How Is Wildlife Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic? Lockdown Effect on the Road Mortality of Hedgehogs

Simple Summary In 2020, many countries around the world went into lockdown to limit the spread of COVID-19, and many people substantially reduced their outdoor activity and began socially distancing to avoid infection. Such rapid and widespread changes in the lives of people all over the world must have an impact on the environment and wildlife. Most of the current pandemic–wildlife papers focus on changes in the movement and behavior of wild animals. These changes, although interesting and worth documenting, may be ephemeral and may not have any significant effect on wildlife in the long run; they may only show how our daily presence may limit the presence and behavior of animals. In this paper, we suggest that scientific interest should be directed toward more permanent changes in the functioning of wildlife. One such topic is the lower road mortality rates of animals during the lockdown. In this study, hedgehog roadkill levels during the lockdown were over 50% lower than in the pre-pandemic years. Reduced road mortality in the case of hedgehogs may mean tens of thousands of survivors nationwide. We hypothesize that this may result in a change in the demographic and genetic characteristics of the population of hedgehogs, and also help to stop the long-term decline in the number of hedgehogs in Europe. Abstract Globally, wildlife is affected by unprecedented changes related to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, the lockdown effect on the traffic-related mortality in hedgehogs in an urban area was studied. Comparing the pre-pandemic (2018 and 2019) and pandemic (2020) years, we showed that hedgehog roadkill levels during the lockdown period were over 50% lower (which means a decrease greater than the decrease in road traffic in the same period measured by the number of accidents or the average number of vehicles per day). Based on literature data, we showed that this may mean at least tens of thousands of hedgehogs have survived on a national scale. We report the need to start intensive research on the possible demographic and genetic effects of this unique phenomenon. We also ask how stable the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic will be on wildlife and whether the lockdown (which is an anthropause) may reverse the negative trends in the decline in the number of wild species, including hedgehogs.


Introduction
In 2020, many countries around the world went into lockdown to limit the spread of COVID- 19. The tragic news about the growing number of infections and deaths coming from different parts of the globe caused many people to substantially reduce their outdoor activity and begin socially distancing to avoid infection. Other activities were also promoted by many governments: the remote work and education model was introduced on a large scale, some sectors of the economy were closed, and staying at home was recommended. Such rapid and widespread changes in the lives of people all over the world must have an impact on the environment and wildlife [1]. Changes in air quality related to the concentration of traffic-related black carbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter PM 2.5 and PM 10 quickly began to be reported from many countries around the world [2][3][4][5]. Environmental noise reduction [6,7] and improvement to the ecological condition of highly affected beaches due to the lack of tourists were also reported [8].
Interestingly, the response of wildlife to changes in the functioning of human society and economy was also rapid. The first phenomenon noticed was that the reduction in human disturbance allowed wildlife to exploit built-up habitats and to increase daily activity [9][10][11]. Since the beginning of the pandemic, evidence of the presence of wild animal species in areas where they have not been seen for a long time has been shared on social media [7,12,13]. A number of various changes in animal behavior have also been observed, e.g., in birds' vocalizations during the COVID-19 quietus [7], increased aggression, changes in feeding sites, and the formation of new competitive systems in synanthropic species suddenly deprived of anthropogenic food [10,14]. During the pandemic, people have been given the opportunity to gain unanticipated insight into how their presence affects animal behavior and how quickly and flexibly animals can react to unprecedented changes, such as lockdown and the "global human confinement experiment" [1,15].
However, a question arises as to how persistent the current changes in nature will be and what further ecological consequences they will have on the populations of wild species [16]. Due to the short duration of this specific anthropause (the World Health Organization declared the pandemic on 11 March 2020), the data showing the impact of the lockdown on key population parameters, such as abundance, mortality, reproduction, or gene flow, are very sparse [9]. More research is required to document changes that may affect the vital characteristics of a population, particularly in species with alarming declines in numbers. We hope that for such (often rare and protected) species, the lockdown period may unexpectedly become a breakthrough moment in reversing negative population trends.
In this paper, we explored whether lockdown may significantly reduce road wildlife mortality due to the reduced outdoor activity of people and the reduced car traffic. We used the hedgehog as a model species, as it is mentioned in many papers as one of the most frequent victims of car traffic, especially in urban areas [17,18]. Given the decreasing abundance of hedgehogs in Europe [19][20][21][22][23], quantification of the decrease in roadkill during the COVID-19 pandemic is necessary for proper understanding its population trends, proper planning of research, and conservation activities.

