Compressive Performance of RC Columns Strengthened with High-Strength Stainless Steel Wire Mesh-ECC under Small Eccentric Compression Load

: In this research, a novel composite material, high-strength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC, is proposed and designed to strengthen RC columns. The small eccentric compressive performance of RC columns strengthened with high-strength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC was investigated through compression tests and compared with unstrengthened columns and RC columns strengthened with ECC. Six columns were designed and tested, and the test parameters contained different strengthened methods, eccentricity ratios, and reinforcement ratios of longitudinal high-strength stainless steel strand. The failure patterns, load-carrying capacity, strain of concrete/ECC and reinforcement, etc., were analyzed based on the test results. The high performance of the high-strength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC and the advantages of the proposed strengthened method, including good ductility, excellent crack-control ability and satisfactory failure patterns, were demonstrated when compared with the specimens strengthened with ECC. The stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced layer can have effective constraint columns and can control the crack ability. The cracking load of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column is 100.0–113.3% higher than that of the unreinforced column, and the peaking load is 99.8–108.0% higher than that of the unreinforced column. The stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column shows good ductile failure characteristics, and compared with the unreinforced column, the ductility is increased by 75.6–77.8%. Based on the analysis of the strain distribution and failure patterns, the mechanical mechanism of RC columns strengthened with the novel composite material high-strength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC is proposed.


Introduction
Engineering cementitious composites (ECC) is a novel type of civil engineering material proposed by Li et al. [1], and the ultimate tensile strain is demonstrated to be more than 3% [2].Compared with traditional concrete, ECC has obvious advantages in terms of good crack control ability, strain hardening characteristics [3] and ductility.ECC can prevent fracture failure caused by continuous shrinkage deformation [4], can protect the steel from corrosion and has good durability [5,6].Hence, ECC has been widely used in practical engineering, such as using a jet ECC protective layer to repair the damaged concrete cracking surface of a dam [7] and using PP-ECC for the ultra-thin repair of roads [8].
Due to the excellent ductility of ECC, it can significantly improve the shear bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity of RC members and joints [9].Khan et al. tested RC short columns strengthened with ECC, and test results showed that compared with RC short columns, the ECC reinforcement layer could improve the ductility of reinforced short columns by reducing the brittleness of reinforced columns [10].Xi et al. [11] experimentally compared the seismic performance of columns with the ECC jacket and ECC replacing the plastic hinge zone, and the ECC jacket was not only able to reduce the amount of ECC but also improve the bearing capacity and ductility of RC columns.The ECC sheath was also used to strengthen pre-damaged flexural members, which can enhance flexural and shear resistance through the restraint effect and stress transformation at the interface [12].
To improve the bearing capacity and ductility of the column more effectively, some scholars have tried to combine ECC with other reinforcement materials, and the tensile, compressive and shear properties of FRP grid reinforced ECC have been studied [13][14][15][16], as has the steel mesh reinforced ECC [17].For example, Ali N. AL-Gemeel et al. studied the axial compression performance of RC columns strengthened with FRP mesh-reinforced ECC, and results showed that the axial compressive strength of strengthened columns increased by 54-77% [13].Yuzhou Zheng et al. investigated the tensile properties of BFRP grid-reinforced ECC, and the tensile capacity of BFRP grid-reinforced ECC specimens increased by 42% to 172% [14].Xu Yang et al. used FRP mesh to enhance ECC for the shear reinforcement of beams, and the shear capacity of the reinforced beams increased by 50.9-160.6%[15].Kangjian Lin et al. studied the eccentric compression performance of CFRP mesh reinforced ECC, and showed that CFRP mesh-reinforced ECC can significantly improve the ultimate bearing capacity and stiffness of the reinforced column; meanwhile, the eccentricity ratio has little effect on the bearing capacity [16].In addition, the steel mesh reinforced ECC can effectively improve the bearing capacity of the axial compression columns [17].However, it is difficult to ensure the compactness of mortar when using steel mesh for reinforcement, which reduces the bonding effect between the reinforcement layer and the original specimen.Additionally, adjacent parts of the steel mesh lap welding is difficult, and the thickness of the welding site will be multiplied.CFRP mesh-reinforced ECC has limited restraint effect on columns.
In order to make full use of the excellent performance of ECC and improve the stiffness more effectively, a new composite high-strength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC was developed by the authors' research group; after which, the bond-slip performance of highstrength stainless steel wire mesh and ECC and tensile properties of this novel composite material were studied through experimental and theoretical research.ECC and highstrength stainless steel wire are proven to have good cooperative work performance [18,19], and the novel material demonstrated good crack resistance, deformation ability, and crack control ability [20].For RC components in the moment-resisting structures and other structures, compared with axial compression members, eccentric compression members are more common in practical engineering; however, the research on the reinforcement of eccentric compression members is still inadequate during the complexity of the test and mechanical mechanism.Therefore, this research investigates the compressive performance of RC columns strengthened with high-strength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC under a small eccentric compression load, which could provide the theoretical basis for the application of this novel composite material in actual projects.

