In Vitro Activity of Farnesol against Malassezia pachydermatis Isolates from Otitis Externa Cases in Dogs

Simple Summary Despite the discoveries of new therapeutic antimycotics, the development of drug resistance is still the main clinical challenge in the treatment of mycoses. Data on the presence of new phytopreparations, along with the direct fungicidal effects that interfere with the resistance of fungal pathogens located in the biofilm, are of great interest. Our research focused on four investigations: (1) study M. pachydermatis as a biofilm infection; (2) the search for the strongest biofilm producers and the most resistant strains to antimycotics; (3) check if there is a correlation between the resistance of strains to modern antimycotics and the ability to form biofilms; and (4) study of the effect on three of the best biofilm producers under the action of several concentrations of Farnesol. These experiments confirmed related applications of Farnesol and its research progression in antifungal therapy of otitis externa. Abstract Chronic otitis externa of dogs is a significant problem due to the prevalence and complexity of the treatment of such animals. There is evidence that in 60–80% of cases of infectious diseases microorganisms located in the biofilm phenotype play the main role. Microorganisms in the biofilm phenotype have a number of advantages, the most significant of which is considered to be increased resistance to various external factors. Among them, a special place is occupied by resistance to antibiotics. In recent decades, research has been conducted at an increasing scale on the role of biofilm infections in various pathologies in veterinary medicine. The etiology and therapy of dog otitis externa caused by Malassezia pachydermatis biofilm has not been fully studied. This is why we consider relevant the scientific and practical aspects of research on the etiology and therapy of dog otitis externa from the position of biofilm infection. In this work, it has been statistically proven that there is a relationship between the optical density of Malassezia pachydermatis biofilms and their sensitivity to drugs, and this relationship is statistically significant. In addition, we have demonstrated that Farnesol has a good antibiofilm effect at a concentration of more 1.6 μM/mL (24% OD decrease of biofilm), and its highest antibiofilm effect (71–55%—more than a half) was observed at a concentration of 200–12.5 μM/mL.


