzini

Environments 2025, 12(11), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110433 - 11 Nov 2025

Viewed by 630

Abstract

Approximately 27.6% of Italian beaches are currently affected by erosion, despite the widespread implementation of coastal defence structures. Around 10,500 installations—mainly groins and detached breakwaters—occupy nearly 24.6% of the national shoreline. Although primarily designed to protect tourist beaches, these hard-engineered structures often degrade [...] Read more.

Approximately 27.6% of Italian beaches are currently affected by erosion, despite the widespread implementation of coastal defence structures. Around 10,500 installations—mainly groins and detached breakwaters—occupy nearly 24.6% of the national shoreline. Although primarily designed to protect tourist beaches, these hard-engineered structures often degrade coastal landscapes, alter nearshore circulation, and pose risks to swimmers. Nevertheless, beaches remain a fundamental asset for the “3S” (Sun, Sea, Sand) tourism sector, which contributes approximately 2.2% to Italy’s GDP, accounting for over 175 million tourists’ overnight stays in 2024, frequently concentrated near protected coastal zones. In this study, drowning incidents along the Italian coastline were analyzed using press reports complemented by official statistics. Between 2016 and 2021, an average of 145 fatalities occurred per bathing season. Sudden drownings following medical emergencies accounted for 41% of cases, non-swimmers for 18%, accidental falls into the water for 3%, and water sports activities for an additional 3%. Rip currents on natural beaches were responsible for 22% of drownings, whereas those generated by coastal defence structures accounted for 12%. A further 12% of non-swimmer fatalities are suspected to have resulted from falls into depressions or channels formed in proximity to these structures. Evidence from previous studies and seabed morphology analyses indicates that coastal defence structures can generate rip currents through two main mechanisms: (1) hydraulic pressure exerted against groins, which drives offshore flow, and (2) water outflow between pairs of breakwaters resulting from wave setup behind them. Both processes, though often less intense, are also observed near submerged structures. The erosional channels formed by these currents may persist well beyond storm events, maintaining dangerous conditions for bathers. As Italy continues to rely predominantly on hard coastal protection measures, improving the understanding of drowning dynamics associated with these structures is crucial. This should be accompanied by regulatory updates requiring designers and coastal managers to systematically assess related hazards and to propose effective mitigation and safety strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk Assessment of Aquatic Environments)

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20 pages, 10202 KB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Monitoring of Arundo donax L. Range in Albufera Wetland (Spain): Management Challenges and Policy Implications

by Juan Víctor Molner, Noelia Campillo-Tamarit, Miguel Jover-Cerdá and Juan M. Soria

Environments 2025, 12(11), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110432 - 11 Nov 2025

Viewed by 458

Abstract

Arundo donax L. (common reed), a highly invasive species in Mediterranean wetlands such as the Albufera Natural Park, poses significant ecological and management challenges. Using Landsat-5 and Sentinel-2 NDVI data, this study quantified changes in its coverage between 1996 and 2024. The results [...] Read more.

Arundo donax L. (common reed), a highly invasive species in Mediterranean wetlands such as the Albufera Natural Park, poses significant ecological and management challenges. Using Landsat-5 and Sentinel-2 NDVI data, this study quantified changes in its coverage between 1996 and 2024. The results reveal a significant expansion, showing a decreasing trend (91.4 ha in 1996 to 62.5 ha in 2011; −31.6%) followed by a clear rebound (83.5 ha in 2024; +33.6%), especially in the southern shrublands of the lagoon. A Mann–Kendall analysis confirmed a significant decreasing trend during 1996–2011 and an increasing trend during 2011–2024 (p < 0.05). The results indicate that previous control efforts reduced A. donax cover but that the species has recolonised after 2011, likely due to discontinuous management. These dynamics emphasise that long-term monitoring is required. Management strategies must focus on targeting the rhizome and implementing long-term monitoring programmes spanning three to five years. The utilisation of remote sensing methodologies proved effective in the monitoring of coverage, thereby facilitating the development of remediation strategies. It is imperative that actions accord primacy to critical areas such as the south and canals, complemented by native restoration and enhanced inter-administrative coordination, with the communication of benefits such as flood risk reduction. A balanced approach is required that considers ecological objectives, risks, and socio-political aspects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Ecology: Aquatic Biodiversity, Habitat Restoration and Conservation)

