Integrating Sustainability in Management Education

Over the last decade, numerous modules, courses, and programs in Management Education have integrated sustainability into their curricula. However, this “integration” has translated into very diverse forms and contents. This article aims to clarify these ambiguities. It maps four forms of sustainability integration in Management Education. These four distinct forms are (1) discipline-based integration, in which the anchoring point is the business discipline (sustainability is added as a dimension of this body of knowledge); (2) strategic-/competitive-based integration, in which the anchoring point is the strategy of the organization (sustainability is viewed as a potential contributor to the firm’s competitive advantage); (3) integration by application, in which managerial tools and approaches from business disciplines are applied so as to contribute to addressing a sustainability challenge; and, last, (4) systemic integration, in which the anchoring point is a social-ecological-economic challenge defined from an interdisciplinary perspective. Implications of this chapter for the design of courses and programs and the practice of sustainability in Management Education are twofold. First, this article contributes to going beyond the prevailing tendency of studies in the field of sustainability in Management Education to focus mainly on tools and applications. In doing so, this article helps frame these challenges on the level of course and program design. Second, this article helps management educators map what they are intending to achieve by the integration of sustainability into the Management Education curriculum.


Introduction
Over the last decade, many undergraduate, graduate, and executive business programs have inserted modules, courses, and components having to do with sustainability.Several sustainability-related programs have been created as well (see [1] for an overview of this in the US).Volumes and special issues of journals about these experiences and the lessons learned have been published [2][3][4] that reflect on this trend.Several forums have been established for Management and Business educators to discuss and exchange experiences, and, more broadly, to reflect on issues related to sustainability in This article aims to shed some light on the conceptual and pedagogical challenges of integrating sustainability in Management Education.Doing so, it proposes a framework to map various forms of integration.The remainder of this article is organized into three sections.The first section identifies frequent conceptual and institutional/organizational challenges related to the integration of sustainable development in Management Education.The second section introduces a framework that maps four forms of sustainability integration in Management Education.The concluding section highlights the potential and possible limitations of this framework for mapping and designing the integration of sustainability in Management Education.

Sustainability and Management Education: Conceptual, Institutional, and Curriculum-Related Challenges
"Integration" is defined here broadly as the search for coherence in a program or pedagogical activity related to sustainability issues.Sustainability integration in Management Education is a daunting task on conceptual as well as on institutional/organizational levels.The conceptual challenges are due to the various definitions and interpretations of "sustainable development" and "sustainability."The institutional/organizational challenges are a result of the context in which courses and programs are designed, implemented, and delivered, namely the context of business schools and universities / faculties of administration.

Conceptual Challenges
The Brundtland Commission [8] defined sustainable development as a development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."Also, it referred to the "interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars" of sustainable development as being economic development, social development, and environmental protection.This definition has been criticized for several reasons, such as for favoring humans over ecosystems [9], for relying on a definition of "development" that favors developed parts of the world to the detriment of developing parts of the world [10], and for its unclear definition of "needs", which is most often defined according to ecologically unsustainable and socially disruptive consumption patterns [11,12].This vagueness has led several educators and education scholars to question the relevance of educating individuals and groups towards sustainable development, given that educating towards sustainable development would lead to the subordination of education to the vague and widely contested notion of sustainable development [13].

Institutional Challenges
The second set of challenges concerns the organizational/institutional dimensions of business schools.Critiques of business schools in general and of their curricula in particular are not new.Business schools have been criticized from several angles, including for being centered on functions and specialized expertise to the detriment of management practice per se [14].Other critiques include their emphasis on the training of individuals towards arrogance and with a limited awareness about social issues [15], and a preference for "scientific" research over practical relevance-which has led to a more technical and specialized curriculum, a focus on quantitative approaches [16].A more recent critique was coined in the documentary Inside Job [17] which highlighted the ambiguous roles and responsibilities of several US deans of Business Schools and faculty in generating the conditions for the 2008 financial crisis.A last set of obstacles concerns the ethos-the organizational culture-of the academic institution / business school, whose dominant values may be explicitly or implicitly adverse to sustainability-related values [18].

