Application of a CFD Validated Model to Plan Fan Heater Position within Flour Mills during a Heat Treatment for Insect Pest Control

The development of environmentally-friendly methods as alternatives to chemical fumigation for controlling insect pests has attracted public attention. Among these methods, heat treatment is based on the use of fan heaters that are positioned by operators who typically establish their number and position within buildings to be treated. The aim of this research was to improve heat treatment effectiveness by applying a validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for planning fan heater positions within the building environment. Based on a CFD model, which was built and validated according to experimental data acquired during heat treatment of a flour mill, simulations were carried out by changing the position and/or rotation of fan heaters with the aim of enhancing temperature distribution inside the building. The results showed that in some simulations the percentage of internal wall surfaces having a temperature value lower than that required for heat treatment efficacy was considerably reduced, by up to 56.7%. Therefore, the CFD approach proposed in this study could be used as a decision support system for improving heat treatment efficacy.


Introduction
In recent years, the topic of food safety has attracted increasing attention due to its relevance among the research trajectories promoted at the European level by the Horizon 2020 program.In detail, this research trajectory aims to combine tradition with product and process innovation by ensuring both high safety and quality standards for a wide range of products.In this context, cereal production has been profoundly renewed over the last few years, through: specific genetic improvement activities that have helped to select different species characterized by better production yields; improved mechanization ability; improved response to fertilization; and, better quality standards from product milling.
Within the mill, the quality of semolina or flour production could be strongly affected by an increase of rodents and insect pests at different life stages, from eggs and larva until the adult form [1]. It is well known that flour mill products constitute an ideal substrate to enhance growth of these pests, and that their presence could be, in turn, a detriment of the quality of the milling industry products with negative consequences on their marketing [2].
To avoid these negative consequences, pest control is urgently needed.Pest control can be achieved by using different approaches, ranging from the use of chemical protectants, such as gaseous fumigants, to physical treatments [3].
For several years, before its use was banned by the Montreal Protocol in 1987 due to its role in reducing the ozone layer, methyl bromide was widely used because of its efficiency of disinfestation of grain storage and flour milling processing rooms.In recent years, integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, as alternative techniques to methyl bromide for insect pest control, have been developed.Among the strategies suitable for cultivation and continuous crop monitoring to control pests and reduce pesticide use [4], heat treatment of the processing environment is an environmentally-friendly method for insect pest control in flour mills since it does not require the use of toxic substances [4][5][6][7][8][9].
Heat treatment consists of increasing air temperatures inside the building environment to unusually high values.Since lethal effects for the efficacy of insect pest control depend on both high temperatures and exposure time interval, a number of parameters that could affect the level of air temperatures inside the building environment, such as the building location, external climatic conditions, and the characteristics of the building components, should be considered.
Furthermore, heat treatment operators define the number and the position of fan heaters empirically, without a specific planning phase.This is an important issue for the management of the treatment, and which could be overcome using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17].
Recently, in a research study published by Valenti et al. [18], a method to build a CFD model for simulating thermal behaviour of a flour mill during heat treatment was defined.
Since the identification of the most appropriate strategy for optimisation of the treatment and minimisation of energy costs, which economically affect the strategy's execution and sustainability, is of utmost importance, the objective of this research study was to apply a CFD model to carry out simulations for defining the optimal position of fan heaters during heat treatment.Firstly, the CFD model, previously built and validated by Valenti et al. [18] according to experimental data acquired during heat treatment, was used to obtain surface temperatures of the flour mill walls.Then, surfaces having temperatures below 45 • C, which prevents heat treatment from being effective, were identified by carrying out simulations by changing position and/or rotation of the fan heaters.Finally, by calculating the percentage decrease of surfaces having a temperature lower than 45 • C, an improved configuration of fan heaters was identified without necessitating an increase in their number.The study proposed in this paper is novel because the results of the simulations could be useful to define decision support systems for operators, who typically define the number and the position of the fan heaters empirically.Furthermore, more effective planning of fan heater positions could avoid damage to machines, such as the plansifters, and ensure adequate levels of temperatures in some building components that could become refuges for insects during the treatment.