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24 pages, 2104 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Inoculants and Sugarcane Residues Promote Mucuna pruriens Development in Tebuthiuron-Affected Soil: Biological Amendments Support Plant Growth in Polluted Substrate

by Victor Hugo Cruz, Dhônata Marcos Perfeito, Thaís Lopes de Oliveira, Yanca Araujo Frias, Thalia Silva Valério, Vagner do Nascimento, João Pedro Maia and Paulo Renato Matos Lopes

Environments 2025, 12(11), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110431 - 11 Nov 2025

Viewed by 538

Abstract

This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of different bio-inputs—traditional filter cake, filter cake composted with ash, and a microbial inoculant—on the growth and physiological performance of Mucuna pruriens cultivated in soil contaminated with the herbicide tebuthiuron. The experiment followed a completely [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of different bio-inputs—traditional filter cake, filter cake composted with ash, and a microbial inoculant—on the growth and physiological performance of Mucuna pruriens cultivated in soil contaminated with the herbicide tebuthiuron. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with twelve treatments and five evaluation periods (7, 21, 35, 49, and 70 days after sowing). Morphophysiological variables such as plant height, root length, dry biomass, and chlorophyll content were assessed. The results showed that the addition of traditional filter cake promoted significant growth in tebuthiuron-contaminated soil, while, in uncontaminated conditions, both organic residues and the microbial inoculant enhanced plant development, particularly at later stages. Initial phytotoxicity was observed in treatments with organic residues (up to 67% of samples before 35 days), but these effects decreased over time. The microbial inoculant performed better in the absence of organic amendments, suggesting possible antagonistic interactions. Tebuthiuron reduced chlorophyll content by inhibiting photosystem II, but this effect was mitigated by the addition of filter cake. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of integrating Mucuna pruriens cultivation with organic residues and microbial inoculants as an effective phytomanagement strategy for tebuthiuron-affected soils. This approach provides a sustainable model for improving soil health, supporting legume-based rehabilitation, and advancing biological alternatives to conventional remediation practices. Full article

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15 pages, 1310 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Ether Perfluoro Carboxyl Acids (PFECAs) on Innate Immunity in Earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

by Davide Gualandris, Davide Rotondo, Candida Lorusso, Valentina Audrito, Antonio Calisi and Francesco Dondero

Environments 2025, 12(11), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110430 - 10 Nov 2025

Viewed by 463

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) persist in soils, yet their effects on invertebrate immunity remain poorly understood. We compared a legacy congener, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), with three short-chain ether acids GenX (C6), MOBA (C5), and MOPrA (C4) using a 72 h OECD-207 filter-paper [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) persist in soils, yet their effects on invertebrate immunity remain poorly understood. We compared a legacy congener, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), with three short-chain ether acids GenX (C6), MOBA (C5), and MOPrA (C4) using a 72 h OECD-207 filter-paper assay in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Endpoints spanned cellular and humoral defenses: amoebocyte morphometry, oxidative burst (ROS production), phenol oxidase (PO) activity, and the transcription of the lectin CCF-1 and the pore-forming protein lysenin. MOBA and MOPrA caused enlargement of amoebocytes, whereas PFOA and GenX had no morphometric impact. Oxidative burst fell significantly for all congeners. PO inhibition followed the same potency order (MOPrA > GenX > MOBA ≫ PFOA), with near-complete loss at 229 µM MOPrA. Gene expression assays for CCF-1 and lysenin showed shifts in relative fold change for each PFAS congener. The combined biomarker panel—amoebocyte size, ROS, CAT, PO, CCF-1, and lysenin—offers a concise framework for assessing terrestrial PFAS risk and guiding remediation monitoring. Full article

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36 pages, 1650 KB

Open AccessReview

Toxic Effects of Nanoplastics on Animals: Comparative Insights into Microplastic Toxicity

by Kuok Ho Daniel Tang

Environments 2025, 12(11), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110429 - 9 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1102

Abstract

Nanoplastics have emerged as widespread environmental contaminants with toxicological properties that differ from those of microplastics. While existing reviews often examine their effects on specific organisms, they rarely provide direct comparisons with microplastics. This review aims to comprehensively assess the toxic effects of [...] Read more.

