CLEAR Strategy Inhibited HSV Proliferation Using Viral Vectors Delivered CRISPR-Cas9

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a leading cause of encephalitis and infectious blindness. The commonly used clinical therapeutic drugs are nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir. However, current drugs for HSV cannot eliminate the latent virus or viral reactivation. Therefore, the development of new treatment strategies against latent HSV has become an urgent need. To comprehensively suppress the proliferation of HSV, we designed the CLEAR strategy (coordinated lifecycle elimination against viral replication). VP16, ICP27, ICP4, and gD—which are crucial genes that perform significant functions in different stages of the HSV infection lifecycle—were selected as targeting sites based on CRISPR-Cas9 editing system. In vitro and in vivo investigations revealed that genome editing by VP16, ICP27, ICP4 or gD single gene targeting could effectively inhibit HSV replication. Moreover, the combined administration method (termed “Cocktail”) showed superior effects compared to single gene editing, which resulted in the greatest decrease in viral proliferation. Lentivirus-delivered CRISPR-Cas9/gRNA editing could effectively block HSV replication. The CLEAR strategy may provide new insights into the potential treatment of refractory HSV-1-associated diseases, particularly when conventional approaches have encountered resistance.


Introduction
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is the prototype member of the human Herpesviridae family. Epidemiological surveys show that HSV-1 is a ubiquitous virus with a global seroprevalence rate of 50-90% in normal individuals [1][2][3], which is the most common affecting viral RNA processing. Additionally, ICP27 may play a role in inhibiting host cell gene expression, thereby promoting viral replication [27].
The genome editing strategy represents a promising approach against viral infection and replication by modifying or destroying the genetic material of viruses [28][29][30][31]. Several studies have used the CRISPR/Cas9 system against HSV-1 productive infection, and gRNAs were constructed to target HSV-1 essential genes, such as ICP0, ICP4, ICP27, UL8, UL29, US2, etc. [32][33][34]. In a recent study, researchers presented evidence demonstrating the effective inhibition of HSV-1 infection in vitro using CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-CasX systems, highlighting a promising direction for developing antiviral therapies targeting UL30 [35]. Here, we developed a multi-target genome editing approach against HSV-1 infection, targeting and eliminating HSV-1 genomes via a method named CLEAR (coordinated lifecycle elimination against viral replication). RNA-guided CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing was used to specifically target the DNA sequences of HSV-1 genes VP16, ICP27, ICP4, or gD, which express key viral proteins that stimulate HSV-1 gene expression, replication, or packaging [36]. Our findings revealed that lentivirus delivered CRISPR-Cas9/gRNAmediated targeting VP16, ICP27, ICP4, and gD genes reduced HSV-1 infectivity in cell culture models and protected mice against HSV-1 infection. These results support the promise of the CLEAR approach for developing potential anti-HSV-1 therapies that are capable of eliminating latent viral infections.

CLEAR Strategy Design and Lentivirus Construction
To block HSV viral proliferation cycle, viral essential genes VP16, ICP27, ICP4, and gD were selected as the potential targets for editing by the CLEAR strategy based on CRISPR/Cas9 ( Figure 1A). We designed sgRNAs targeting four essential viral genes and developed guide RNAs to combine with Cas9 in order to test their ability in suppressing HSV-1 replication ( Figure 1B). sgRNAs were designed based on the target site sequence of selected genes and were screened by the CRISPR DESIGN system (http://crispr.mit.edu/ (accessed on 15 October 2021)). sgRNA oligonucleotide sequences are shown in Table 1. A total of 10 gRNAs were designed: VP16 targeting (two gRNAs), ICP27 targeting (two gRNAs), ICP4 targeting (two gRNAs), and gD targeting (four gRNAs) ( Figure 1B, Table 1). The corresponding 10 core plasmids of lentiviral vectors carrying SpCas9 and gRNAs were constructed and verified ( Figure 2A). Then, the preferred lentiviruses were packaged and prepared using standard procedures for the gene delivery of the CRISPR editing system.     The T7 Endonuclease Mutation Detection assay was used to evaluate the editing activity of selected gRNAs at the genome level. BHK-21 cells were transfected with lentiviral vector or Cas9-gRNA plasmids and infected with HSV H129-EGFP 24 h later. Genomic DNA was isolated from BHK-21 cells, and targeted loci were amplified, denatured/annealed, and digested with T7 Endonuclease I (T7E1), a structure-specific enzyme that will recognize mismatches larger than one base. No digested bands were observed in the control (Vec) group ( Figure 2B). The resulting digested fragments of Cas9-gRNA editing were observed and consistent with the design expectation ( Figure 2C). The results demonstrated that 10 designed gRNAs combined with SpCas9 could efficiently and accurately target and cut target genes.