Case Study
The flour mill analysed in this study is located in the province of Syracuse, in eastern Sicily (36 • 59 56.8 N, 15 • 13 59.5 E).As reported by Valenti et al. [18], the mill has five floors, for a total height of 26.1 m, and the plan of the mill is approximately rectangular, with a longitudinal axis oriented in the east-west direction (Figure 1).
The five floors are connected by a reinforced concrete staircase and an elevator cage.The rooms used for grain processing have a reinforced concrete frame and insulated brick walls.The floors have cavities that allow the passage of the product from one floor to another, as is often done in buildings with the same intended use [19].
The heat treatment, which consists of increasing the air temperature of the treated environment until it reaches 45-55 • C, and maintaining it at that level for 36-48 h [8,[20][21][22], was carried out by a specialised company on April 2014 and lasted 48 h; i.e., from 4:00 p.m. of 24 April 2014 to 4:00 p.m. of 26 April 2014.The monitoring was carried out at the second floor, where the presence of plansifters, which are sensitive to high temperatures, would make heat treatment more problematic [23].Although the effect of heat treatment on the machinery was not a direct objective of this study, the risk of damaging machinery would be reduced by optimising temperature distribution inside the building.
In this study, the increase in temperature was generated by fan heaters, which allowed heat distribution in the treated environment [8].Typically, desired temperatures are not easily reached near floor level and at wall-to-wall and floor-to-floor intersections [1,8], which are considered 'weak points' of the treatment [23].In the second floor of the analyzed mill, three fan heaters were placed by the operators of the specialist company.During the treatment, the fan heaters were set to produce an output temperature of 70 • C and a volumetric flow rate of 2500 m 3 h −1 .
Buildings 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 13 of the specialist company.During the treatment, the fan heaters were set to produce an output temperature of 70 °C and a volumetric flow rate of 2500 m 3 h −1 .

Figure 1.
Floor plan of the monitored second floor during the heat treatment.

The CFD Validated Model
A shown in Figure 2, firstly, the three-dimensional model of the analyzed flour mill, where the thermal conditions were monitored, was built using Autodesk ® Autocad 2016 software (2016 Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA), in order to be imported into Autodesk ® CFD 2016 (2016 Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA).Air temperature data in the reference floor were detected before and during the whole heat treatment by using 8 Grillobee data-loggers (Tecnoel, Milan, Italy) connected to temperature transducers (Rotronic Italia s.r.l., Milan, Italy) and placed in different points of the floor in order to obtain a uniform field of temperatures.
The CFD model was then validated by comparing the temperatures obtained in the simulation, at the same points within the model created with Autodesk ® CFD 2016, with the average air temperatures

The CFD Validated Model
A shown in Figure 2, firstly, the three-dimensional model of the analyzed flour mill, where the thermal conditions were monitored, was built using Autodesk ® Autocad 2016 software (2016 Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA), in order to be imported into Autodesk ® CFD 2016 (2016 Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA).

The CFD Validated Model
A shown in Figure 2, firstly, the three-dimensional model of the analyzed flour mill, where the thermal conditions were monitored, was built using Autodesk ® Autocad 2016 software (2016 Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA), in order to be imported into Autodesk ® CFD 2016 (2016 Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA).Air temperature data in the reference floor were detected before and during the whole heat treatment by using 8 Grillobee data-loggers (Tecnoel, Milan, Italy) connected to temperature transducers (Rotronic Italia s.r.l., Milan, Italy) and placed in different points of the floor in order to obtain a uniform field of temperatures.
The CFD model was then validated by comparing the temperatures obtained in the simulation, at the same points within the model created with Autodesk ® CFD 2016, with the average air temperatures Air temperature data in the reference floor were detected before and during the whole heat treatment by using 8 Grillobee data-loggers (Tecnoel, Milan, Italy) connected to temperature transducers (Rotronic Italia s.r.l., Milan, Italy) and placed in different points of the floor in order to obtain a uniform field of temperatures.
The CFD model was then validated by comparing the temperatures obtained in the simulation, at the same points within the model created with Autodesk ® CFD 2016, with the average air temperatures recorded by the data-loggers [18].The output of the validated model was the indoor air and surface temperatures within the mill.
The results obtained by Valenti et al. [18] show that although the recorded average indoor air temperatures were above 47 • C, images detected by the thermal camera at the thermal bridges indicated that surface temperatures were much lower than 45 • C, which is the threshold value for the success of the heat treatment [6,22,24].Therefore, building interventions or changing the number, position or rotation of fan heaters, are crucial to achieve efficient pest control, as was suggested in previous studies [18,23,24] (Figure 2).
Since the validated model by Valenti et al. [18] made it possible to obtain a temperature distribution that accurately fitted the real distribution, it was used to improve the efficiency of the heating system as described in the following section.

