Interest in and Awareness of French President Emmanuel Macron ’ s “ Make our Planet Great Again ” Initiative

President Donald Trump’s withdrawal from the Paris Agreement served as an impetus for the French President to enact “Make our Planet Great Again”, an initiative aimed at attracting international scientists to study climate change. In the current study, we evaluated the extent of interest and awareness towards this initiative. Our goal was to determine factors that impacted awareness and interest, with the hypothesis that political views and beliefs towards climate change would be strong influencers. We also predicted that there would be a greater number of scientists among the aware and interested participants. To test these hypotheses, we distributed anonymous online surveys during October–November 2017 to multiple academic departments within the University of Florida, a land grant institution with top ranking programs in environmental sciences, agriculture, biodiversity conservation, and horticulture. We recruited 185 participants. Approximately 45% of the participants were aware of French President Macron’s initiative; of those aware, 51.8% expressed interest. We found a moderate influence of political party on awareness and interest. Nearly all of the participants that were aware and interested in the initiative agreed that climate change was a real event. Slightly lower agreement was reported by the unaware and uninterested. Surprisingly, there were fewer scientists among the aware and interested participants compared to those that were unaware and uninterested participants. These findings highlight that both political party and belief towards climate change influenced interest and awareness in President Emmanuel Macron’s initiative. Thus, employing strategies that engage all political parties, as well as educating individuals on climate change, might result in more effective future global initiatives.


Introduction
Global warming, which is the steady increase in global temperatures on planet Earth, has been a topic of interest for decades (Broecker 1975;Booth 1988;United Nations 1992).Continued global warming presents a potentially grim future for our planet, with rising sea levels, increased plant and animal loss, and eventual disruption to the ecosystem that is vital to support human life (Peltier and Tushingham 1989;Graham and Grimm 1990;Glynn 1991;Rubin et al. 1992).Indeed, some argue that current events, such as the recent loss of the African baobabs (Patrut et al. 2018), as well as the increased frequency of intense hurricanes (Holland and Bruyère 2014), are due, at least in part, to global warming.
Although global warming has incited significant interest, it has also been highly controversial (Roberts 1989).The controversy surrounding global warming hinges upon two main features: (1) debate whether reports stating global warming is occurring are accurate (Keller 2003); and (2) debate whether it is the result of human activities or just natural variability (Hamilton et al. 2015;Folland et al. 2018).
Despite this debate, a plan was implemented by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in December 2015 to combat climate change.This plan, known as the Paris Agreement, aims to better maintain the global environment while combatting the consequences of climate change through an international partnership with participating countries (Rogelj et al. 2016;Gomez-Echeverri 2018;Markandya et al. 2018).On 1 June 2017, the United States President Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the Paris Agreement (Tollefson 2017;Esty and Bell 2018;Park 2018).In response to President Trump's withdrawal, French President Emmanuel Macron launched an initiative to invite scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs from the United States to come to France to initiate or continue their research on the environment and climate change (Figueres et al. 2017;Pain 2017;Macron 2018).President Macron's "Make Our Planet Great Again" initiative offered grants in excess of 1 million USD to junior and senior climate researchers (Butler 2017).Interested individuals were to apply and then undergo a selection process; if chosen, then they would conduct their research at a French institution.
Macron's "Make Our Planet Great Again" set guidelines, steps, and even incentives for those who were willing to move to France.However, the extent of success of Macron's initiative relied heavily upon the response of those he was particularly targeting: scientists from the United States (Pain 2017).The initiative would only be successful if it attracted interest from qualified candidates.
In pursuit of this goal, President Macron faced several potential challenges.For example, a 2010 survey indicated that about half of Americans were not worried about climate change (Leiserowitz et al. 2010).Similarly, estimates that only 35-44% of Americans viewed global warming as a serious problem suggested that it was not a priority for the majority of Americans (Smith and Leiserowitz 2012).Part of the reason that Americans appear to be less interested in global warming is because they view it as something that is "distant in both time and space" (Leiserowitz 2006).
Moreover, in recent years, some reports have suggested that climate change scientists are unfairly scrutinized in attempts to discredit their work and/or provoke intimidation (Brown 2006).Such allegations have been largely aimed at republicans who "witch hunt" climate change scientists.Consistent with this, reports have suggested that factors affecting the perception of climate change include a pro-environmental attitude and democratic values (Malka et al. 2009;Carlton and Jacobson 2013).Similarly, it has been shown that democrats and independents are more likely to accept climate change as being anthropogenic compared to republicans (Hamilton et al. 2015).Campbell and Kay also found that the increased skepticism exhibited by some republicans towards environmental issues is likely due to conflicts between ideological values and the proposed solutions for such environmental issues (Campbell and Kay 2014).Thus, given this background, it was possible that President Macron's plea for Americans to reinvest in the environment would fall upon deaf ears.
We designed an online anonymous survey to assess the extent of interest and awareness towards French President Emmanuel Macron's "Make our Planet Great Again" initiative.We distributed the survey online to the University of Florida, a top 10 ranked public land grant university (U. S New & World Report 2018) with a national and world reputation for several programs related to the environment and conservation (Orlando and University of Florida 2017; Niche 2018).
We made several predictions based upon prior studies and hypothesized that political view (McCright and Dunlap 2011;Fielding and Hornsey 2016;Hornsey et al. 2016), science background (Krosnick et al. 2006;Ding et al. 2011), and belief towards climate change (Hornsey et al. 2016) would heavily influence interest and awareness.The methodology, results, and discussion of our findings are presented below.