In Vitro Experiments to Verify the Effect of Different gRNA Editing to Suppress HSV Replication
In order to validate the capacity of distinct gRNAs to suppress HSV replication, engineered gRNA plasmids were independently transfected into BHK-21 cells. Subsequently, these cells were infected with HSV H129-EGFP at an MOI of 0.01 following a 24 h period. The inhibitory effects of various gRNAs were evaluated by monitoring the expression intensity of the green fluorescent gene, which served as a reporter. In comparison to the control groups (NC or Vec), all groups transfected with sgRNA plasmids exhibited a reduction in fluorescence intensity ( Figure 3A,B).

In Vitro Experiments to Verify the Effect of Different gRNA Editing to Suppress HSV Replication
In order to validate the capacity of distinct gRNAs to suppress HSV replication, engineered gRNA plasmids were independently transfected into BHK-21 cells. Subsequently, these cells were infected with HSV H129-EGFP at an MOI of 0.01 following a 24 h period. The inhibitory effects of various gRNAs were evaluated by monitoring the expression intensity of the green fluorescent gene, which served as a reporter. In comparison to the control groups (NC or Vec), all groups transfected with sgRNA plasmids exhibited a reduction in fluorescence intensity ( Figure 3A,B). Furthermore, the viral titer of HSV serves as an additional indicator of gRNA efficacy. A significant reduction in HSV titers was observed in gRNA-transfected groups compared The viral titers of HSV were determined. Statistical values were presented as mean ± SEM. Significant differences were expressed by the p value. ns, no significant difference; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (sgRNA versus Vec). Furthermore, the viral titer of HSV serves as an additional indicator of gRNA efficacy. A significant reduction in HSV titers was observed in gRNA-transfected groups compared to the control group. The average titer of the VEC control group is 3.19 × 10 7 PFU/mL, and the titers of the experimental groups have generally decreased. The greatest effect was observed in the aICP4-2 group with a decrease in titer of 3.03 × 10 6 PFU/mL, which is 10 times lower than the control. The average titer of the VP16-1 group decreased the least, with a decrease of about 4.3 times, to a titer of 7.41 × 10 6 PFU/mL ( Figure 3C). Among the groups, agD-1, aICP4-2, aICP27-2, and aVP16-2 demonstrated the most potent inhibitory effects on HSV proliferation, prompting their selection for subsequent experiments and lentiviral packaging. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of the designed gRNAs targeting HSV replication were further corroborated using 293T cells (a human renal epithelial cell line) ( Figure S1).

Enhanced Inhibitory Effect of the CLEAR Strategy on HSV Compared to Individual gRNAs Exhibiting a Dose-Response Relationship
Given the rapid proliferation efficiency of HSV despite the use of single gRNA editing, the CLEAR (coordinated lifecycle elimination against viral replication) strategy was proposed, involving the co-transfection of four gRNA plasmids (agD-1, aICP4-2, aICP27-2, and aVP16-2), referred to as a cocktail. Three dose gradients of 0.5 µg, 1 µg, and 2 µg were established, and HSV H129-EGFP was to the control group. The average titer of the VEC control group is 3.19 × 10 7 PFU/mL, and the titers of the experimental groups have generally decreased. The greatest effect was observed in the aICP4-2 group with a decrease in titer of 3.03 × 10 6 PFU/mL, which is 10 times lower than the control. The average titer of the VP16-1 group decreased the least, with a decrease of about 4.3 times, to a titer of 7.41 × 10 6 PFU/mL ( Figure 3C). Among the groups, agD-1, aICP4-2, aICP27-2, and aVP16-2 demonstrated the most potent inhibitory effects on HSV proliferation, prompting their selection for subsequent experiments and lentiviral packaging. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of the designed gRNAs targeting HSV replication were further corroborated using 293T cells (a human renal epithelial cell line) ( Figure S1).