Nanoplastics have emerged as widespread environmental contaminants with toxicological properties that differ from those of microplastics. While existing reviews often examine their effects on specific organisms, they rarely provide direct comparisons with microplastics. This review aims to comprehensively assess the toxic effects of nanoplastics on animals, with a comparative perspective highlighting their distinctions from microplastics. In mammals, nanoplastics cross the blood–brain barrier and induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and synaptic disruption, with consequences ranging from cognitive impairment to Parkinson’s disease-like neurodegeneration. They also impair liver, kidney, intestinal, pancreatic, and reproductive function, with evidence of transgenerational toxicity. In aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, bivalves, and aquatic invertebrates, nanoplastics compromise growth, immunity, reproduction, and metabolism, while in terrestrial invertebrates they cause gut toxicity, mitochondrial damage, immune suppression, and heritable defects. Across taxa, the dominant mechanisms involve oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and interference with metabolic and signaling pathways. Comparisons with microplastics reveal that while both particle types are harmful, nanoplastics generally exert stronger and more systemic effects due to higher bioavailability, cellular uptake, and molecular reactivity. Microplastics primarily impose mechanical stress, whereas nanoplastics disrupt cellular homeostasis at lower exposure levels, often acting at the subcellular level. Evidence also indicates size-, surface chemistry-, and concentration-dependent effects, with smaller and functionalized nanoplastics exhibiting heightened toxicity. Despite growing knowledge, significant gaps remain in cross-size comparative studies, long-term and multigenerational assessments, trophic transfer analyses, and investigations involving environmentally derived nanoplastics. Addressing these gaps is critical for advancing ecological risk assessment and developing mitigation strategies against plastic pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecotoxicity of Microplastics)

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23 pages, 975 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Political Economy of Air Quality Governance: A Stakeholder Analysis in the Upper Hunter, NSW, Australia

by Dusan Ilic

Environments 2025, 12(11), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110428 - 9 Nov 2025

Viewed by 470

Abstract

Maintaining air quality is an important environmental challenge, affecting both urban and regional areas where industrial, agricultural, and energy activities intersect. The Upper Hunter Valley, NSW, experiences emissions from coal mining, power generation, agriculture, and wood fires, compounded by local meteorology, geology, and [...] Read more.

Maintaining air quality is an important environmental challenge, affecting both urban and regional areas where industrial, agricultural, and energy activities intersect. The Upper Hunter Valley, NSW, experiences emissions from coal mining, power generation, agriculture, and wood fires, compounded by local meteorology, geology, and climate change. This study applies a political economy framework to examine historical governance structures including colonial legacies, institutional arrangements, and power relations and how they shape stakeholder roles and influence decision-making related to air quality. Technical applied research including improving dust monitoring, occupational health studies, and investigations into alternative fuels provided an empirical basis for identifying key stakeholders, including mining and energy companies, regulatory agencies, local councils, community groups, and environmental organisations. The analysis demonstrates how these actors influence governance processes, social licence to operate, and public perceptions of environmental risk. Findings indicate that effective air quality management requires multi-level, collaborative approaches that integrate technical expertise, regulatory oversight, and community engagement. The study highlights the importance of systemic strategies that align economic, environmental, and social objectives, providing insight into the governance of contested environmental resources in historically and politically complex regional contexts. This article is a rewritten and expanded version of the study “Analysis of air quality stakeholders in the Upper Hunter”, presented at the Clean Air conference, in Hobart, Australia, August 2024. Full article

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25 pages, 633 KB

Open AccessReview

Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Food Animal Production: Environmental Implications and One Health Challenges

by Konrad Wojnarowski, Paulina Cholewińska, Dongqinq Zhao, Jakub Pacoń and Robert Bodkowski

Environments 2025, 12(11), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110427 - 9 Nov 2025

Viewed by 853

Abstract

Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine and animal production, yet their extensive use has accelerated the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Beyond clinical contexts, livestock and aquaculture are now recognized as major contributors to the global resistome. This review synthesizes evidence across cattle, [...] Read more.

Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine and animal production, yet their extensive use has accelerated the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Beyond clinical contexts, livestock and aquaculture are now recognized as major contributors to the global resistome. This review synthesizes evidence across cattle, poultry, swine, sheep and goats, and aquaculture, highlighting how antimicrobial usage shapes resistance at the human–animal–environment interface. A substantial proportion of administered drugs is excreted unmetabolized, leading to the accumulation of unmetabolized antimicrobial residues, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soils, manures, waters, sediments, and air. These reservoirs function as long-term sources and dissemination pathways through runoff, leaching, bioaerosols, effluents, and biological vectors. Despite different production systems, similar ARG families dominate, particularly those conferring resistance to tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and β-lactams. Mobile genetic elements and co-selectors such as heavy metals, disinfectants, and microplastics reinforce their persistence. Aquaculture, where water serves both as habitat and vector, emerges as a critical hotspot, while small ruminant systems remain under-researched despite their importance in many low- and middle-income countries. This synthesis highlights convergent patterns across sectors: antimicrobial use drives ARG enrichment; manures, litters, sediments, and effluents act as persistent reservoirs; and dissemination routes connect farms, ecosystems, and human populations. Within a One Health framework, mitigation requires preventive strategies—vaccination, biosecurity, and optimized waste management—supported by harmonized stewardship policies and integrated environmental surveillance. Full article

