Parkinson Disease-Mediated Gastrointestinal Disorders and Rational for Combinatorial Therapies
1
Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
2
Department of Pain Medicine, Baptist Medical Center, Jacksonville, FL 32258, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Yu-Jia Chang
Med. Sci. 2016, 4(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci4010001
Received: 4 December 2015
/
Revised: 24 December 2015
/
Accepted: 13 January 2016
/
Published: 20 January 2016
A gradual loss of dopamine-producing nerve cells gives rise to a common neurodegenerative Parkinson’s disease (PD). This disease causes a neurotransmitter imbalance in the brain and initiates a cascade of complications in the rest of the body that appears as distressing symptoms which include gait problems, tremor, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and cognitive decline. To aid dopamine deficiency, treatment in PD patients includes oral medications, in addition to other methods such as deep brain stimulation and surgical lesioning. Scientists are extensively studying molecular and signaling mechanisms, particularly those involving phenotypic transcription factors and their co-regulatory proteins that are associated with neuronal stem cell (SC) fate determination, maintenance and disease state, and their role in the pathogenesis of PD. Advancement in scientific research and “personalized medicine” to augment current therapeutic intervention and minimize the side effects of chemotherapy may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic strategies in the near future. This review focuses on PD and associated GI complications and summarizes the current therapeutic modalities that include stem cell studies and combinatorial drug treatment.
View Full-Text
Keywords:
Parkinson disease; neurodegeneration; bowel movements; stem cell; drug combination; targeted therapy
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Ali, S.A.; Yin, N.; Rehman, A.; Justilien, V. Parkinson Disease-Mediated Gastrointestinal Disorders and Rational for Combinatorial Therapies. Med. Sci. 2016, 4, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci4010001
AMA Style
Ali SA, Yin N, Rehman A, Justilien V. Parkinson Disease-Mediated Gastrointestinal Disorders and Rational for Combinatorial Therapies. Medical Sciences. 2016; 4(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci4010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Syed A., Ning Yin, Arkam Rehman, and Verline Justilien. 2016. "Parkinson Disease-Mediated Gastrointestinal Disorders and Rational for Combinatorial Therapies" Medical Sciences 4, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci4010001
Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