Enhanced Inhibitory Effect of the CLEAR Strategy on HSV Compared to Individual gRNAs Exhibiting a Dose-Response Relationship
Given the rapid proliferation efficiency of HSV despite the use of single gRNA editing, the CLEAR (coordinated lifecycle elimination against viral replication) strategy was proposed, involving the co-transfection of four gRNA plasmids (agD-1, aICP4-2, aICP27-2, and aVP16-2), referred to as a cocktail. Three dose gradients of 0.   Moreover, the HSV titer of the cocktail (0.5 µg) group decreased approximately 21-fold (2.37 × 10 7 PFU/mL to 1.13 × 10 6 PFU/mL) compared to the Vec control ( Figure 4C, 0.5 µg), which was double the inhibitory effect of the same dose of a single gRNA, which decreased about 10-fold (3.19 × 10 7 PFU/mL to 3.03 × 10 6 PFU/mL) ( Figure 3B, aICP4-2). These findings suggested that the CLEAR strategy was more effective than individual gRNAs in inhibiting HSV replication in vitro. Furthermore, the cocktail approach demonstrated significant statistical differences between various dosage groups, indicating the presence of a dose-response relationship for the cocktail approach in this experimental series ( Figure 4C,D).

The CLEAR Strategy Exhibits Preventive and Therapeutic Potential
To emulate the treatment of HSV-infected patients, cells were initially infected with HSV (MOI = 0.01), followed by co-transfection with the four gRNA plasmids (cocktail) at 1 h, 6 h, and 12 h post HSV infection, respectively. The inhibitory effects of the cocktail were evaluated by the HSV titer and reporter gene expression levels. The cocktail administration at 1 h.p.i. demonstrated the most potent inhibitory effect compared to 6 h.p.i. and 12 h.p.i. timepoints ( Figure 5A,B). Notably, the administration of the cocktail 12 h after HSV infection did not produce any discernible inhibitory effect. However, in the experimental group given 1 h.p.i, the proliferation efficiency of HSV was inhibited 100-fold ( Figure 5B). These findings indicated that the timing of cocktail administration is one of the main factors for its effectiveness in suppressing HSV replication. The significant inhibitory effect observed at the 1 h.p.i. timepoint suggests that the cocktail editing approach holds potential for therapeutic applications, providing protection against HSV infection when administered promptly. Moreover, the reduced inhibitory effects at the 6 h.p.i. timepoints imply that the cocktail editing approach may still offer some therapeutic benefits when administered during the early stages of infection.

CLEAR Strategy Could Effectively Inhibit HSV Replication and Transmission In Vivo
To evaluate the inhibitory effect of Cas9/gRNA editing on HSV in vivo, we first designed an experiment in which mice were intracerebrally inoculated with HSV1 H129-EGFP after the pre-administration of lentiviral vectors. The goal was to verify the inhibitory effect of lentiviral vectors carrying gene-editing elements on HSV replication and transmission in the brains of C57BL/6 mice.