Design of Test Specimens 2.1. Description of Specimens
A total of six RC columns were tested against small eccentric compressions in this research.The cross-section sizes of all original columns were width × depth = 200 mm × 250 mm and the height was 1200 mm.For each specimen, four steel bars with the diameter of 14 mm were used as longitudinal reinforcement; meanwhile, ribbed steel stirrups with a diameter of 8 mm were designed as transverse reinforcement with the spacing of 100 mm, which meets the requirements of the GB 50010-2010 "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" [21].The stirrups at both ends of the column were designed to be 50 mm to avoid local compression failure during the stress concentration at the top and bottom of the columns.Because the section size of the strengthened RC column is larger than that of the unstrengthened column, the initial eccentricity ratio is relative to the initial eccentricity ratio e 0 /h (for the strengthened column, h is the section height of the strengthened column, h = d + 2s, and s is the thickness of the reinforced layer, which is 25 mm), hence the section size after reinforcement was 250 mm × 300 mm, and the reinforced column is shown in Figure 1.
the columns.Because the section size of the strengthened RC column is larger than that of the unstrengthened column, the initial eccentricity ratio is relative to the initial eccentricity ratio e0/h (for the strengthened column, h is the section height of the strengthened column, h = d + 2s, and s is the thickness of the reinforced layer, which is 25 mm), hence the section size after reinforcement was 250 mm × 300 mm, and the reinforced column is shown in Figure 1.This test was designed to study the influence of the reinforcement methods, initial eccentricity ratio, and reinforcement ratios of a longitudinal high-strength stainless steel strand on the small eccentric compression performance of reinforced RC columns.The detailed information of the six specimen is shown in Figure 2 and Table 1.This test was designed to study the influence of the reinforcement methods, initial eccentricity ratio, and reinforcement ratios of a longitudinal high-strength stainless steel strand on the small eccentric compression performance of reinforced RC columns.The detailed information of the six specimen is shown in Figure 2 and Table        In Table 1, SC means the strengthened column.In columns with different reinforcement methods, E means using ECC strengthened method, and H means using high-strength stainless steel stranded wire mesh-ECC strengthened method.The number in the front represents the number of longitudinal high-strength stainless steel stranded wires on the tension (compression) side, and the number behind represents the initial eccentricity ratio of the reinforced column.For example, SCH3-0.22 represents the RC column strengthened with high-strength stainless steel stranded wire mesh-ECC and the number of longitudinal high-strength stainless steel stranded wires on the tension (compression) side is three, and the initial eccentricity ratio is 0.22 h.

Fabrication of Test Specimens
According to relevant regulations in the GB 50367-2013 "Code for Design of strengthening Concrete Structures" [22], small eccentric compression columns were reinforced by the enclosure method.The high-strength stainless steel stranded wire mesh was placed outside the column, including transverse steel strands and longitudinal steel strands.The longitudinal steel strands were arranged on both compression and tension sides of the strengthened column, and longitudinal steel strands were anchored at the bottom and top of the column with angle steel to prevent the early pull-out failure, making full use of the tension strength of longitudinal steel strands.For RC columns in the actual existing projects, the planting reinforcement method can be used for anchorage [23].The distance between the longitudinal steel strands on the tensile and compression sides from the column edge was 40 mm and the thickness of the ECC layer was design to be 25 mm, which meets the requirement [22].The reinforcement details of the small eccentric compression column is shown step by step in Figure 3:

Fabrication of Test Specimens
According to relevant regulations in the GB 50367-2013 "Code for Design of strengthening Concrete Structures" [22], small eccentric compression columns were reinforced by the enclosure method.The high-strength stainless steel stranded wire mesh was placed outside the column, including transverse steel strands and longitudinal steel strands.The longitudinal steel strands were arranged on both compression and tension sides of the strengthened column, and longitudinal steel strands were anchored at the bottom and top of the column with angle steel to prevent the early pull-out failure, making full use of the tension strength of longitudinal steel strands.For RC columns in the actual existing projects, the planting reinforcement method can be used for anchorage [23].The distance between the longitudinal steel strands on the tensile and compression sides from the column edge was 40 mm and the thickness of the ECC layer was design to be 25 mm, which meets the requirement [22].The reinforcement details of the small eccentric compression column is shown step by step in Figure 3: Firstly, the surface of the RC column was chiseled to expose the coarse concrete aggregate.The column angle was ground into the arc (chamfer radius is 15 mm), then continued into the groove, and the concrete interface after treatment was washed with water, as shown in Figure 3a.
Secondly, the transverse steel strands were first installed on the surface of the treated Firstly, the surface of the RC column was chiseled to expose the coarse concrete aggregate.The column angle was ground into the arc (chamfer radius is 15 mm), then continued into the groove, and the concrete interface after treatment was washed with water, as shown in Figure 3a.
Secondly, the transverse steel strands were first installed on the surface of the treated specimen and connected with aluminum rings at both ends, as shown in Figures 2 and 3b.Then, one end of the longitudinal steel strands were fixed with an expansion bolt, and the steel strands were tightened and fixed at the other end, after that, they were tied with a transverse steel strand through tie wires.In the construction process of installing steel wire mesh, it was necessary to punch holes in the column to fix angle steels, which would cause concrete particles and floating dust to adhere to the surface of the column, so surfaces of RC columns must be cleaned again with water and alcohol.
Thereafter, the interface agent was uniformly sprayed on the surface of the RC column after cleaning the surface.Formwork was constructed before casting ECC, and after that, the designed ECC was poured in layers along the column height, as shown in Figure 3c.
Finally, after the casting was finished, the column was kept wet in the standard environment and covered with coating film to cure for 28 days, as shown in Figure 3d.

Material Properties 2.3.1. ECC and Strand
The mixture ratio of ECC in mass used in the test is shown in Table 2, and the physical and mechanical indicators of PVA fibers are shown in Table 3.When casting strengthened RC columns, for each reinforced specimen, a group of three ECC cubes with the size of 70.7 mm × 70.7 mm × 70.7 mm and three dog-bone shaped tensile specimens were cast and cured under the column under the same conditions.After the curing, the compressive and tensile strengths of ECC were tested, as shown in Figure 4.The typical tensile stress-strain curves of ECC are shown in Figure 5.The tensile strength, ultimate tension strain and compressive strength of ECC is 2.86 MPa, 3%, and 34.62 Mpa, respectively.The mixture ratio of ECC in mass used in the test is shown in Table 2, and the physical and mechanical indicators of PVA fibers are shown in Table 3.When casting strengthened RC columns, for each reinforced specimen, a group of three ECC cubes with the size of 70.7 mm × 70.7 mm × 70.7 mm and three dog-bone shaped tensile specimens were cast and cured under the column under the same conditions.After the curing, the compressive and tensile strengths of ECC were tested, as shown in Figure 4.The typical tensile stress-strain curves of ECC are shown in Figure 5.The tensile strength, ultimate tension strain and compressive strength of ECC is 2.86 MPa, 3%, and 34.62 MPa, respectively.The nominal diameter of the steel strands inside the ECC reinforcement layer was 2.4 mm.Three specimens of 200 mm long steel strands were designed, and the tensile test was carried out as shown in Figure 6.The tensile stress-strain curve of the steel strand obtained from the test is shown in Figure 7.The elastic modulus measured by the test was 1.28 × 102 GPa, the ultimate tensile strength was 1546.5 MPa, and the ultimate tensile strain was 2.90%.The nominal diameter of the steel strands inside the ECC reinforcement layer was 2.4 mm.Three specimens of 200 mm long steel strands were designed, and the tensile test was carried out as shown in Figure 6.The tensile stress-strain curve of the steel strand obtained from the test is shown in Figure 7.The elastic modulus measured by the test was 1.28 × 102 GPa, the ultimate tensile strength was 1546.5 MPa, and the ultimate tensile strain was 2.90%.

Concrete and Steel Bars
The strength grade of the concrete used in this test is C45.According to the "Standard for Test Methods for Concrete Physical and Mechanical Properties" [24], three standard cubes with dimensions of 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm were cast during the pouring process of the tested columns and cured for 28 days under the same conditions.The The nominal diameter of the steel strands inside the ECC reinforcement layer was 2.4 mm.Three specimens of 200 mm long steel strands were designed, and the tensile test was carried out as shown in Figure 6.The tensile stress-strain curve of the steel strand obtained from the test is shown in Figure 7.The elastic modulus measured by the test was 1.28 × 102 GPa, the ultimate tensile strength was 1546.5 MPa, and the ultimate tensile strain was 2.90%.

Concrete and Steel Bars
The strength grade of the concrete used in this test is C45.According to the "Standard for Test Methods for Concrete Physical and Mechanical Properties" [24], three standard cubes with dimensions of 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm were cast during the pouring process of the tested columns and cured for 28 days under the same conditions.The

Concrete and Steel Bars
The strength grade of the concrete used in this test is C45.According to the "Standard for Test Methods for Concrete Physical and Mechanical Properties" [24], three standard cubes with dimensions of 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm were cast during the pouring process of the tested columns and cured for 28 days under the same conditions.The average and standard cube compressive strength was 45.9 MPa and 45.3 MPa, respectively.The mechanical properties of steel bars were tested by provisions of "Metallic materials-Tensile testing-Part 1: Method of test at room temperature" [25].The mechanical properties of steel bars are shown in Table 4.