Survey
The survey was composed of the following 15 questions (shown below).The order of questions represents the order in which they were presented online to participants.Participants were asked to select one answer from the available answers (shown below for each question).All subjects provided informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study.The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the University of Florida (UF) Institutional Review Board (IRB201701688).Informed consent is detailed in a subsequent section.The survey was limited in distribution to UF because it is the institutional home to the primary authors of this study and was therefore the only university that institutional review board (IRB) approval could be readily obtained from.

Distribution
The survey had an equal chance at distribution through all academic departments and schools within different colleges at the University of Florida.Each department or school's dean or chairperson was contacted asking for permission to distribute the survey to their faculty and students via a secure weblink.We received approval from some (approximately 25% of those contacted), but not all.In many cases, disapproval was conveyed through a lack of response, as opposed to an outright rejection.For those that opened the survey, there was a 100% response rate for completion.

Consent
Each participant had to provide informed consent in order to access the survey.Participants were informed that the survey is part of an independent research project that aims to investigate awareness of the French government's initiative in combatting climate change.Participants were notified that there would be no direct benefit and compensation for anyone who chose to take the survey and that the data would be shared in the form of a publication.Furthermore, participants did not have to fill in every question if they did not want to answer particular questions.The telephone number of the University of Florida's IRB as well as that of the senior investigator (Leah Reznikov) were provided so that individuals could report any concerns or ask any questions.In the consent approval, it was emphasized that participant responses would remain anonymous and that no internet protocol addresses were collected.The survey was administered through UF Qualtrics.

Statistics
Chi square tests were used to determine statistically significant relationships between dependent and independent variables.The Spearman rank correlation analysis was performed when determining the impact/influence of a single variable on the dependent variable (e.g., awareness and interest).For the Spearman rank correlation analysis, categorical numbers were converted to numerical values as follows: democrats, +1; independents, 0; republicans, −1.A similar strategy has been used previously (Hamilton et al. 2015).To examine the impact of belief towards climate change, we assigned the following numerical categories: agree, +1; neither agree or disagree, 0; disagree, −1.Aware (or aware and interested) was assigned 1, and unaware (or unaware and interested) was assigned, 0. Graphpad Prism 7.0a was used for the Chi square analysis and JMP 14.0.1 was used for the Spearman rank correlation.Significance was defined as p < 0.05.