CLEAR Strategy Could Effectively Inhibit HSV Replication and Transmission In Vivo
To evaluate the inhibitory effect of Cas9/gRNA editing on HSV in vivo, we designed experiments in which mice were intracerebrally inoculated with HSV1 H129-EGFP after the pre-administration of lentiviral vectors. The goal was to verify the inhibitory effect of lentiviral vectors carrying gene-editing elements on HSV replication and transmission in the brains of C57BL/6 mice.
PBS and LV-Vec were administrated as controls, respectively ( Figure 6A,D), and preinjected in the primary visual area (V1); then, H129-EGFP was injected 5 days later. EGFPpositive cells could be observed both at the injection site (V1) and the downstream output areas such as the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate complex (LGd) and contra-lateral V1 (Cont-V1) 5 days after the reporter's gene expression (Figures 6B,C,E,F and S2). Based on the results of the in vitro experiments, lentiviruses LV -agD-1, LV-aICP4-2, LV -aICP27-2, and LV-aVP16-2 were selected and packaged. Four LV vectors were administered individually ( Figure 7A) and pre-injected in the V1 brain region, and H129-EGFP was injected 5 days later compared with the control groups. After the administration of LV vectors, EGFP-positive cells were significantly reduced in situ; in particular, the LV-aICP4 and LV-aICP27 groups had few EGFP-positive neurons at the injection site, and Based on the results of the in vitro experiments, lentiviruses LV-agD-1, LV-aICP4-2, LV-aICP27-2, and LV-aVP16-2 were selected and packaged. Four LV vectors were administered individually ( Figure 7A) and pre-injected in the V1 brain region, and H129-EGFP was injected 5 days later compared with the control groups. After the administration of LV vectors, EGFP-positive cells were significantly reduced in situ; in particular, the LV-aICP4 and LV-aICP27 groups had few EGFP-positive neurons at the injection site, and there was almost no fluorescence signal in the downstream brain areas (LGd and Cont-V1) (Figures 7B and S3). there was almost no fluorescence signal in the downstream brain areas (LGd and Cont-V1) (Figures 7B and S3). Furthermore, we used the LV-Cocktail at low ( Figure 7C,D) and high ( Figure 7E-G) doses to verify the clearance effect on HSV; except for the trace fluorescence expression at the local area, the fluorescence signal was difficult to observe in the rest of the brain regions ( Figures 7D,G and S4A,B).
In addition, we also tested the inhibitory effect of the LV-Cocktail when HSV infection was done first ( Figure 7H,I). The significant inhibition of HSV proliferation and transmission could also be observed by using LV vectors carrying gene-editing elements on the day after the H129 infection ( Figures 7I and S4C). The results demonstrated that lentivirus delivered Cas9/gRNA-mediated targeting, and VP16, ICP27, ICP4, and gD genes apparently inhibited HSV replication and protected mice against an HSV challenge. Moreover, the CLEAR strategy effectively inhibited HSV virus replication and transmission.  Furthermore, we used the LV-Cocktail at low (Figure 7C,D) and high ( Figure 7E-G) doses to verify the clearance effect on HSV; except for the trace fluorescence expression at the local area, the fluorescence signal was difficult to observe in the rest of the brain regions ( Figures 7D,G and S4A,B).
In addition, we also tested the inhibitory effect of the LV-Cocktail when HSV infection was done first ( Figure 7H,I). The significant inhibition of HSV proliferation and transmission could also be observed by using LV vectors carrying gene-editing elements on the day after the H129 infection ( Figures 7I and S4C). The results demonstrated that lentivirus delivered Cas9/gRNA-mediated targeting VP16, ICP27, ICP4, and gD genes apparently inhibited HSV replication and protected mice against HSV challenge. Moreover, the CLEAR strategy effectively inhibited HSV virus replication and transmission.