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28 pages, 4397 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological and Fluvial Corridor of the Verri Stream as a Connecting Step in the Natura 2000 Network Along the Calabria Coastal Region, Italy

by Nicola Cantasano

Environments 2025, 12(11), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110426 - 9 Nov 2025

Viewed by 505

Abstract

In Calabria coastal regions, seaward and landward sides could be connected through the ecological role of fluvial catchments. Calabria Tyrrhenian coast shows a wilderness area, characterized by two terrestrial and marine Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) connected by the fluvial catchment of Verri [...] Read more.

In Calabria coastal regions, seaward and landward sides could be connected through the ecological role of fluvial catchments. Calabria Tyrrhenian coast shows a wilderness area, characterized by two terrestrial and marine Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) connected by the fluvial catchment of Verri stream. The bibliographic search was realized according to a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, as a standardized method for screening the most relevant literature. The field survey, conducted in the study area, highlighted high biodiversity levels and a great natural heritage represented by 189 plant species and 130 animal ones. According to the resulting data, the basin represents a classical model of ecological corridor linking terrestrial and marine SACs, as cornerstones of Natura 2000 network, so representing the European assessment for biodiversity conservation. This paper highlights the high biological richness of a wilderness area showing the tight relationship between the continental and the marine districts of the same coastal region. The main goal of the research is to remark the fundamental role of fluvial corridors within a regional approach where riverine catchments could represent the connecting steps of the network. In Calabria it is hopeful to establish a functional connectivity amongst protected areas supported by fluvial corridors along the regional basins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomonitoring and Risk Assessment of Marine Ecosystems)

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30 pages, 1667 KB

Open AccessReview

Biochar Amendments for Soil Restoration: Impacts on Nutrient Dynamics and Microbial Activity

by Kuok Ho Daniel Tang

Environments 2025, 12(11), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110425 - 9 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1250

Abstract

Biochar is increasingly recognized as a multifunctional soil amendment that improves soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and crop productivity. Studies across field, greenhouse, and incubation settings show that biochar enhances nutrient retention, reduces leaching, and regulates carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling. Its effects are [...] Read more.

Biochar is increasingly recognized as a multifunctional soil amendment that improves soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and crop productivity. Studies across field, greenhouse, and incubation settings show that biochar enhances nutrient retention, reduces leaching, and regulates carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling. Its effects are shaped by intrinsic physicochemical properties and interactions with soil minerals, microbial communities, and enzymatic processes. Short-term benefits of biochar applications often include improved nutrient adsorption and water regulation, while long-term applications support stable soil organic matter formation, root development, and fertilizer use efficiency. Biochar also reshapes soil microbial diversity and activity. Beneficial bacterial groups such as Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, along with fungi such as Mortierella, respond positively, enhancing nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and organic matter decomposition. Meanwhile, biochar applications could suppress pathogens. Enzyme activities, including urease and phosphatase, are typically stimulated, driving nutrient mobilization. Yet outcomes remain context-dependent, with biochar feedstock, application rate, soil conditions, and crop type influencing results; excessive use may suppress enzymatic activity, reduce nutrient availability, or shift microbial communities unfavorably. Practically, biochar can improve fertilizer efficiency, restore degraded soils, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate-smart agriculture. Future work should prioritize long-term, multi-site trials and advanced analytical tools to refine sustainable application strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Remediation and Improvement Through the Application of By-Product Amendments, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 1679 KB

Open AccessArticle

Raining Plastics: Quantification of Atmospheric Deposition of Plastic and Anthropogenic Particles into an Estuary of National Significance with the Assistance of Citizen Scientists

by Linda J. Walters, Madison Serrate, Tara Blanchard, Paul Sacks, Fnu Joshua and Lei Zhai

Environments 2025, 12(11), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110424 - 8 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1015

Abstract

Globally, little is known about the dispersal of microplastics (MP) and anthropogenic particles (AP) via atmospheric deposition (AD) into water bodies. Correlating AD to the large number of MP in estuaries is challenging but an important first step toward reducing this form of [...] Read more.