Interventions Aimed at Improving the Treatment Effectiveness
CFD simulations aimed at improving heat treatment efficacy were performed by modifying the number, power, and position of fan heaters, which typically are empirically chosen by heat treatment operators without specific planning.In this context, the new configurations of the fan heaters were planned within the monitored floor, with the aim of increasing air and surface temperatures of the building components, which were initially below the temperature values lethal to insects.Furthermore, possible fan heaters positions were influenced by space free from equipment sensitive to high temperatures (i.e., it was not possible to locate the fan heaters along the south wall due to the presence of plansifters).
Therefore, the case studies analyzed included the following conditions: a change in the orientation of the fan heaters; -a change in the position of the fan heaters; or a combined change in the position and orientation of the fan heaters.
In this study, an increase in the number of fan heaters was not considered, as this would result in increased cost and energy expenditure; changes were thus made considering only the existing fan heaters.
The CFD validated model showed that the coldest surface temperatures (less than 45 • C) were detected at the south and north walls (Tables 1 and 2), referred to as surfaces C, E, G, I, and M (Figure 3) and 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 (Figure 4), respectively.The east wall, where it was not possible to introduce corrective actions due to the presence of a mezzanine, was not considered during this study phase.recorded by the data-loggers [18].The output of the validated model was the indoor air and surface temperatures within the mill.The results obtained by Valenti et al. [18] show that although the recorded average indoor air temperatures were above 47 °C, images detected by the thermal camera at the thermal bridges indicated that surface temperatures were much lower than 45 °C, which is the threshold value for the success of the heat treatment [6,22,24].Therefore, building interventions or changing the number, position or rotation of fan heaters, are crucial to achieve efficient pest control, as was suggested in previous studies [18,23,24] (Figure 2).
Since the validated model by Valenti et al. [18] made it possible to obtain a temperature distribution that accurately fitted the real distribution, it was used to improve the efficiency of the heating system as described in the following section.

Interventions Aimed at Improving the Treatment Effectiveness
CFD simulations aimed at improving heat treatment efficacy were performed by modifying the number, power, and position of fan heaters, which typically are empirically chosen by heat treatment operators without specific planning.In this context, the new configurations of the fan heaters were planned within the monitored floor, with the aim of increasing air and surface temperatures of the building components, which were initially below the temperature values lethal to insects.Furthermore, possible fan heaters positions were influenced by space free from equipment sensitive to high temperatures (i.e., it was not possible to locate the fan heaters along the south wall due to the presence of plansifters).
Therefore, the case studies analyzed included the following conditions: In this study, an increase in the number of fan heaters was not considered, as this would result in increased cost and energy expenditure; changes were thus made considering only the existing fan heaters.
The CFD validated model showed that the coldest surface temperatures (less than 45 °C) were detected at the south and north walls (Tables 1 and 2), referred to as surfaces C, E, G, I, and M (Figure 3) and 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 (Figure 4), respectively.The east wall, where it was not possible to introduce corrective actions due to the presence of a mezzanine, was not considered during this study phase.recorded by the data-loggers [18].The output of the validated model was the indoor air and surface temperatures within the mill.The results obtained by Valenti et al. [18] show that although the recorded average indoor air temperatures were above 47 °C, images detected by the thermal camera at the thermal bridges indicated that surface temperatures were much lower than 45 °C, which is the threshold value for the success of the heat treatment [6,22,24].Therefore, building interventions or changing the number, position or rotation of fan heaters, are crucial to achieve efficient pest control, as was suggested in previous studies [18,23,24] (Figure 2).
Since the validated model by Valenti et al. [18] made it possible to obtain a temperature distribution that accurately fitted the real distribution, it was used to improve the efficiency of the heating system as described in the following section.

Interventions Aimed at Improving the Treatment Effectiveness
CFD simulations aimed at improving heat treatment efficacy were performed by modifying the number, power, and position of fan heaters, which typically are empirically chosen by heat treatment operators without specific planning.In this context, the new configurations of the fan heaters were planned within the monitored floor, with the aim of increasing air and surface temperatures of the building components, which were initially below the temperature values lethal to insects.Furthermore, possible fan heaters positions were influenced by space free from equipment sensitive to high temperatures (i.e., it was not possible to locate the fan heaters along the south wall due to the presence of plansifters).
Therefore, the case studies analyzed included the following conditions: In this study, an increase in the number of fan heaters was not considered, as this would result in increased cost and energy expenditure; changes were thus made considering only the existing fan heaters.
The CFD validated model showed that the coldest surface temperatures (less than 45 °C) were detected at the south and north walls (Tables 1 and 2), referred to as surfaces C, E, G, I, and M (Figure 3) and 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 (Figure 4), respectively.The east wall, where it was not possible to introduce corrective actions due to the presence of a mezzanine, was not considered during this study phase.In order to heat the colder surfaces, five case studies were analysed by applying the changes shown in Figure 5.In order to heat the colder surfaces, five case studies were analysed by applying the changes shown in Figure 5.