Results
A total of 185 individuals participated.All participants provided consent.The least number of participants that answered any single question was 183, resulting in a 98.9% completion rate.We believe that the brevity of the survey accounted for the low dropout ratio and high completion rate.
The population of participants consisted of approximately 51.4% females and 47.6% males, with one individual identifying as transgender and another not disclosing their gender (Table 1).The age distribution was skewed, with the majority (62.8%) falling into the 19-30 year range (Table 1).Consistent with this, a large portion of the respondents were either pursuing or had obtained their Bachelor's degree (46.7%) (Table 1), and 60.9% identified themselves as being a student (Table 1).These figures are expected given the population (e.g., university) sampled.We first examined awareness of the initiative.Of the 185 participants, 83 (44.9%) were aware of French President Macron's initiative prior to the survey (Table 2).Of those that were aware, 51.8% were interested in the initiative (Table 2).When we assessed the responses of the 102 individuals that were unaware of the initiative, less than half displayed interest (Table 2).The combined results were consistent with data suggesting that approximately half of Americans are not concerned about climate change (Leiserowitz et al. 2010).As highlighted earlier, political values can influence and shape one's beliefs and interests in climate change (Carlton and Jacobson 2013;Mildenberger et al. 2017).Thus, we hypothesized that political affiliation would influence interest and awareness in the initiative.There were more republicans in the unaware group compared to the aware group (Table 3).The Chi square analysis revealed a significant relationship between political view and awareness of the initiative (X 2 (4) = 12.58, p = 0.014).The Spearman rank correlation analysis suggested that political party was a weak but significant predictor of awareness (r s = 0.23, p = 0.004, Table 3).Therefore, we further stratified the population and compared the distribution of political parties among the aware and interested versus those that were unaware and uninterested (Table 3).The Chi square analysis revealed a highly significant relationship between political affiliation and interest and awareness (X 2 (4) = 22.6, p = 0.0001).Similarly, the Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that political party was a moderate and significant predictor of being aware and interested (r s = 0.42, p < 0.0001).The finding that political party influenced interest and awareness in the initiative was consistent with previous literature demonstrating that political values strongly influence concern about global warming (Krosnick et al. 2006).We predicted that belief in climate change would influence awareness and/or interest in President Macron's initiative (Hornsey et al. 2016).More specifically, we hypothesized that those that believed climate change was a real event would show more interest and awareness in the initiative.Overall, 90.81% of the total participants agreed that climate change was a real event (Table 4).This percentage was largely the same for the aware (92.7%) and not aware (89.2%) (Table 4) participants (X 2 (2) = 2.14, p = 0.34).As such, the Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that belief towards climate change was not a significant predictor of being aware (r s = 0.058, p = 0.43).The examination of those that were aware and interested (Table 4) versus those that were unaware and uninterested (Table 4) revealed a trend for a relationship (X 2 (2) = 4.86, p = 0.08).The Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that belief towards climate change was weak but was a significant predictor of being aware and interested (r s = 0.22, p = 0.028) in the initiative.For those agreeing that climate change was a real event, there was nearly an even distribution for interest and uninterest in the initiative (Table 5).Participants who either disagreed (Table 5) or neither agreed or disagreed (Table 5) showed less interest in the initiative compared to those that agreed.Consistent with this, the Chi square analysis revealed a significant relationship between interest or disinterest and belief towards climate change (X 2 (3) = 8.98, p = 0.01).Thus, in sum, these data supported the hypothesis that belief towards climate change impacted interest and awareness.Because President Macron's initiative was aimed at attracting scientists and researchers, we further examined whether being in a science or a research and development-related position impacted awareness.We hypothesized that being a scientist would positively influence interest and awareness.The relative proportions of scientists who were aware or unaware of the initiative was similar (Table 6).Consistent with this, the Chi square analysis found no significant relationship between the variables of "scientist" and "awareness" (X 2 (1) = 0.64, p = 0.52).Therefore, we further stratified the population and asked whether scientists represented a larger portion of those who were both interested and aware (Table 6) versus those who were unaware and uninterested (Table 6).The Chi square analysis revealed a significant relationship among the variables of "scientist", "aware and interested", and "unaware and uninterested" (X 2 (1) = 4.67, p = 0.04).However, surprisingly, fewer scientists were among those that were interested and aware.This result therefore did not support the hypothesis that a science background positively impacted interest and awareness.Value in column designates number of participants