Discussion
Herpes cold sores caused by HSV-1 infection will occur repeatedly, which can be attributed to the lifelong persistent infection of the virus in the host [37,38]. This strategy is crucial for the survival of viruses because the entire life process of the host provides a repository for regular viral reactivation. When the host's immunity declines, the virus recurs in the patient via reactivation. Relevant studies indicate that 70% of HSE cases in adults are attributable to previous HSV-1 infection and virus reactivation [4].
HSV-1 therapy consists of nucleotide analogs such as acyclovir (ACV) and valacyclovir. Since the 1980s, ACV and its derivatives have become the first choice for the prevention and treatment of herpes virus infection [3]. The continuous emergence of drug-resistant virus cases also poses higher requirements for antiviral treatment. Consequently, the issue of drug resistance warrants significant attention, underscoring the urgent need for research and development of novel therapeutic strategies. Increasing evidence shows that CRISPR technology can be used to effectively inhibit virus replication, including HSV, SARS-CoV-2 [39], HBV [40], HIV [41], etc. Due to the large size of the Cas9 gene, a viral gene delivery vector with a large load capacity is required. Currently, AAV and lentivirus are the most commonly used viral vector candidates. Considering the limited gene-carrying capacity of AAV vectors, utilizing lentiviral vectors to deliver CRISPR elements may present a viable approach for herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) treatment. This prospective strategy could be applied through corneal therapy. Beyond merely eliminating HSV at the local corneal level, the lentivirus vector can retrogradely be transported along the axon and infect trigeminal ganglion neurons, and subsequently disrupting HSV reservoirs within the trigeminal ganglion [32].
In this study, we assessed the ability of CRISPR/Cas9 editing to eliminate HSV-1 replication by targeting specific DNA sequences essential to viral protein expression during the early and late phases of viral infection/reactivation. We designed specific gRNAs targeting the essential genes of HSV-VP16 (2 gRNAs), ICP27 (2 gRNAs), ICP4 (2 gRNAs), and gD (4 gRNAs)-and constructed 10 core plasmids of lentiviral vectors carrying SpCas9 and the corresponding gRNA ( Figure 1); then, we packaged and prepared lentiviruses for the gene delivery of the CRISPR editing system. First of all, we screened the inhibitory effect of the HSV replication of 10 gRNA-mediated in vitro editing instances. Two days after infection with the H129-EGFP virus, the viruses in the control groups (NC and Vec) proliferated rapidly, and almost all cells expressed green fluorescent proteins, while the fluorescence ratio of single gRNA groups decreased to varying degrees ( Figure 3A). By determining the virus titers of the cell supernatant, all viral loads of the Cas9/gRNA groups were significantly lower than that of the control groups. Four types of gRNA-agD-1, aICP4-2, aVP16-2, and aICP27-2-were observed to have the most obvious inhibitory effect ( Figure 3B), thus serving as candidates for producing lentivirus vectors. At present, lentiviral vectors are widely used in CAR-T cell therapy to transduce patient-derived T cells in vitro. For gene therapy, the viral genome of lentivirus will be integrated into the host genome, which is one of the main safety risks. However, the lentiviral vector also has certain advantages. As a pseudovirus vector, it is less toxic. The lentivirus itself does not proliferate, and the risk is controllable. Moreover, Cai et al. reported that HSV elimination in the TG reservoirs could be achieved by lentivirus-mediated CRISPR editing via the lentivirus retrogradely transport from the cornea to the trigeminal ganglion [32]. Of course, it is safer to choose the recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) virus vector. However, the disadvantage is that the carrying capacity of rAAV is too small for delivering CRISPR system.
In order to more effectively block the life cycle of HSV replication by multi-point genome editing, we tested whether the combination of Cas9/gRNAs (CLEAR strategy) simultaneously targeting four genes could achieve improved inhibition effects against HSV replication. We applied different concentrations (0.5 µg, 1 µg, and 2 µg) of cocktail gRNA plasmids to transfect cells, and then the HSV1 H129-EGFP virus infected the transfected cells at MOI = 0.01 and MOI = 0.001 (Figure 4). It was found that the cocktail groups showed significant inhibition on HSV replication, even at low doses. With the dose increase in Cas9/gRNA plasmids, the inhibition of viral proliferation was stronger ( Figure 4A,C). These results indicated that the combined utilization strategy of Cas9/gRNA targeting the four genes could effectively inhibit HSV replication and proliferation.
As described above, we tested the efficiency of the CRISPR editing system in preventing HSV infection. What was the therapeutic effect of the editing system? In order to solve this problem, we carried out an experiment in which the cells were first infected with HSV H129-EGFP and then treated the cells with CRISPR editing. H129-EGFP viruses were challenged 12 h, 6 h, and 1 h in advance and then transfected with Cas9/gRNA cocktail plasmids. It was found that the Cas9/gRNA intervention had a certain inhibition effect but was not obvious in the robust proliferation stage of HSV acute infection (−12 h) ( Figure 5). If CRISPR intervened earlier after HSV infection, the CRISPR editing treatment in the −6 h group and −1 h group could significantly reduce HSV replication; the earlier it intervenes, the better.