Globally, little is known about the dispersal of microplastics (MP) and anthropogenic particles (AP) via atmospheric deposition (AD) into water bodies. Correlating AD to the large number of MP in estuaries is challenging but an important first step toward reducing this form of pollution. A previously published model of the surface waters of the Indian River Lagoon (IRL, east central coast of Florida, USA) estimated it contained 1.4 trillion microplastics. To determine if AD could produce this much plastic deposition, we deployed passive AD collectors throughout a 145 km² area at three site types with assistance from citizen scientists. We predicted that the rate of deposition of MP and AP would be greatest in residential areas, intermediate within a national park, and lowest on intertidal oyster reefs. Moreover, we predicted Florida’s wet season and individual rain events would increase deposition based on the published literature. Over 14 months, deposition averaged 1224 MP/m²/d; extrapolated, this yields 1.1 trillion MP for the lagoon-wide total deposition estimate (95% CI: 0.86–1.39 trillion MP). This value suggests that AD may represent an important pathway for MP to enter this estuary. More MP were deposited during rain events and in the wet season, with no differences among sites. Overall, our results provide important data for understanding AD of MP and AP in estuaries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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27 pages, 4450 KB

Open AccessArticle

Frequency, Spatial Distribution, and Influence of Consecutive Dry Days on Rainfed Agriculture

by Melina da Silva de Souza, Fernando Bezerra Lopes, Francisco Josivan de Oliveira Lima, Francisco Tavares Forte Neto, Fernanda Helena Oliveira da Silva, Ana Célia Maia Meireles, Nayara Rochelli de Sousa Luna, Michele Cunha Pontes, Lindenberg Costa Paulino, Emanuell Teixeira Castro and Eunice Maia de Andrade

Environments 2025, 12(11), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110423 - 8 Nov 2025

Viewed by 355

Abstract

Given the climate variability of semi-arid regions, this study analysed rainfall regimes and their influence on consecutive dry days (CDDs) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) productivity in Ceará, Brazil. Rainfall data from 184 municipalities (1990–2019) and productivity records were used across eight homogeneous rainfall [...] Read more.

Given the climate variability of semi-arid regions, this study analysed rainfall regimes and their influence on consecutive dry days (CDDs) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) productivity in Ceará, Brazil. Rainfall data from 184 municipalities (1990–2019) and productivity records were used across eight homogeneous rainfall regions. Water scenarios (very dry, dry, normal, rainy, and very rainy) were defined using quantiles, and three CDD classes were considered: CDD1 (5–10 days), CDD2 (11–15 days), and CDD3 (>15 days). Statistical analyses were performed with the Kruskal–Wallis test and Spearman’s correlation, and spatial patterns were mapped with ordinary kriging. Ceará’s climate normal was 837 mm, with the Central Sertão and Inhamuns and Jaguaribana showing the lowest rainfall. A total of 39,382 CDD events were identified, with 67% as CDD1, 16% as CDD2, and 17% as CDD3. Cariri had the highest CDD1 occurrences, while Central Sertão and Inhamuns recorded the highest CDD3. Cowpea yield averaged 286 ± 85 kg ha⁻¹, with the lowest productivity in Central Sertão and Inhamuns due to reduced rainfall and frequent CDD3. Productivity correlated positively with CDD1 in one very dry scenario and negatively with CDD3 in very dry, dry, and normal conditions. The findings highlight regional vulnerabilities and the strong link between CDD and crop yield. Full article

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14 pages, 1624 KB

Open AccessArticle

Strategic Tillage in the Mediterranean: No Universal Gains, Only Contextual Outcomes

by Harun Cicek, Ilin Kim, José M. Blanco-Moreno, Idoia Urrutia Larrachea, Hatem Cheikh M’hamed, Irfan Gultekin, Hassan Ouabbou, Aziz Zine El Abidine, Mia Schoeber, Oussama El Gharras, Serpil Gültekin, Yasin Kaya, Kazım Gür and Fatih Özdemir

Environments 2025, 12(11), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110422 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 522

Abstract

In Mediterranean drylands, where year-to-year climatic variability and soil constraints (e.g., compaction or shallow profiles) often limit the feasibility of strict no-tillage (NT), strategic tillage (ST) has emerged as a pragmatic support tool within conservation agriculture. To evaluate its short-term effects, multi-country field [...] Read more.