Study Sites and Estimation of Hedgehog Roadkills
The study was carried out in the city of Chełm (51 • 07 N, 23 • 28 E), Poland, Europe. The city has an area of 35.5 km 2 , a population of 65,643, 160 km of paved roads, and over 55,000 registered vehicles (in 2018-2020) [24]. Small cities are much more common than large cities (in number and total occupied area), and almost half of the world's urban population lives in small cities [25,26].
In Chełm, the monitoring of roadkill of the northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus) has been conducted for several years in seven permanent study sites (selected on the basis of previous long-term observations). In 2020, the monitoring was continued despite the pandemic.
Each study site includes asphalt roads about 1.2 km in length (from 1.07 to 1.34 km) located in different parts of the city (Figure 1). The sites were monitored once a week from March to July by the same walking observers [27]. The observers were two scientists familiar with the regime of ecological research. The inspections were performed in the morning between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. The inspection of a single study site lasted approximately 20 min. The number of dead animals found on an asphalt road and in its vicinity (up to 1.5 m) was recorded, and dead animals were removed to avoid double counts. tists familiar with the regime of ecological research. The inspections were performed in the morning between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. The inspection of a single study site lasted approximately 20 min. The number of dead animals found on an asphalt road and in its vicinity (up to 1.5 m) was recorded, and dead animals were removed to avoid double counts. For the purposes of this study, data from three consecutive years, namely, 2018, 2019, and 2020, were used. The data from 2018 and 2019 are reference values and show the typical number of dead hedgehogs recorded in the monitored sites (mean dead hedgehogs/site/year = 5.14; SD = 1.61; range = 3-9). The data obtained for 2020 cover the reduced car traffic period during the first lockdown in Poland ( Figure 2).  For the purposes of this study, data from three consecutive years, namely, 2018, 2019, and 2020, were used. The data from 2018 and 2019 are reference values and show the typical number of dead hedgehogs recorded in the monitored sites (mean dead hedgehogs/site/year = 5.14; SD = 1.61; range = 3-9). The data obtained for 2020 cover the reduced car traffic period during the first lockdown in Poland ( Figure 2). tists familiar with the regime of ecological research. The inspections were performed in the morning between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. The inspection of a single study site lasted approximately 20 min. The number of dead animals found on an asphalt road and in its vicinity (up to 1.5 m) was recorded, and dead animals were removed to avoid double counts. For the purposes of this study, data from three consecutive years, namely, 2018, 2019, and 2020, were used. The data from 2018 and 2019 are reference values and show the typical number of dead hedgehogs recorded in the monitored sites (mean dead hedgehogs/site/year = 5.14; SD = 1.61; range = 3-9). The data obtained for 2020 cover the reduced car traffic period during the first lockdown in Poland ( Figure 2).

Impact of the Lockdown on Car Traffic
During the lockdown in Poland, a significant reduction in car traffic was observed, as in other countries [3,[28][29][30][31][32]. The following data were used as a measure of this change:

Impact of the Lockdown on Car Traffic
During the lockdown in Poland, a significant reduction in car traffic was observed, as in other countries [3,[28][29][30][31][32]. The following data were used as a measure of this change:

Statistical Analysis
Nonparametric one-way ANOVA with ranks (Kruskal-Wallis test) was used to compare the number of hedgehog roadkills per year in the seven study sites in 2018, 2019, and 2020. For the purposes of the analysis, we summed up all dead hedgehogs found in a given study site in a given year and thus obtained 21 data points (seven for each year). Pairwise comparisons between individual years were made using a post-hoc test (z-value) using mean ranks. Analyses were performed using Statistica v13 software.

Statistical Analysis
Nonparametric one-way ANOVA with ranks (Kruskal-Wallis test) was used to compare the number of hedgehog roadkills per year in the seven study sites in 2018, 2019, and 2020. For the purposes of the analysis, we summed up all dead hedgehogs found in a given study site in a given year and thus obtained 21 data points (seven for each year). Pairwise comparisons between individual years were made using a post-hoc test (z-value) using mean ranks. Analyses were performed using Statistica v13 software.

Results
In 2018 and 2019, the same median values of hedgehog roadkills in each of the study sites were recorded, i.e., five carcasses (Figure 4). On average, there were 5.43

Results
In 2018 and 2019, the same median values of hedgehog roadkills in each of the study sites were recorded, i.e., five carcasses ( Figure 4). On average, there were 5.43 (SD = 2.07) and 4.86 (SD = 1.07) hedgehog roadkills in each of the study sites in 2018 and 2019, respectively. In 2020, however, the median number of roadkills decreased to two carcasses per study site (the average number carcasses/site/year = 2.42; SD = 0.97). The Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test showed that the "year" factor significantly influenced the observed number of hedgehog roadkills (H[2] = 11.45; p < 0.01; N = 21). The post-hoc tests showed that the average number of roadkills in 2018 and 2019 did not differ significantly; however, significant differences were noted between 2018 and 2020 (z = 2.95; p < 0.01) and between 2019 and 2020 (z = 2.80; p = 0.01) (Figure 4).