Introduction
The basidiomycetous yeast (BY) Malassezia pachydermatis is a commensal but is also the most isolated pathogenic yeast in veterinary medicine [1,2]. The mechanisms of the transition of M. pachydermatis from a commensal to a pathogen are not fully understood. Generally, treatment of Malassezia-associated diseases is based on topical application of an antifungal drug combined with antibiotics to control bacterial infection and glucocorticoids to reduce inflammation [3][4][5].
Inflammatory processes of the middle ear, complicated by a fungal infection, are a frequently diagnosed pathology. According to literature data, otitis externa account for 20% of all diseases encountered in veterinary practice. It has also been found that otitis externa of the outer ear in dogs and cats are five times more common than in other animal species [6][7][8].
Currently, there is a tendency to increase the incidence of opportunistic mycoses in animals. Dermatomycoses (Microsporia, trichophytia) are replaced by diseases caused by opportunistic fungi. One of these are yeast-like fungi (YLF) of the genera Candida and BY Malassezia [9][10][11].
Although fungi of the genus Malassezia are the most common etiological agents of infectious animal otitis externa, it must be borne in mind that these diseases can also be caused by other types of fungi and yeast. This indicates the need for qualified species identification of microorganism isolated from animals suspected of having Malassezia infection.
The pathogenic properties of BY of the genus Malassezia and their clinical role in the infectious diseases of animals are still topics of discussion. The factors relating to the transition of a microorganism from a non-pathogenic to a clearly pathogenic form capable of causing a disease has not been fully clarified. There is no consensus on whether Malassezia infections can be considered as an independent disease, or whether they are only an aggravating factor against the background of other pathologies [12][13][14].
In veterinary mycology, the clinical role of BY Malassezia in animal skin diseases has only been established relatively recently. Intensive research in recent decades has made a significant contribution to the understanding of the pathogenesis of Malassezia infections. Currently, most researchers share the opinion that the pathogenicity of Malassezia is "opportunistic" in nature, i.e., BY is able to exhibit pathogenic properties only against a background of certain predisposing factors. Therefore, in favorable conditions (increased sebum secretion and humidity, violation of the epidermal barrier), they actively multiply, the yeast form of the fungus turns into mycelial, and Malassesia is introduced into the epidermis, showing pathogenic properties. However, according to another theory, the transformation from the yeast phase to the mycelial phase is not due to the special pathogenicity of the latter but is only a consequence of lipid metabolism disorders in the host body. This is based on the fact that the M. pachydermatis species is not able to transform into a mycelial form [15,16].
The development of the pathological process in Malassesiosis is associated with a multiple increase in the population of microorganisms in the lesion. The population of BY in sick animals increases by 100-10,000 times. Moreover, an increase in the number of cells of the genus Malassezia is noted, not only on the surface of the skin, but also on the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity, vulva, and prepuce, i.e., the factors predisposing to this are systemic [11,12,17].
On the one hand, the primary factor for increasing the BY population is a violation of the physical, chemical, and immunological mechanisms of host defense, which normally limit the fungal colonization of the skin [18,19]. On the other hand, communication of microorganisms within the population, carried out by means of "signaling molecules", plays a key role in starting the pathological process. It is assumed that when a population reaches a certain number, a "sense of quorum" arises in it, which serves as a starting signal for the activation of pathogenicity factors and, as a consequence, leads to the development of an infectious process [20].
The mechanism of intrapopulation communication of microorganisms is associated with such a phenomenon as the formation of biofilms-supra-organizational structures that provide protective and trophic functions. Biofilms are differentiated communities of microorganisms formed by a single microbial agent or a mixture of fungal and bacterial species. Biofilms are attached to biotic or abiotic surfaces, and their structure contributes to the innate physical and chemical resistance of microorganisms [21]. It is known that the ability to form biofilms is one of the pathogenicity factors of the Candida genus [22], and in 2007 it was found that BY of the genus Malassezia are also capable of forming biofilms on the surface of various substrates [23].
Researchers have found that the symbiotic relationships of BY and skin-dwelling bacteria (in particular, Staphylococci) play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Staphylococci also produce lipase, which disrupts the secretory function of the skin and creates favorable conditions for the growth of both organisms, while such conditions are unfavorable for other competitive microorganisms [24]. In addition to Staphylococci, other types of bacteria and microscopic fungi can play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Therefore, from dogs with external otitis caused by M. pachydermatis were also isolated bacterias such as: Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp., and Streptococcus spp., as well as fungi-Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. [25,26].
Significant virulence factors of BY Malassezia are hydrolytic enzymes that cause the invasion of the fungus into host tissues. Lipolytic enzymes are able to hydrolyze skin secretion lipids to free fatty acids. In turn, free fatty acids inhibit the growth of other microorganisms, increasing the competitiveness of BY [27].
Recently, in the scientific literature, close attention has been paid to the study of herbal medicines and the possibility of their use for the treatment of infectious (fungal and bacterial) diseases [28]. According to the literature and our own research, Farnesol (C 15 H 26 O)-Far-has proven its antimycotic efficacy in in vivo and in vitro models [29][30][31]. Chemically, Far is an acyclic sesquiterpene alcohol; it is a thermally stable molecule. It is not exposed to extreme pH values, which is especially important in the development of YLF infection. Farnesol, as a quorum-sensing (QS) molecule, participates in the regulation of various physiological processes in unicellular fungi, including filamentation, biofilm formation, drug susceptibility, and apoptosis. This compound is produced by many microorganisms and is also contained in various essential oils of plants, for example, in the flowers of Tilia europaea [32]. Despite a large number of scientific articles and our own studies proving the antibiotic effect of Far against Candida spp., the effect of this molecule in relation to BY of the genus Malassezia has not yet been studied.
Today, in veterinary medicine, only a few doctors recommend phytopreparations for the treatment of otitis externa and dermatitis, and there is still relatively little data on their effectiveness in the scientific literature, especially in Russian. Therefore, the development of targeted therapy using alternative means can become one of the directions in solving global problems of infectious animal diseases, as well as the increased resistance of microorganisms [10,17,33]. Essential oils of herbal origin, such as tea tree oil, lime oil, and rosemary oil, have gained global importance in dermatology. These oils are rich in aromatic secondary metabolites, especially terpenes and phenolic components that impart substantial antimicrobial properties and resisting biofilm production [34][35][36][37][38].
Our research focused on four investigations: (1) study M. pachydermatis as a biofilm infection; (2) the search for the strongest biofilm producers and the most resistant strains to antimycotics; (3) check if there is a correlation between the resistance of strains to modern antimycotics and the ability to form biofilms; and (4) study of the effect on three of the best biofilm producers under the action of several concentrations of Far. These experiments confirmed related applications of Far and its research progression in antifungal therapy of otitis externa.