Subsequently, in vivo animal experiments with the produced lentiviruses were carried out. It was found that the Cas9/gRNA (Cocktail) strategy could effectively inhibit virus proliferation and transmission. In the control groups without any intervention (NC, Figure 6A,B) and the LV-Vec control group (Vec, Figure 6D,E), HSV had effectively proliferated for 5 days after H129-EGFP was injected into the V1 brain region of mice, and it spread to LGd and other brain regions along the neural circuit. The infected neurons were labeled by a green fluorescent protein, and the LV-Vec treatment had no inhibitory effect. When the designed lentivirus carrying Cas9/gRNA was administrated alone ( Figure 7A,B), the inhibitory effect on HSV replication (few fluorescent-labeling cells at the injection site) and virus transmission (no fluorescent-labeling cells in the LGd region) were observed, which was better in the LV-aICP4 and LV-aICP27 groups compared with the LV-agD and LV-aVP16 groups. The treatment effect of the Cas9/gRNA combination (Cocktail) group was relatively the best. There were no or only a small number of fluorescent-labeling cells at injection site V1 ( Figure 7D,G). Furthermore, we also performed the therapeutic effect experiment. H129-EGFP was first injected in the V1 brain region of mice, and LV-cocktail was administrated 1-day post-infection; it was found that the cocktail treatment could effectively inhibit HSV replication ( Figure 7H,I), and the effect was better than that of a single lentivirus administration.
In this study, we developed an antiviral strategy comprising coordinated lifecycle elimination against viral replication (CLEAR). This strategy is different from targeting a key viral gene to inhibit viral genome replication. Instead, it starts with analyzing the characteristics of the viral life cycle and selects a multi-pronged approach to block various life cycle stages of the virus. In this way, it can effectively avoid the disability of singlepoint genome editing once the virus genome mutates. Multi-point genome editing can simultaneously target multiple key gene targets, thereby effectively inhibiting viral genome replication and producing a synergistic antiviral effect. This method is effective for both proliferative viruses and latent infected viruses, as it involves editing and cutting viral genomic materials. As mentioned above, the CLEAR strategy using CRISPR targeting the key HSV genes-VP16, ICP27, ICP4, and gD-could effectively inhibit HSV replication and proliferation, and the combination of Cas9/gRNAs strategy was more efficient. In order to effectively target latent HSV 1-containing neurons, the administration strategies include a local administration method or LV administration at the axonal terminals of neurons. Lentivirus delivers the CRISPR system to enter the cell body of HSV1 latently infected neurons in order to carry out the gene-cutting function in the nucleus, which can effectively prevent viral genome replication in latent cells and achieve the fundamental elimination of the latent virus. In addition, it is worth noting that there was no significant difference in the effect of agD, aICP4, aVP16, and aICP27 editing on inhibiting HSV replication in vitro. However, in in vivo experiments, the effect of the targeted editing of ICP4 or ICP27 alone was better than that of editing gD and VP16 ( Figure 7B). The effectiveness of editing ICP4 or ICP27 in inhibiting HSV replication was consistent with previous reports [14,31,32,34].
In the present study, we assessed the efficiency of Cas9/gRNA genome editing to inhibit HSV replication at the preventive and therapeutic levels. In order to explore the accessibility of gRNAs to their target sequences and determine the time window for CRISPR gene editing, we designed the experiments involving the "prevention strategy" and "treatment strategy" and compared their effects. The results showed that the CRISPR editing system could inhibit HSV replication more effectively by expressing gRNAs in the cells before infection. In the productive life cycle of HSV viruses, when the viral genome is in a naked DNA state, it can certainly be easily recognized, captured, and cut by the Cas9/gRNA complex. When the viral genome is in the form of chromatin, it will increase the difficulty of editing to a certain extent. On one level, the cocktail of gRNA editing and cutting (multiple targeting effects of CLEAR strategy) could provide enhanced efficacy in preventing viral genome replication. Moreover, multi-target blockades could effectively prevent the occurrence of ineffective single-target editing interventions during viral gene mutations. The determination and optimization of the CRISPR gene editing time window need to be further studied.
In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the CRISPR gene editing strategy had a good inhibitory effect in the experiments of both "prevention strategy" and "treatment strategy", especially in vivo experiments. Compared with the control groups, Cas9/gRNA treatments, whether administered alone or combined, significantly inhibited HSV proliferation and spread. The demonstrated dose-response relationship and the applicability of the CLEAR strategy across different MOIs further highlight its potential for developing novel anti-HSV therapies.