Results and Discussion
The results of the simulations obtained by changing positon and/or orientation of the fan heaters compared to the initial configuration are reported in Figures 6 and 7

Results and Discussion
The results of the simulations obtained by changing positon and/or orientation of the fan heaters compared to the initial configuration are reported in Figures 6 and 7.
Buildings 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 13 In order to heat the colder surfaces, five case studies were analysed by applying the changes shown in Figure 5.

Results and Discussion
The results of the simulations obtained by changing positon and/or orientation of the fan heaters compared to the initial configuration are reported in Figures 6 and 7     By analysing the simulation results, the average surface temperatures-grouped according to material and component-are reported for the five case studies in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1.Simulated temperatures of the south wall for the initial configuration (a) and for the five case studies where positions/orientations of the fan heaters were changed (b-f).By analysing the simulation results, the average surface temperatures-grouped according to material and component-are reported for the five case studies in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1.Simulated temperatures of the south wall for the initial configuration (a) and for the five case studies where positions/orientations of the fan heaters were changed (b-f).Table 2. Simulated temperatures of the north wall for the initial configuration (a) and for the five case studies where positions/orientations of the fan heaters were changed (b-f).

North Wall-Brick Walls
Area (m 2 ) Surface (a)  The values of the west wall surface temperature derived from the CFD model simulations (Figure 8) are reported in Table 3.
Table 3. Measured temperatures of the west wall for the initial configuration (a) and for the five case studies where positions/orientations of the fan heaters were changed (b-f).In order to find a solution that avoided damage to the machinery, the average surface temperature of the three plansifters-i.e., P1, P2, P3 (Figure 5)-was also simulated for different configurations.The results are reported in Table 4.

West Wall-Brick Wall
Table 4. Simulated average temperatures at the plansifters for the initial configuration (a) and for the case studies including changes in the position/orientation of the fan heaters (b-f).The results reported in Tables 1-3 make it possible to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed interventions in each wall of the mill.For the initial configuration of the north wall, the mean surface temperature reached approximately 43.56 • C, although 70% of the walls were at a temperature below 45 • C. Configurations (b) and (c) showed percentage decreases of 60.1% and 69.0%, respectively, of surfaces having temperatures lower than 45 • C. Configurations (d) and (e), in contrast, did not lead to improvements; the percentages of surfaces having temperatures lower than 45 • C were 70.9% and 70%, respectively.Finally, configuration (f) showed a percentage decrease of surfaces having a temperature lower than 45 • C of 13.3%.
Finally, for the west wall, both the initial configuration and those involving rotations or changes of the position of the fan heaters allowed surfaces to reach temperatures higher than 45 • C in all cases.
Moreover, for the analysed walls with windows, the averages of the surface temperature values were strongly influenced by window surface temperatures as shown in Tables 1 and 2 (columns w).The averages of the surface temperature values obtained in walls that were not affected by the position and location of fan heaters have been compared in order to estimate the influence of windows.Thus, for the initial configuration, the average surface temperatures of the surfaces M and O (located in the south wall) and the surfaces 1 and 3 (located in the North wall) were compared.The windows reduced the average surface temperature of the walls by 5.0 • C and 4.1 • C, respectively.
In the initial configuration, the average surface temperature of the windows was approximately 23.59 • C. Therefore, a possible suitable solution for improving the heat treatment could be a thermal shielding of openings to reduce heat loss through windows.
The analysis and comparison of the average surface temperatures of the plansifters in configurations (b) to (f) with those of the initial configuration (Table 4), showed that the temperature values were mostly similar for all configurations except for plansifter 3; thus, the interventions carried out to improve the heat treatment generally did not affect plansifter thermal conditions.The maximum variations of the average temperatures of the surfaces of the plansifters were: The significant increase in surface temperatures detected for plansifter 3 in configuration (d) led us to conclude that configuration (d) is not recommended.
Interventions concerning the building envelope may involve: changes in the wall structure-e.g., by changing layers of the external wall-paying particular attention to the selection of appropriate insulation and its related thickness [2,[25][26][27]; -window shields by using thermal sheets to reflect thermal radiation produced by fan heaters.
The study of these interventions to improve thermal performance during heat treatment is the object of further studies, which are currently in development.