Curriculum-Related Challenges
Challenges concerning integration into the Management Education curriculum are neither new nor specific to sustainability.Béchard [19], in research looking at two decades of forms of integration in the Management Education curriculum, concluded that despite several reports regarding the state of Management Education curriculum that highlights the need for integration, limited progress had been achieved.Several programs have adopted one of the three approaches to inserting sustainability into the curriculum.The first approach consists of creating a course in an existing Management program, with limited connection to the issues of the existing curriculum.This ad hoc approach has been frequently adopted [20].However, the creation of a course on sustainable development, which may initially appear to be a solution, may not address deeper issues related to the existing curriculum, namely the assumptions of existing programs.Giacalone and Thomson [21] highlighted the difference between implicit and explicit assumptions about business ethics in Management programs.While implicit curriculum refers to the ideology and underlying assumptions of specific courses and disciplines, explicit curriculum refers to formal and deliberate attempts to bring sustainability into classroom conversations and concerns.Therefore, it can be assumed that a sustainability course added onto a program that is dominated by short-term and narrow assumptions would not hit its target [7].
The second option is to redesign the curriculum with sustainability as an anchoring point.Here again, the polymorphous meaning of sustainability may make it difficult to actually anchor a program.As for priorities, educators may find it difficult to select which sustainability topics are most important to address in business curriculum.As for integration of the environmental, social, and economic elements of sustainability, the question is how to ensure that students and managers integrate the relationships among these dimensions into their thinking and actions.As for content, a frequent challenge is to present business students, who are often overspecialized, with the often technically complex topics of energy conservation, climate change, and biodiversity.In general, how does one make sense of and create a coherent course or curriculum out of potentially disparate material?
This first section has discussed the conceptual, institutional, and curriculum-related challenges of integrating sustainability into the Management curriculum.What makes this integration a daunting task is these interrelated dimensions.The polymorphous meaning of sustainability, together with the institutional challenges of business schools and the enduring problem of Management Education curriculum, make this integration difficult.The need for clarification regarding the forms of integration is the purpose of the following section.

Mapping Forms of Curriculum Integration
Before mapping forms of integration of sustainability in Management Education, we first need to map Management Education as a field per se.We do so based on epistemological and analytical criteria.On the one hand, from both historical and epistemological perspectives, Management Education is constituted around management disciplines, such as accounting, finance, economics, human resources, etc., and is connected by capstone disciplines such as strategy or strategic management [22,23].Each of these management disciplines is organized around a common theoretical basis, certain assumptions, and tools that aim to orient and inform managerial and organizational decisions and actions.The disciplinarity (monodisciplinarity vs. interdisciplinarity) axis represents the vertical axis for differentiating between places where the integration of sustainability occurs (see Table 1).On the other hand, historically, the unit of analysis of Business/Management Education has been the business organization or corporation.The first business schools-such as the Harvard Business School, HEC Paris, and HEC Montreal, among others-were established at the turn of the twentieth century to meet the needs of companies for qualified accountants, administrators, and managers.The division of knowledge in Management programs typically reflects the functional divisions in the business organization itself.The overarching concern of Management Education is related to managerial action in business organizations.Over the last few years, several Management programs have aimed to train managers in different forms of organizations-such as cooperatives and social economy organizations-and with motives other than profit beyond the "typical" business model (such as social enterprises, social innovation, and social business programs).This innovative, non-business organization-related model and its motivations have become more significant since the 2008 financial and economic crisis, which challenged the dominant model.The second/horizontal axis concerns the unit of analysis per se; it addresses the question, "What unit of analysis is to be sustained?"This axis ranges from the sustainability of a business organization with an overarching concern for its own competitiveness to the realization of the conditions for the sustainability of a society and/or ecosystem.For the sake of clarity, we label the latter "a social and ecological system" (see Table 1).Table 1.Four forms of "integration".

How does one increase the sustainability of a business organization by integrating different bodies of knowledge? Strategic/competitive integration
How does one make socialecological-economic systems more sustainable?How does one increase the resilience of systems?How does one foster social or institutional innovation?

How does one insert sustainability concerns into a single discipline? Discipline-based or functional integration
How does one apply knowledge and tools from this body of knowledge to a sustainabilityrelated issue or situation?