Discussion & Conclusions
We investigated interest and awareness towards French President Macron's "Make Our Planet Great Again" initiative through an online survey analysis.Our study convened and was concluded prior to initial announcements of its success and the selected winners (Pain 2017; Ministère and L'innovation 2018).We found that less than 50% of our participants were aware of the initiative.Of the individuals who were aware of the initiative, a little over half expressed interest in it.This result was consistent with previous data indicating that about half of Americans are not worried about climate change (Leiserowitz et al. 2010), as well as data suggesting that few Americans view addressing climate change as a high priority (Ding et al. 2011).
We found a significant relationship among political affiliation and awareness and interest in the initiative.Specifically, we found a significant correlation between political view and interest and awareness, with democrats showing more interest and awareness and republicans showing less interest and awareness.This finding was perhaps not unexpected, given the numerous previous studies indicating that there is a strong influence of political alignment on belief towards climate change (McCright and Dunlap 2011;Hart et al. 2015;Mildenberger et al. 2017).However, this generalization warrants some caution, as there is significant variation in republican and democratic views on climate change that are dependent upon geographical location and congressional district (Mildenberger et al. 2017).
Our study also found that a large proportion of participants believed that climate change was a real event.This finding was consistent with data suggesting that approximately 70% of Americans believe in global warming (Leiserowitz et al. 2011).This finding also paralleled that described by Mildenberger and colleagues for the state of Florida (Mildenberger et al. 2017).We also found that belief in climate change was a weak but significant predictor of awareness or interest.Previous studies have suggested that knowledge-based factors can be outcompeted by ideological views (Kahan et al. 2012;Hart et al. 2015).For example, when an individual holds onto existing values and/or beliefs, new information that challenges their beliefs is often discounted or ignored (Kemmelmeier 2015).Indeed, this is a form of preserving identity and self-integrity (Cohen et al. 2007).It is also consistent with data suggesting that beliefs are a product of knowledge and prior thought (Krosnick et al. 2006).Thus, it is possible that even though many of individuals were in agreement that climate change was real event, their ideological values prevented them from being more interested and aware of the initiative.This would also account for the relatively weak association.
We predicted that science background would positively correlate with awareness and interest in the initiative.However, we found that the proportions of scientists among those that were aware and unaware of the initiative were largely the same.Moreover, in contrast to our expectations, we found fewer scientists among the aware and interested participants compared to the unaware and uninterested participants.A possible explanation for this result is that area of expertise dictated interest.For example, much like when the National Institutes of Health releases funding opportunities, only those researchers that qualify or are interested in the opportunity will apply.Thus, non-climate researchers might have shown disinterest because they did not believe the initiative applied to them or they believed that they were not qualified.It is also possible that ideologies, world views, and political affiliation overshadowed the influence of scientific education (Hornsey et al. 2016).Similarly, perhaps the perceived controversy surrounding climate change deterred scientists from expressing awareness and/or interest (Lewandowsky et al. 2015).
Our study was designed to examine the impact of a few limited factors on interest and awareness in French President Macron's initiative.However, one area that we did not explore is the concept of "identification with all humanity" (McFarland et al. 2012).This idea posits that some individuals care deeply for all humans (McFarland et al. 2013).Such individuals have a desire to help all humans (Maslow 1954), and therefore, might be more engaged in initiatives that benefit all humans.Indeed, it has been suggested that individuals that exhibit global identity are more likely to act in ways that favor the environment (Reese 2016).Consistent with this, Renger and Reese found that high global identity predicted pro-environmental activism (Renger and Reese 2017).Thus, it is possible that a portion of our participants that were interested and aware of the initiative exhibited global identity.It would be interesting to determine whether individuals who were aware and interested in the "Make our Planet Great Again" initiative also demonstrated interest and awareness in other global initiatives and/or policies.
In summary, our data indicate that President Macron stimulated some interest within the United States amongst academicians and scientists.Based upon prior studies, the interest and awareness were approximately equivalent to what one might expect.If our data were extrapolated to include other universities and even the general population of the United States, then President 1-Do you provide consent for the information you provide in this survey to be used for scientific research?Responses are completely anonymous.Do you think President Macron's offer will increase the French scientific workforce?Answers: yes, no, not sure 15-Do you think President Macron's offer will influence climate regulations in the United States?Answers: yes, no, not sure Answers: male, female, transgender, prefer not to say 4-What is your age range?Answers: 0-18, 19-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61+ 5-What is the highest degree or level of school you have pursued?Answers: high school, trade/technical/vocational school, Bachelor's degree, Master's degree, Professional degree, Doctorate degree 6-Which best describes your current employment status?Answers: student, employed, unemployed, retired 7-Are you a scientist or employed in a research & development-related position?Answers: yes, no 8-Choose the party that best aligns with your political views.Answers: republican, democrat, independent, other, prefer not to say 9-Climate change is a real event.Answers: I agree with this statement, I disagree with this statement, I neither agree or disagree with this statement 10-Early in June 2017, President Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the Paris Agreement (Accord de Paris).The agreement aims to combat greenhouse gas emissions through the financial collaboration of countries that want to alleviate global warming.In response to President Trump's withdrawal, French President Emmanuel Macron has extended an invitation to United States scientists and researchers to move to France and "Make Our Planet Great Again."This invitation aims at attracting foreign scientists with 4-year grants worth up to €1.5 Million (1.71 USD) each.Were you aware of this initiative prior to reading it here?Answers: yes, no 11-Based on this information, how interested are you in President Macron's offer?Answers: interested, not interested 12-If you qualify or were to qualify, how likely are you to move to France and accept President Macron's offer?Answers: highly likely, likely, unlikely, highly unlikely 13-Do you think President Macron's offer will have a measurable impact on our climate?Answers: yes, no, not sure 14-

Table 1 .
Demographics of population studied.

Table 2 .
Interest and awareness in the initiative.

Table 3 .
Political Party and interest and awareness.

Table 4 .
Belief that climate change is a real event.

Table 5 .
Interest and belief in climate change.

Table 6 .
Interest and awareness and science background.