Discussion
Despite the numerous media reports and the growing number of scientific papers documenting the impact of the global lockdown on the unusual behavior of animals [1,7,10,12,13,15], studies documenting changes in fertility, mortality, or genetic effects are still scarce [9]. This is understandable, as it is usually difficult to observe these effects on such population parameters in a short time scale.
In the case of the analyzed species, however, this effect can be reliably shown, as traffic-related mortality of hedgehogs is a well-known and widely described phenomenon [35][36][37][38][39][40]. Hedgehogs die on roads throughout the entire year, except during winter hibernation, and the peak mortality is during the summer months. Males are more often the victims, one reason being the promiscuous mating system of hedgehogs [38,41]. The number of hedgehog roadkills in absolute numbers on a national scale is high: 167,000-335,000 hedgehog road casualties annually in Great Britain [42], 113,000-340,000 in the Netherlands [43], and 230,000-350,000 in Belgium [44]. However, it is not clear what proportion of the annual loss of the hedgehog population may be caused by road

Discussion
Despite the numerous media reports and the growing number of scientific papers documenting the impact of the global lockdown on the unusual behavior of animals [1,7,10,12,13,15], studies documenting changes in fertility, mortality, or genetic effects are still scarce [9]. This is understandable, as it is usually difficult to observe these effects on such population parameters in a short time scale.
In the case of the analyzed species, however, this effect can be reliably shown, as trafficrelated mortality of hedgehogs is a well-known and widely described phenomenon [35][36][37][38][39][40]. Hedgehogs die on roads throughout the entire year, except during winter hibernation, and the peak mortality is during the summer months. Males are more often the victims, one reason being the promiscuous mating system of hedgehogs [38,41]. The number of hedgehog roadkills in absolute numbers on a national scale is high: 167,000-335,000 hedgehog road casualties annually in Great Britain [42], 113,000-340,000 in the Netherlands [43], and 230,000-350,000 in Belgium [44]. However, it is not clear what proportion of the annual loss of the hedgehog population may be caused by road mortality. Various authors have estimated that traffic collisions may cause a loss of 3%-24% of a local hedgehog population and 9%-30% of a nationwide population [18].
Could the decrease in road deaths during the pandemic be important for the hedgehog population? It seems so, since roadkill is consistently in the top three most commonly recorded causes of death in hedgehogs (alongside illness and natural predation), which is consistent with the hypothesis that traffic mortality potentially exerts substantial pressure on population dynamics [18,40]. This pressure can be both quick and direct (decline in numbers by death of individual animals), as well as indirect with effects shifted in time (by effecting reproduction, migration rates, and genetic diversity) [18,[45][46][47][48][49]. In this study, the mortality rate during the studied period (March-July) was reduced by over 50%. This means that the number of roadkills decreased more than road traffic did, as measured by the number of accidents or the average number of vehicles per day in the same period (Figure 2). Taking into account the above-cited estimates reported by Huijser and Bergers [43], Holsbeek et al. [44], and Wembridge et al. [42], this means that at least tens of thousands of hedgehogs may survive in the country as a result of the lockdown. The demographic, genetic, and conservation consequences of this unexpected and unusual phenomenon may be diverse. However, this phenomenon, like the reactions of other animal species, requires further appropriately targeted research [16]. Furthermore, it should be borne in mind that our results are based on data from one city and its seven study sites, and for other cities, the results for the decline in the road mortality of hedgehogs during the lockdown may be different. In future studies on the population effects of increased hedgehog survival in 2020, the appropriate method is of key importance to ensure correct inference, since the mortality of hedgehogs on roads is often inferred from reports of finding a dead hedgehog by volunteers. Such data can be the basis for illustrating population trends only on the assumption that the social interest in the project is relatively constant. Increasing or decreasing popularity of the social initiative may be reflected in an upward or downward trend in reported cases. In the event of the COVID-19 pandemic, such an unusual impact may unfortunately have occurred. Many social observers may have decreased their outdoor activity and may have been less likely to encounter the roadkill of wildlife. There may also have been less interest in the voluntary collection of ecological data in the wake of the tragic reports of human mortality rates. Therefore, the lower number of reports does not necessarily mean a lower mortality rate of hedgehogs. Administrators of national wildlife roadkill monitoring projects reported by members of the public (e.g., projectsplatter.co.uk) emphasize the problem with the interpretation of civic data from the pandemic period.
Comparative data from permanent study sites monitored by professional researchers (as in this study) are needed to correctly estimate the short-and long-term lockdown effect on hedgehog population parameters. The widest possible group of hedgehog researchers with comparative pre-pandemic data should include such research tasks in their plans. It is also crucial to take into account the recommendations regarding the influence of carcass persistence and detectability on the obtained results and recommendations for car monitoring [27,50]. We suggest that, although they are the most time-consuming approaches, walking surveys in permanent study sites are the best method of studying the roadkill of small-sized animals.

Data Availability Statement:
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.