Animals
At the Center of Veterinary Innovative Medicine of the RUDN (Moscow) for the period 2021-2022, 76 cases of dog otitis externa were investigated, of which 30 cases were confirmed otitis with Malassezia pachydermatis etiology (C1-C30).
The study involved 30 dogs of different breeds, gender, and age, from 1 to 14 years. All the animals had apartment maintenance with walking. Their diets consisted of dry food. Treatments for ectoparasites (external) and endoparasites (internal) were carried out in all participants of the experiment regularly and on time. According to their anamnesis, there was itching in the ears and an unpleasant smell for several weeks. At the reception, the following were noted: hyperemia of the auricles, stenosis of the auditory canal, in some cases alopecia, and a large amount of yellow-brown discharge with a sharp sour smell (Figure 1a-f). We did not conduct any animal experiments; all this work was only with microbial strains and did not require authorization from the Ethics Committee.

Animals
At the Center of Veterinary Innovative Medicine of the RUDN (Moscow) for the period 2021-2022, 76 cases of dog otitis externa were investigated, of which 30 cases were confirmed otitis with Malassezia pachydermatis etiology (C1-C30).
The study involved 30 dogs of different breeds, gender, and age, from 1 to 14 years. All the animals had apartment maintenance with walking. Their diets consisted of dry food. Treatments for ectoparasites (external) and endoparasites (internal) were carried out in all participants of the experiment regularly and on time. According to their anamnesis, there was itching in the ears and an unpleasant smell for several weeks. At the reception, the following were noted: hyperemia of the auricles, stenosis of the auditory canal, in some cases alopecia, and a large amount of yellow-brown discharge with a sharp sour smell (Figure 1a-f). We did not conduct any animal experiments; all this work was only with microbial strains and did not require authorization from the Ethics Committee. In our work, several clinical forms of external otitis were noted. Erythematous otitis is accompanied by erythema and edema, and the degree of itching varied. Erythematousceruminous was manifested by erythema, itching, and the release of abundant ear secretions (cerumen) of a yellow-brown color, often with an unpleasant odor. Ceruminous otitis was characterized by abundant discharge of earwax, but without signs of inflammation. The proliferative form was characterized by hyperplasia of the sebaceous glands, the formation of papules merging in the form of "cauliflower", which is typical in chronic cases. With purulent otitis, purulent discharge was observed, palpation of the ear was painful, and sometimes crepitation was heard. In most cases, we observed Malassezia-otitis with erythematous-ceruminous form.

Strains
For our experiments, BY received clinically was used. Preliminary identification of strains to the genus Malassezia level was carried out by phenotypic signs using microscopy of an ear smear contents and staining with Gentian violet. Ear exudate was applied to the surface of the nutrient medium Sabouraud dextrose agar (Difco, Bordeaux, France) and cultured at 37 ° C for 48-72 h. Then identification of microorganisms was carried out using the matrix-activated laser desorption/ionization technology "Bruker Daltonik MALDI Biotyper" ("Bruker Daltonik Inc.", Bremen, Germany). Identification with a Score of more than 2000 was considered reliable. The obtained spectra were compared with the library of mass spectrum profiles of Biotiper3 MALDI [39]. The strains were stored at −80 °C [40].

Reagents
Farnesol (farnesol) (trans, trans-farnesol; Sigma-Adrich, Darmstadt, Germany), molar mass = 222.37 gr/mol, mass of the substance = 0.886 g/mL, the amount of the substance in moles = 0.886:222.37 = 0.004 M/mL, or 4000 µM/mL ( Figure 2). In our work, several clinical forms of external otitis were noted. Erythematous otitis is accompanied by erythema and edema, and the degree of itching varied. Erythematousceruminous was manifested by erythema, itching, and the release of abundant ear secretions (cerumen) of a yellow-brown color, often with an unpleasant odor. Ceruminous otitis was characterized by abundant discharge of earwax, but without signs of inflammation. The proliferative form was characterized by hyperplasia of the sebaceous glands, the formation of papules merging in the form of "cauliflower", which is typical in chronic cases. With purulent otitis, purulent discharge was observed, palpation of the ear was painful, and sometimes crepitation was heard. In most cases, we observed Malassezia-otitis with erythematous-ceruminous form.