Unit of analysis Business organization Social-ecological-economic system
This matrix summarizes visually the four forms of integration.Each form of integration identified in each quadrant frames the issue of integration in a different way.
The left lower quadrant-discipline-based integration-maps the integration of sustainability from the standpoint of a single discipline and answers the question, "How does one insert sustainability concerns into a single discipline?"An example of the advancement of this mono-disciplinary integration is environmental accounting.Research and teaching in environmental accounting aims to provide models that are adapted to include externalities of business activities, such as pollution or natural resources depletion, into accounting models and decision-making processes.
The lower right quadrant-integration by application-maps the mono-disciplinary integration of sustainability.This application of tools developed in a management discipline aim to address a sustainability conundrum such as changing individual or group behaviors regarding an environmental or social issue.It aims to address the question, "How can management tools contribute to addressing social and environmental systemic challenges?" Social and environmental marketing illustrate this form of integration.For example, cause-marketing aims to sensitize individuals and groups or raise awareness of sustainable development issues, which may lead to behavioral change and, eventually, to social or environmental betterment.This form of applied integration mobilizes tools that were traditionally designed for a business organization and gives them a new purpose, one aligned with social and environmental sustainability.
The upper right quadrant-strategic/competitive integration-maps the integration of sustainability concerns with an exclusive focus on the business organization.Alignment between sustainability and business competitiveness is the underlying postulate of this perspective.This approach assumes that the integration of sustainability concerns will be aligned with improving the competitive position of the business organization either as a strategy to reduce inefficiencies or as a source of product or company differentiation.In other words, this approach assumes that the competitive position of the company may benefit from sustainability concern.This form of integration is interdisciplinary: in contrast to the mono-disciplinary integration observed in disciplines such as accounting or marketing for instance, different disciplines are mobilized, and their respective contributions are mobilized towards the achievement of a sustained competitive advantage.At the same time, that which is sustained concerns the company as well [24].Much progress has been made in these three quadrants.An example is The Sustainable MBA [25].
The starting point for these three quadrants is similar to that of Management Education curriculanamely, management disciplines and an overarching concern for the pursuit of corporate competitive advantage.In general, the integration of sustainability in these three forms has been incrementalnot radical.
However, progress toward the integration of these three quadrants faces several shortcomings.The first one is the lack of deeper questioning of business education, which has been criticized from several standpoints over the last decade.One critique was put forward by Ghoshal [7] in a posthumously published article in which he highlighted the domination of theoretical science-like knowledge over practice and the promotion of University of Chicago ideology in Management curriculum.This curriculum, he stated, has led to the promotion of a negative representation and a deterministic vision of human behavior, and the prevalence of the ideology that favors shareholder value over value creation for other stakeholder groups.The domination of this short-term and potentially destructive ideology is far from being compatible with that of a sustainable world.
None of these three forms of integration (discipline based, application based, and strategic) rely on an adaptive approach to integration: they promote the view that sustainability needs to be "added on" to existing curricula without questioning the epistemology or/and purpose of Management Education curriculum.The starting points of these three forms of integration are the curricula per se; as such these forms do not themselves contribute to questioning entrenched assumptions related to Management Education [26,27].
A second set of critiques concerns the role of Management Education in contributing to the idea of a sustainable world.The argument that the current late capitalist economic system is not ecologically sustainable and increases social, economic, and cultural inequalities is not new (see [28,29], among others).Recent critiques of Management Education have highlighted the roles of Business Schools in reproducing and amplifying conditions for un-sustainability through the current form of Management Education [30].Research in Management has marginally investigated how management and organizations could contribute to building more resilient and innovative social, environmental, and economic systems [31].
The fourth quadrant concerns systemic integration.It refers to inter-disciplinarity and a shift of analytical focus from competitive and business organizations to the conditions for sustainability in an economic-social-ecological system.This systemic integration frames the issue of sustainability as an issue of the general sustainability of the social-economic-ecological system by raising questions such as "How does one make social-ecological-economic systems more sustainable?","How does one increase the resilience of systems?", and "How does one foster social or institutional innovation as possible sets of solutions for sustainability challenges?" While the first three forms of integration are incremental as they add specific sustainability-related aspects to existing curricula, this fourth form is radical, given that its starting point is neither the existing Management Education curriculum nor the traditional scope of analysis of Business Education-namely, the competitive advantage of the business organization.Rather, this fourth form of integration is based on the premise that what are most important are the interactions between human societies and the biosphere in which business and non-business organizations operate.In addition, while the three first forms of integration are concerned with instrumental, , and short-term effects, the fourth form of integration aims to build connections and to train students and managers to think, operate, and feel differently.

Conclusions
This chapter has identified four forms of integrating sustainability into Management curriculum based on epistemological dimensions (Management mono-disciplinarity vs. Management interdisciplinarity) and also on the unit of analysis (firm centered vs. broader-system centered).While three of these forms are incremental forms of integration, the fourth form is radical.This concluding section identifies the limitations and implications for Management educators interested in designing courses in business sustainability.This article has the following limitations.First, this paper focuses on the curriculum itself and does not connect with other components or dimensions of students' educational experience, such as sustainable campus initiatives.Second, this paper does not focus on Management Education approaches or methods, such as case teaching, problem-based learning or traditional teaching approaches.Third, this paper does not address the role of the Management instructor or educator.
Implications for the design of Management Education modules, courses, and programs are the following.The framework introduced here aims to be used as a heuristic for evaluating a curriculum.It also is meant to be a way of mapping what is being done, what more could be done, and what needs to be strengthened or added to a given curriculum in matters of sustainability in Management Education curriculum.A lot of effort has been dedicated over the last decade to creating elaborate management teaching material and programs on sustainability.It is our hope that this simple framework will contribute to taking stock of what has been achieved and what needs to be done on the road ahead in order to achieve conditions for a sustainable world.Management Education is part of the sustainability problem; it could become part of the solution as well.