In Mediterranean drylands, where year-to-year climatic variability and soil constraints (e.g., compaction or shallow profiles) often limit the feasibility of strict no-tillage (NT), strategic tillage (ST) has emerged as a pragmatic support tool within conservation agriculture. To evaluate its short-term effects, multi-country field trials were established in Morocco, Tunisia, Türkiye, and Spain across a rainfall gradient (250–580 mm). We assessed soil water content (SWC), crop biomass, and yield under ST compared with NT systems. Results were context-dependent. SWC responses varied: largely unchanged in Morocco and Tunisia, slightly increased in Morocco in 2023, and significantly reduced in Spain in 2022. Biomass generally showed no significant change, with modest decreases in Morocco and modest increases in Tunisia. Yield effects were more pronounced: pooled data from Morocco indicated a significant reduction under ST, and Tunisia showed a significant yield loss in 2021. Türkiye exhibited non-significant declines in both SWC and yield, while Spain experienced yield-neutral but SWC-reducing outcomes. Overall, ST did not have negative effects across sites. Instead, its impacts were strongly conditioned by local soils, rainfall distribution, and crop context. These findings highlight that ST can be considered as a pragmatic tool to overcome some of the agronomic difficulties in the Mediterranean region with little or no negative effects on productivity of soil moisture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Soil Quality and Management, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 4077 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Rice Straw Size on Flow Velocity and Rill Erosion: A Laboratory-Scale Experiment

by Misagh Parhizkar, Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja and Demetrio Antonio Zema

Environments 2025, 12(11), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110421 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 362

Abstract

The residues of rice production could be used as a mulch to reduce the effects of rill erosion on long and steep hillslopes. However, there is a need to identify the most effective size of this residue to apply as a countermeasure of [...] Read more.

The residues of rice production could be used as a mulch to reduce the effects of rill erosion on long and steep hillslopes. However, there is a need to identify the most effective size of this residue to apply as a countermeasure of rill erosion, exploring its effect on hydraulic variables. Several investigations have focused on the anti-erosive effects of other crop residues, while experiences on rice straw applications to reduce rill erosion are still lacking. To fill this gap, this study has measured the variability in flow velocity, stream power and the resulting soil loss in a rill covered by rice straw. Flume experiments simulating rill erosion have been carried out comparing soil loss among treatments with rice straw (dose of 3 tonnes ha⁻¹ and lengths between 20 and 70, 80 and 130, or 140 and 190 mm) and a non-mulched control. Moreover, a multiple regression model that predicts soil loss for a rill cover with rice straw of a given length has been proposed. The application of rice straw reduced the soil loss by at least 20% compared to bare soils. The most suitable size of the applied straw was 90 to 130 mm, which reduces soil loss by 45%. Finer straw (20 to 70 mm) did not significantly improve the soil’s resistance to rill erosion. The beneficial effects of straw must be ascribed to the reduction in flow velocity due to the presence of straw, as shown by accurate power equations regressing the soil loss to this variable. In spite of some limitations (small experimental scale, local environmental conditions, and low incorporation level of the substrate), the results are useful for land managers and hydrologists for soil conservation in hillslopes subjected to intense rill erosion and with similar climatic and hydrological and geomorphological conditions as the case study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Soil Quality and Management, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 4938 KB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Moisture and Growth Rates During Peak Yield Accumulation of Cassava Genotypes for Drought and Full Irrigation Conditions

by Passamon Ittipong, Supranee Santanoo, Nimitr Vorasoot, Sanun Jogloy, Kochaphan Vongcharoen, Piyada Theerakulpisut, Tracy Lawson and Poramate Banterng

Environments 2025, 12(11), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110420 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 536

Abstract

Climate change causes unpredictable weather patterns, leading to more frequent and severe droughts. Investigating the effects of drought and irrigation on soil water status and the performance of various cassava genotypes can provide valuable insights for mitigating drought through designing appropriate genotypes and [...] Read more.