Strains
For our experiments, BY received clinically was used. Preliminary identification of strains to the genus Malassezia level was carried out by phenotypic signs using microscopy of an ear smear contents and staining with Gentian violet. Ear exudate was applied to the surface of the nutrient medium Sabouraud dextrose agar (Difco, Bordeaux, France) and cultured at 37 • C for 48-72 h. Then identification of microorganisms was carried out using the matrix-activated laser desorption/ionization technology "Bruker Daltonik MALDI Biotyper" ("Bruker Daltonik Inc.", Bremen, Germany). Identification with a Score of more than 2000 was considered reliable. The obtained spectra were compared with the library of mass spectrum profiles of Biotiper3 MALDI [39]. The strains were stored at −80 • C [40]. For M. pachydermatis cultivation, Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) or Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) were used (Difco, Bordeaux, France). BY of the genus Malassezia have a special metabolism; therefore, their growth requires the presence of fatty acids in the nutrient medium with a chain length of 12-14 carbon atoms. They are not able to synthesize such fatty acids on their own, except for M. pachydermatis, which is able to grow on simple nutrient media such as SDA and SDB.

Densitometric Indicators of Microbial Biofilms
Colonies of four-day cultures of M. pachydermatis from SDA were washed with physiological solution (PhS) (pH 7.0). The concentration of BY was 0.5, according to McFarland, which corresponded to 1.5 × 10 8 cells/mL. The tested samples were added to the wells of a 96-well plate (Medpolymer Company, Russia), cultivated in a constant aerobic environment at 37 °С for 72 h. The liquid was discarded, and the wells were washed with 200 µL of phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) three times (рН 7.3). The plates were shaken for 5 min at each stage of washing. The samples were fixed with 150 µL of 96% ethanol for 15 min and dried at 37 °С for 20 min. The microbial biofilms were stained by adding 0.5% stain solution-crystal violet (HiMedia™ Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India)-in each well and subsequent cultivation at 37 °С for 5 min. The optical density (OD) of the biofilm was measured by the degree of binding of crystal violet at a wavelength of 580 nm (OD580) in an Immunochem-2100 microplate photometric analyzer (HTI, North Attleboro, MA, USA) [28,30]. That is, for weak biofilm producers, the optical density of the sample or the culture of microorganisms (density of the sample, ODs) is less than two times (ODs ≤ 0.194) greater than the optical density of the control, i.e., nutrient medium without inoculum (density of the control, Dc); the optical density of the sample exceeds the optical density of the control by 2-4 times (ODs = 0.194-0.388) for moderate or average biofilm producers; the optical density of the sample exceeds the optical density of the control by more than four times (ODs ≥ 0.388) for strong biofilm producers. Density of control (Dc) was 0.097 ± 0.005. For statistical analysis (Chi-square), the optical density (factorial sign) indicators were converted into numbers-degree OD. A weak biofilm producer was given 1 point, average-2 points, and strong-3.

Preparation of M. pachydermatis Cultures and Assessment of Their Susceptibility to Antimycotics
The sensitivity of BY M. pachydermatis to antimycotic drugs was investigated using the Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion method, exactly as described in our previous study [41][42][43]. The antimycotics tested were nystatin (NS; 50 µg), amphotericin B (AP; 10 µg), For M. pachydermatis cultivation, Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) or Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) were used (Difco, Bordeaux, France). BY of the genus Malassezia have a special metabolism; therefore, their growth requires the presence of fatty acids in the nutrient medium with a chain length of 12-14 carbon atoms. They are not able to synthesize such fatty acids on their own, except for M. pachydermatis, which is able to grow on simple nutrient media such as SDA and SDB.