Animals
All husbandry and experimental procedures in this study were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committees at the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology or Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (approval No. SIAT-IACUC-200902-NS-WHD-A1438). Adult male C57BL/ 6 mice were purchased from Hunan SJA Laboratory Animal Company. Adult (8-10 weeks old) C57BL/6 mice (male, n = 27) were used for in vivo experiments. Mice were randomly assigned to groups of predetermined sample size. No mice were excluded from these analyses. All animals were housed in a dedicated housing room with a 12/12 h light/dark cycle, and food and water were available ad libitum. All the experiments with viruses were performed in biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) laboratory and animal facilities.

Cell and Virus
The wildtype HSV-1 H129 clinical strain was generously provided by Professor Lynn Enquist (Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA). Viral stocks were grown on BHK-21 cells (American Type Culture Collection) maintained in Dulbecco's minimum essential media (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Standard plaque assays were performed by serially diluting virus in DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS (2% DMEM) and overlaying infected cells with medium containing 2% FBS, antibiotics, and 1% agarose. Plaques were identified using neutral red staining and/or fluorescence microscopy where appropriate. Aliquots of viral stocks were stored frozen at −80 • C.
HSV1 H129-EGFP recombinant virus was constructed and maintained in our lab, in which an EGFP expression cassette (containing hUbC promoter, EGFP gene, WPRE and bGH ploy (A) signal) was inserted into the intergenic region between the UL37 and UL38 genes of H129 viral genome. The recombinant H129-EGFP viruses were mass-produced by infecting BHK-21 cells grown in T75 tissue culture flasks. After infected cells showed a prominent cytopathic effect (~2 days), medium containing the viruses was collected, centrifuged to remove cell debris (7000× g for 10 min), the supernatant passed through a 0.22 µm filter, and finally centrifuged at 50,000× g/3 h using Beckman Avanti J-26SXP Ultracentrifuge. Dissolved viruses were aliquoted into 3 µL and stored at −80 • C. The titer of viral stocks was determined using standard plaque assay and titers were expressed as plaque-forming units (PFU) per milliliter. A fresh aliquot of stock virus was thawed and used for each experiment. The titers of HSV1 H129-EGFP stocks used in these studies werẽ 2 × 10 9 PFU/mL.

Stereotactic Surgery
All procedures on animals were performed in Biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) animal facilities [43]. Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium by intraperitoneal injection (80 mg/kg, i.p.), and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus (RWD, Shenzhen, China, 68030). During surgery and virus injection, all animals were kept anesthetized with isoflurane (1-1.5%). The skull above the targeted areas was thinned with a dental drill and removed carefully. Injections were conducted with a syringe pump (Stoelting, Wood Dale, IL, USA, 53311) connected to a glass micropipette with a tip diameter of 10-15 mm. The glass micropipette was held for an extra 10 min after the completion of the injection and then slowly retreated. After the surgery, the incisions were stitched and lincomycin hydrochloride and lidocaine hydrochloride gel was applied to prevent inflammation and alleviate pain for the animals. 5 × 10 4 TU lentiCRISPR-gRNA viruses and 500 PFU H129-EGFP viruses was injected into the adult male C57BL/6 mice (n = 3) at 0 d.p.i. and 5 d.p.i. respectively, with the following coordinates: V1 (AP, −2.80 mm; ML, −2.40 mm; and DV, −0.90 mm).

Slice Preparation and Confocal Imaging
Five days post injection with HSV H129-EGFP, the mice were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (100 mg/kg body weight, i.p.), and perfused transcardially with PBS (5 min), followed by ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA, 158127 MSDS, sigma) dissolved in PBS (5 min). The brain tissues were carefully removed and post-fixed in PBS containing 4% PFA at 4 • C overnight, and then equilibrated in PBS containing 25% sucrose at 4 • C for 72 h. The 40-µm-thick coronal slices of the whole brain were obtained using the cryostat microtome and stored at −20 • C. For all samples, every sixth section of the brain slices were selected, stained with DAPI, washed with PBS, mounted with 70% glycerol (in PBS) and sealed with nail polish. All of the images were captured with the Olympus VS120 virtual microscopy slide scanning system (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

Data Analysis
SPSS (version 13.0) and Origin 9.0 were used for data analysis (student's t-tests) and statistical graphs, respectively. All data were presented as means ± SEM. Statistical significance was set as *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01 and ***, p < 0.001.

Supplementary Materials:
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https:// www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/pathogens12060814/s1, Figure S1: The inhibitory effect of CRISPR editing on HSV replication in HEK-293T cell line. Figure S2: The control mice received either PBS or LV-Vec showed strong H129-EGFP replication and spread. Figure S3: The effect of suppressing HSV replication in mice subjected to single LV treatments. Figure S4: The effect of suppressing HSV replication in mice from various LV-Cocktail treatment groups.

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its Supplementary Information Files.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.