Conclusions
During thermal treatment carried out in a flour mill located in eastern Sicily (Italy) for insect pest control, air temperatures and air velocities in the indoor environment were recorded using data-loggers and portable anemometers, and integrated with respect to values related to the external environment.Then, a CFD model, which provided a realistic representation of the inner conditions of the mill and the thermal behaviour of the building, was validated.The model validation showed that surface and air temperatures were much lower than the lethal level required for effective heat treatment of insect pests.Therefore, the aim of this study was the optimisation of the heat treatment procedure, by changing the configuration of fan heaters to obtain a more efficient distribution of indoor temperature values, or by improving the thermal performance of the building envelope through suitable building interventions.
The aim of this research study was fulfilled by performing CFD simulations of changes in the position and/or the rotation of the fan heaters used for the heat treatment, in order to obtain a better configuration without increasing their number.These simulations showed that the percentage of wall surfaces that have temperature values lower than those required for the efficacy of heat treatment could be considerably reduced-by up to 56.7%-by changing the configuration of the fan heaters.
This result is of significant importance in view of optimising the heat treatment procedure and producing guidelines and suitable decision support systems for specialised operators of the sector.
In this study, the optimization of the heat treatment effectiveness was evaluated in terms of insects' mortality.In new research work, heat treatment optimization from the technical and economic points of view could be investigated.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Flow diagram of the proposed method.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Floor plan of the monitored second floor during the heat treatment.

Buildings 2018, 8 ,
x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 13 of the specialist company.During the treatment, the fan heaters were set to produce an output temperature of 70 °C and a volumetric flow rate of 2500 m 3 h −1 .

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Floor plan of the monitored second floor during the heat treatment.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Flow diagram of the proposed method.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Flow diagram of the proposed method.
a change in the orientation of the fan heaters; -a change in the position of the fan heaters; or a combined change in the position and orientation of the fan heaters.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.South wall surfaces identification within the CFD validated model.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. North wall surfaces identification within the CFD validated model.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.South wall surfaces identification within the CFD validated model.

- a change in
the orientation of the fan heaters; -a change in the position of the fan heaters; or a combined change in the position and orientation of the fan heaters.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.South wall surfaces identification within the CFD validated model.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. North wall surfaces identification within the CFD validated model.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. North wall surfaces identification within the CFD validated model.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) Initial configuration, (b-f) changes in the position/orientation of the fan heaters.P1, P2 and P3 are plansifters.Compared to the initial configuration, the fan heaters were translated without rotation in front of some of the coldest walls (configuration (b)), translated in front of some of the coldest walls and rotated by 180 • (configuration (c)), rotated by 90 • (configuration (d)), rotated by 180 • (configuration (e)) or translated in front of some of the coldest walls and rotated by about 30 • (configuration (f)).

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) Initial configuration, (b-f) changes in the position/orientation of the fan heaters.P1, P2 and P3 are plansifters.Compared to the initial configuration, the fan heaters were translated without rotation in front of some of the coldest walls (configuration (b)), translated in front of some of the coldest walls and rotated by 180° (configuration (c)), rotated by 90° (configuration (d)), rotated by 180° (configuration (e)) or translated in front of some of the coldest walls and rotated by about 30° (configuration (f)). .

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Perspective view (without showing machinery) of the south wall.(a) Initial configuration, (b-f) changes in the position/orientation of the fan heaters.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Perspective view (without showing machinery) of the south wall.(a) Initial configuration, (b-f) changes in the position/orientation of the fan heaters.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Perspective view (without showing machinery) of the north wall.(a) Initial configuration, (b-f) changes in the position/orientation of the fan heaters.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Perspective view (without showing machinery) of the west wall.(a) Initial configuration, (b-f) case studies where positions/orientations of the fan heaters were changed.The results reported in Tables 1-3 make it possible to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed interventions in each wall of the mill.For the initial configuration of the south wall (a), the average surface temperature reached a value of 45.10 • C, although 57.8% of the walls were at a temperature below 45 • C. Configurations (b) and (c) (which involved the change of position of a fan heater and, in the second case, a rotation by 180 • ) saw percentage decreases of approximately 33.9% and 41.3%, respectively, of surfaces having temperatures lower than 45 • C. Configurations (d) and (e) (which involved the rotation of a fan heater by 90 • and 180 • , respectively) saw percentage decreases of approximately 33.9% and 41.1%, respectively, of surfaces having temperatures lower than 45 • C. Configuration (f) (which involved both rotation by about 30 • and the change of position of the three fan heaters) saw a percentage decrease of approximately 7.9% of surfaces having temperatures lower than 45 • C. For the initial configuration of the north wall, the mean surface temperature reached approximately 43.56 • C, although 70% of the walls were at a temperature below 45 • C. Configurations

- 2 .
69 • C (corresponding to configuration (d)) in the case of the plansifter 1; -1.50 • C (corresponding to configuration (c)) in the case of the plansifter 2; -6.29 • C (corresponding to configuration (d)) in the case of the plansifter 3.