Densitometric Indicators of Microbial Biofilms
Colonies of four-day cultures of M. pachydermatis from SDA were washed with physiological solution (PhS) (pH 7.0). The concentration of BY was 0.5, according to McFarland, which corresponded to 1.5 × 10 8 cells/mL. The tested samples were added to the wells of a 96-well plate (Medpolymer Company, Russia), cultivated in a constant aerobic environment at 37 • C; for 72 h. The liquid was discarded, and the wells were washed with 200 µL of phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) three times (pH 7.3). The plates were shaken for 5 min at each stage of washing. The samples were fixed with 150 µL of 96% ethanol for 15 min and dried at 37 • C for 20 min. The microbial biofilms were stained by adding 0.5% stain solution-crystal violet (HiMedia™ Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India)-in each well and subsequent cultivation at 37 • C for 5 min. The optical density (OD) of the biofilm was measured by the degree of binding of crystal violet at a wavelength of 580 nm (OD 580 ) in an Immunochem-2100 microplate photometric analyzer (HTI, North Attleboro, MA, USA) [28,30]. That is, for weak biofilm producers, the optical density of the sample or the culture of microorganisms (density of the sample, ODs) is less than two times (ODs ≤ 0.194) greater than the optical density of the control, i.e., nutrient medium without inoculum (density of the control, Dc); the optical density of the sample exceeds the optical density of the control by 2-4 times (ODs = 0.194-0.388) for moderate or average biofilm producers; the optical density of the sample exceeds the optical density of the control by more than four times (ODs ≥ 0.388) for strong biofilm producers. Density of control (Dc) was 0.097 ± 0.005. For statistical analysis (Chi-square), the optical density (factorial sign) indicators were converted into numbers-degree OD. A weak biofilm producer was given 1 point, average-2 points, and strong-3.

Preparation of M. pachydermatis Cultures and Assessment of Their Susceptibility to Antimycotics
The sensitivity of BY M. pachydermatis to antimycotic drugs was investigated using the Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion method, exactly as described in our previous study [41][42][43]. The antimycotics tested were nystatin (NS; 50 µg), amphotericin B (AP; 10 µg), ketoconazole

M. pachydermatis Biofilms Processing with Farnesol
A method for studying the influence of different concentrations of Far on YLF biofilms, especially on Candida spp., is described in our previous studies [28,30]. The same method was used here without any modification. Briefly, the automatic pipette was inserted into the wells of a 96-well plate (Medpolymer, St. Petersburg, Russia): An overview of the sequence of stages of the study into the effect of Far on the formation of M. pachydermatis biofilms is presented in Table 1. The total volume of the wells was 200 µL. The experiment was repeated three times, 3 µL plates were used, and four rows were used per plate. The microliter plates were cultured with the lid closed at 37 • C for 72 h.
The average decrease was measured and used to calculate the biofilm inhibition percentage by Far, where OD AS is the optical density average of the samples of M. pachydermatis in the experiment, and OD AC is the optical density average of isolates in the control without Far:

Statistical Analysis
All the results were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) of at least three replicates. The criterion Chi-square was used for the analysis of the contingency tables. Such a table is a good means of representing the joint distribution of two variables, and is designed to explore the relationship between them. The cross table is the most versatile tool for studying statistical relationships, as it can represent variables with any level of measurement. The lines of the contingency table correspond to the values of one variable-optical density, the columns-to the values of another variable-the resistance of microorganisms. The data for these two criteria were preliminarily grouped into intervals. The statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05, and where applicable, the difference between samples was assessed using the statistical software XLSTAT 2020 (Addinsof Inc., New York, NY, USA). The effect of different concentrations of Far on the degree of biofilm formation was evaluated with a logarithmic-logistic distribution. This model was chosen because the Cox model's proportional hazard assumption did not fit all covariates. All the graphs were plotted using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Excel for Office 365 MSO, Microsoft COP., Redmond, WA, USA).