Climate change causes unpredictable weather patterns, leading to more frequent and severe droughts. Investigating the effects of drought and irrigation on soil water status and the performance of various cassava genotypes can provide valuable insights for mitigating drought through designing appropriate genotypes and water management strategies. The objective of this research was to evaluate soil moisture, growth rates, and final yields (total dry weight, storage root dry weight, harvest index and starch yield) of six cassava genotypes cultivated under drought conditions during the late growth phase, as well as under full irrigation. The study utilized a split-plot randomized complete block design with four replications, conducted over two growing seasons (2022/2023 and 2023/2024). The main plots were assigned as two water regimes to prevent water movement between plots: full irrigation and drought treatments. The subplot consisted of six cassava genotypes. Measurements included soil properties before planting, weather data, soil moisture content, relative water content (RWC) in cassava leaves, and several growth rates: leaf growth rate (LGR), stem growth rate (SGR), storage root growth rate (SRGR), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), as well as final yields. The results revealed that low soil moisture contents for drought treatment led to variation in RWC, growth, and yield among cassava genotypes. Variations in soil and weather conditions between the 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 growing seasons resulted in differences in the performance of the genotypes. Kasetsart 50 (2022/2023) and CMR38–125–77 (2023/2024) were top performers under late drought stress regarding storage root dry weight and starch yield, showing vigorous recovery upon re-watering, evidenced by their significant increase in LGR (between 240 and 270 DAP) and their high RGR (240–360 DAP). Rayong 9 (2023/2024) demonstrated strong performance in both during the drought period (180–240 DAP), efficiently allocating resources under water scarcity, with SRGR and starch yield reduced by 26.4% and 9.5%, respectively, compared to full irrigation. These cassava genotypes are valuable genetic resources for cassava cultivation and can be used as parental material in breeding programs aimed at improving drought tolerance. Full article

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4 pages, 156 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Research Progress in Groundwater Contamination and Treatment

by Eleni Gianni and Panagiotis Papazotos

Environments 2025, 12(11), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110419 - 5 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Groundwater constitutes approximately 99% of the total freshwater volume circulating on Earth [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress in Groundwater Contamination and Treatment)

16 pages, 2273 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can Environmental Conditions Alter the Physiological and Photochemical Plasticity of Cacti (Opuntia and Nopalea) in Semiarid Environments?

by Lady Daiane Costa de Sousa Martins, Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim, Luciana Sandra Bastos de Souza, Lara Rosa de Lima e Silva, Wagner Martins dos Santos, Márcia Bruna Marim de Moura, Wilma Roberta dos Santos, Adriano Nascimento Simões, Sérgio Luiz Ferreira-Silva, Hugo Rafael Bentzen Santos, João L. M. P. de Lima and Thieres George Freire da Silva

Environments 2025, 12(11), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110418 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 588

Abstract

Cacti of the genera Opuntia and Nopalea exhibit morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics that favor their adaptation to semiarid environments, such as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and cladode succulence. These strategies reduce water loss and allow the maintenance of photosynthesis under stress conditions. In [...] Read more.

Cacti of the genera Opuntia and Nopalea exhibit morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics that favor their adaptation to semiarid environments, such as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and cladode succulence. These strategies reduce water loss and allow the maintenance of photosynthesis under stress conditions. In this study, we evaluated the seasonal variation in the physiological and photochemical responses of forage cactus clones grown in semiarid environments, considering the rainy, dry, and transition seasons. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters varied significantly as a function of water availability and microclimatic conditions. We found higher CO₂ assimilation rates during the rainy season, while the dry season resulted in a strong impairment of photosynthetic activity, with reductions of 65% in stomatal conductance, 37% in transpiration, 20% in maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II, and 19% in the electron transport rate. Furthermore, during these periods, we observed an increase in initial fluorescence and non-photochemical dissipation, demonstrating the activation of photoprotective mechanisms against excess light energy. During the transition seasons, the cacti exhibited rapid adjustments in gas exchange and energy dissipation, indicating the adaptive plasticity of CAM pathway. The MIU (Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck), OEM (Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw.), and IPA (Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck) clones demonstrated greater resilience, maintaining greater stability in P_n, instantaneous water use efficiency, and photochemical parameters during the drought. In contrast, the OEA (Opuntia undulata Griffiths) clone showed high sensitivity to water and heat stress, with marked reductions in physiological and photochemical performance. In summary, the photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll fluorescence of CAM plants result from the interaction between water availability, air temperature, radiation, and genotypic traits. This study provides a new scientific basis for exploring the effects of environmental conditions on the carbon and biochemical metabolism of cacti grown in a semiarid environment. Full article

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