Forest Management Practice Influences Bird Diversity in the Mid-Hills of Nepal
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Research Design and Bird Survey
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Protected Forest | Community Forest | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|
Name | Panchase Protection Forest | Tibrekot Community Forest | [8,31] |
Area | 130 ha | 120 ha | [31] |
Altitudinal range | 900–1400 m asl | 900–1400 m asl | [31] |
Distance from Province’s capital (Pokhara) | 18 km | 12 km | |
Dominant vegetation | Schima-Castanopsis forest | Schima-Castanopsis forest | [31,32,33] |
Management body | Government (Division Forest Office) | Local community as community forest users’ group | [29,31,34] |
Management modality | It is a part of the national forests of special environmental, scientific, or cultural importance, which aims to balance human needs through conserving biodiversity, increasing ecosystem services, and safeguarding the environment. It is divided into three zones, i.e., (a) Core area, in which intervention is prohibited and no management is applied; (b) Management zone, which is usually the area between the core area and surrounding villages and is allocated for production purposes; (c) Impact zone, which consists of villages living in the periphery of the forest where people are supported in conducting income-generating activities. The rights are not as flexible as in community forests, and the income-generating activities are from eco-tourism, payment of ecosystem services, etc. | It is a part of the national forest handed over to the local community forest users’ group living around the area to prepare a work plan with permission from the Division Forest Office under the Forest Act 1993. The main goal of the community forest is to develop, conserve, use, and manage the forest as well as sell and distribute forest products (e.g., timber every year from designed blocks) independently by fixing their prices according to the work plan, which shows high human intervention in forest areas. Additionally, different tending activities are performed such as cleaning, pruning, thinning, and felling regularly, with the right to introduce forest-based enterprises through approval from the Division Forest Office. | [8,29,34] |
Parameters | Estimate | Std. Error | z Value | Pr (>|z|) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Richness | ||||
Intercept | 2.90 | 0.42 | 6.84 | <0.001 |
Forest management practice: Protected (PPF) | −0.30 | 0.07 | −4.01 | <0.001 |
Season: Winter | 0.25 | 0.06 | 3.92 | <0.001 |
Elevation | −0.0007 | 0.0003 | −2.19 | 0.028 |
Abundance | ||||
Intercept | 4.26 | 0.53 | 7.98 | <0.001 |
Forest management practice: Protected (PPF) | −0.38 | 0.09 | −4.03 | <0.001 |
Season: Winter | 0.28 | 0.08 | 3.44 | <0.001 |
Elevation | −0.001 | 0.0004 | −2.32 | 0.020 |
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Neupane, B.; Dhami, B.; Panthee, S.; Stewart, A.B.; Silwal, T.; Katuwal, H.B. Forest Management Practice Influences Bird Diversity in the Mid-Hills of Nepal. Animals 2022, 12, 2681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192681
Neupane B, Dhami B, Panthee S, Stewart AB, Silwal T, Katuwal HB. Forest Management Practice Influences Bird Diversity in the Mid-Hills of Nepal. Animals. 2022; 12(19):2681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192681
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeupane, Bijaya, Bijaya Dhami, Shristee Panthee, Alyssa B. Stewart, Thakur Silwal, and Hem Bahadur Katuwal. 2022. "Forest Management Practice Influences Bird Diversity in the Mid-Hills of Nepal" Animals 12, no. 19: 2681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192681
APA StyleNeupane, B., Dhami, B., Panthee, S., Stewart, A. B., Silwal, T., & Katuwal, H. B. (2022). Forest Management Practice Influences Bird Diversity in the Mid-Hills of Nepal. Animals, 12(19), 2681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192681