Densitometric Indicators of Microbial Biofilms and Their Susceptibility to Antimycotics
Densitometric indicators of the sample are shown in Table 2. According to our gradation, 2 (6.7%) strains belong to weak producers of biofilms, 25 (83.3%) strains belong to moderate producers, and 3 (10%) to strong ones. It is worth emphasizing the great importance of belonging to a high index of biofilm formation in our clinical strains of M. pachydermatis. A moderate level of biofilm formation indicates a good adhesion of these opportunistic fungi. Our team has experience in determining the degree of biofilm formation in clinical Candida spp. Compared to the genus Malassezia, the genus Candida can reach a higher level in biofilm production [20,22,28,30]. Analyzing the densitometric indicators, it was found that the studied Malassezia pachydermatis C23, C27, and C3 are the strongest producers of biofilms.   The isolates were reported as sensitive, intermediate, and resistant in general, according to the manufacturer using the CLSI guidelines' breakpoints for yeasts [12]; most strains were sensitive (S) to antimycotics drugs. However, a few exceptions were observed: three strains were classified as resistant (R) to AP, MIC, and VOR; four were R to KT; seven were R to FU; and only one was R to IT. There were no R results for NS and CC antifungal discs. The strain M. pachydermatis C23 was classified as R to AP, KT, and FU; I to NS, CC, IT, and VOR; and S only to MIC. Strain M. pachydermatis C27 was classified as R to VOR; I to AP and KT; and S to others. Strain M. pachydermatis C3 was classified as R to FU and I to CC, VOR, and MIC.
It was very interesting to see if there was a relationship between the ability to form biofilms and resistance to the antifungals tested. One possibility to find out was to calculate a resistance score, assigning a value of 1 if the isolate was sensitive, a value of 2-intermediate, and a value of 3-resistant. In this way, a numerical value was obtained for each isolate, and we have adopted rules, such as that a yeast isolate is considered sensitive if the sum of the scores for all eight antimycotic drugs is 8-10, intermediate-11-13, and resistant-14-18. In addition, three categories have been defined for the ability to form biofilms (weak-1, moderate-2, and strong-3). A table was constructed, and statistical analysis was performed (Chi-square) ( Table 3). Calculation results: The value of the χ2 criterion is 10.421 (sum of all points, Chisquared). The critical value of χ2 at the significance level p = 0.05 is 9.488. The relationship between the factorial and performance characteristics is statistically significant at a significance level of p < 0.05 (the Chi-squared value is greater than the critical value). Significance level p = 0.034.
We combined all our observations (30 isolates) into nine groups, depending on the optical density and the degree of resistance to eight antifungal drugs: It has been statistically proven that there is a relationship between the optical density of Malassezia pachydermatis biofilms and their sensitivity to drugs, and this relationship is statistically significant. Analyzing the densitometric indicators, it was found that the studied C23, C27, and C3 are the strongest producers of biofilms. In addition, they have an intermediate and resistant score to antifungal drugs. Therefore, it was decided to continue the experiment with this particular isolates of BY.

BY Malassezia pachydermatis Biofilm Inhibition by Farnesol
The average decrease was measured and used to calculate the biofilm inhibition percentage by Far, where OD AS is the optical density average of thee isolates (M. pachydermatis C23, 27, and 3) in the experiment and OD AC is the optical density average of thee isolates (M. pachydermatis C23, 27, and 3) in the control without Far (Table 4). The Far demonstrated good antibiofilm effects at a concentration of more than 1.6 µM/mL (24% OD decrease of biofilm) (Figure 3), and its highest antibiofilm effects (71-55%more than a half) were observed at a concentration of 200-12.5 µM/mL. The non-linear logarithmic-logistic regression model was used to construct a dose-response curve for Far antifungal effect. The Far demonstrated good antibiofilm effects at a concentration of more than 1.6 µM/mL (24% OD decrease of biofilm) (Figure 3), and its highest antibiofilm effects (71-55%-more than a half) were observed at a concentration of 200-12.5 µM/mL. The nonlinear logarithmic-logistic regression model was used to construct a dose-response curve for Far antifungal effect.

Discussion
The increasing dominance of polyresistant strains of Malassezia spp. has forced scientists worldwide to consider new approaches for antimycotic drugs. A prerequisite is the safety and non-toxicity of new drugs for the patient [1,6,21]. Accumulation of M. pachydermatis on the animal skin surface can lead to subsequent invasion, which can cause the lymphogenic and hematogenic spread of fungi, generalization of the process, and dissemination into internal organs [24,29].
Classical methods remain the main ones in the etiological diagnosis of mycoses, such as cultivation of microorganisms on nutrient media, microscopy of biomaterial, and isolation of pure culture of the pathogen with its subsequent identification.
Algorithms for the laboratory diagnostics of animal fungal and yeast infections have changed significantly in recent years. New tests based on molecular genetic methods (PCR) have appeared, and proteomic methods for the identification of microorganisms using matrix-activated laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for direct profiling of bacteria and fungi have been developed, which are being introduced into the work of microbiological laboratories and has revolutionized the field of the species identification of microorganisms.
In addition to PCR and the sequencing of species-specific DNA loci, other molecular genetic approaches can be used for species identification of Malassezia furfur, such as random polymorphic DNA amplification (RAPD), restriction analysis of PCR amplicons of ribosomal sequences, analysis of nucleotide DNA sequences, gel electrophoresis in a pulsating field (PFGE), polymorphism of the length of amplified fragments (AFLP), and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) [39,[44][45][46]. In some cases, such methods can be useful for species identification of Malassezia pachydermatis, effectively distinguishing this species from other species of the genus Malassezia, though they are not yet suitable for active use in routine laboratory practice [47].
The sensitivity of fungi and yeast to antifungal drugs depends on their species. In this regard, constant monitoring of the species composition of fungi is necessary. The choice of antifungal drugs depends on the type of pathogen, the characteristics of pharmacokinetics, and the clinical condition of the patient.
To determine the sensitivity of M. pachydermatis to antifungal drugs, two main methods are used: the method of serial dilutions in a liquid or solid nutrient medium and the discodiffusion method [48,49]. There are two organizations in the world that are developing methods for determining the sensitivity of microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs, as well as criteria for interpreting the results obtained: CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute) in the USA and EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) in Europe. The latest version of the EUCAST recommendations, including recommendations on mushrooms, is the version published in October 2021. It is important to note that in these recommendations there is no information on methods for determining the sensitivity of M. pachydermatis to antimycotics, and there are no criteria for interpreting the results obtained [50][51][52].
The results of this study indicate that some M. pachydermatis strains can be resistant to same antifungals. At the same time, the other investigators [53,54] support the hypothesis that the treatment of Malassezia biofilm infections requires higher drug concentrations than those currently used. Therefore, in the chronic form of Malassezia infections, it is necessary to find out the susceptibility of the isolated yeast to the antifungal agents, which will be used for the treatment [55,56], or use additional treatment such as Far.
Much research has been devoted to studying the role of Far as an inhibitor of hyphal morphogenesis [41,43]; however, little research has been published regarding the impacts of Far on fungal virulence and the development of M. pachydermatis biofilms.
Far affected the formation of biofilms to a greater extent than planktonic cells. However, despite intensive research on Farnesol over the last decade, how C. albicans cells sense Far or how this QS molecule exerts its biological effects remains unclear [30,57].
The antibiofilm activity of Far has been described according to the time of administration during the development of a Candida biofilm as well as the concentration used. However, to date, the effect of Far on BY Malassezia pachydermatis has not yet been studied at all. In our experiment, we proved that there is a correlation between the resistance of M. pachydermatis strains to modern antimycotics and the ability to form biofilms, and we found that Far affected the biofilm formation degree of BY, which supports its potential as an antimicrobial agent.

Conclusions
In summary, our results suggested that Farnesol perfectly destroys the biofilms of M. pachydermatis in vitro and may be promising for its inclusion in the therapy of dog external otitis. In our study, we have shown that M. pachydermatis strains (93.3%) were biofilm producers with varying levels of intensity: moderate or strong. The Far demonstrated good antibiofilm effects at a concentration of more than 1.6 µM/mL (24% OD decrease of biofilm), and its highest antibiofilm effects (71-55%-more than a half) were observed at a concentration of 200-12.5 µM/mL. Given the increased patient sensitivities to existing medications reported in the literature, reducing pathogenicity and reducing biofilm formation via Farnesol could be significant for the development of future therapies. This experiment may also provide a deeper understanding of the potential antifungal mechanism of QS molecules as we search for new solutions to counter infections involving M. pachydermatis. BY isolated from the dogs used in this study showed possible resistance against six antimycotics from a total of eight. Combined with conventional antimicrobial therapies, the therapeutic potential of this QS molecule-Far-on the virulence factors of pathogens such as M. pachydermatis should be considered for biofilm-associated diseases.
Author Contributions: I.R.O. and N.S. had the original idea for the study and carried out the design. O.K., A.K. and R.G. collected the samples; A.B. and N.Z. were responsible for data analysis and data cleaning. M.A. and R.M. drafted the manuscript. The final draft manuscript was revised by all authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.