Test Setup and Loading Method
All specimens were loaded on a 5000 kN pressure testing machine using load grading control, the loading device is shown in Figure 8. Knife hinge supports were installed at both ends of the column to monitor the boundary condition of the hinged column end.The loading of different eccentric distances was realized by changing the position of the knife hinge supports, as shown in Figure 8. Referring to the relevant requirements of the "Standards for Test Methods of Concrete Structures" [26], before the formal loading was applied, the specimen was be checked in center and preloaded to ensure that the test device was in normal working condition.The amplitude of increasing loading of each stage was about 10% of the estimated peaking load, and the amplitude was decreased to the half after the loading increased to 70% of the estimated peaking load, which was 5% of the estimated peaking load.During the loading process, the applied load was controlled to increase uniformly and slowly and was maintained for 5 min when the target value was reached in order to collect the test data and observe phenomenon and then proceed to the next loading stage.After reaching the peaking load, the loading continued until the specimen obviously failed or the bearing capacity was dropped to 70% of the peaking load.

Test Setup and Loading Method
All specimens were loaded on a 5000 kN pressure testing machine using load grading control, the loading device is shown in Figure 8. Knife hinge supports were installed at both ends of the column to monitor the boundary condition of the hinged column end.The loading of different eccentric distances was realized by changing the position of the knife hinge supports, as shown in Figure 8. Referring to the relevant requirements of the "Standards for Test Methods of Concrete Structures" [26], before the formal loading was applied, the specimen was be checked in center and preloaded to ensure that the test device was in normal working condition.The amplitude of increasing loading of each stage was about 10% of the estimated peaking load, and the amplitude was decreased to the half after the loading increased to 70% of the estimated peaking load, which was 5% of the estimated peaking load.During the loading process, the applied load was controlled to increase uniformly and slowly and was maintained for 5 min when the target value was reached in order to collect the test data and observe phenomenon and then proceed to the next loading stage.After reaching the peaking load, the loading continued until the specimen obviously failed or the bearing capacity was dropped to 70% of the peaking load.

Load-Deflection Relationships
The mid-span lateral deflection of the specimen ORC (unreinforced column) when the concrete was crushed was 3.16 mm; however, the mid-span lateral deflection of the

Load-Deflection Relationships
The mid-span lateral deflection of the specimen ORC (unreinforced column) when the concrete was crushed was 3.16 mm; however, the mid-span lateral deflection of the RC columns strengthened with ECC and the high-strength stainless steel wire mesh-ECCreinforced column when the ECC was crushed was 5.09 mm and 6.62-7.69mm, respectively.Compared with the unreinforced column, the ECC-reinforced column exhibited certain ductile failure characteristics, and it also had obvious flexural deformation, while the ductile failure characteristics of the high-strength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column were more obvious.
Figure 9a shows the load-midspan deflection curve of each specimen.Summarizing the load-midspan deflection curves of the reinforced column in Figure 9a, the typical large eccentric load-midspan deflection curve of the reinforced column was obtained, as shown in Figure 9b.The typical curve of reinforced columns can be divided into five stages based on the different shapes of curves and mechanical mechanisms, as shown below: 1.The elastic stage (OA stage): Before ECC cracking on the tensile side of the specim the whole section carried the applied load and the curve was nearly in line.When first crack appeared and the curve reached point A (about 25% of the peaking lo the corresponding load applied on the specimen at this time was defined as cracking load, and the section was in the limit state of cracking, and stage I ende 2. The elastic-plastic stage (AB stage): After the specimen cracking, with the increas applied load, small cracks appeared on the surface of the tensile side of the specim continuously.However, due to the bridging function [27][28][29] of the fiber inside ECC, the ECC of the reinforced layer on the tensile side could continue to resist tension load after cracking.The specimen was into the elastic-plastic stage, wh had the longest duration in the ascending stage.When it reached point B (about 8 of the peaking load), the curvature changed obviously.Point B was defined as yielding point of the specimen, and the corresponding load applied on the specim was the yielding load, and stage II ended; 3. The plastic stage (BC stage): With the further increase of the applied load, no n cracks were observed on the surface of the tensile side of the specimen, but the cr width increased slightly, and vertical cracks began to appear on the surface of compression zone.The growth rate of midspan lateral deflection increased, and specimen showed obvious plastic deformation.When it reached point C (peak load), the specimen carried the maximum load, and stage III ended; 4. Descending stage (CD stage): Since the concrete in the compression zone was crushed (because the ultimate compressive strain of ECC was far greater than ultimate compressive strain of confined concrete), the lateral deflection of midspan increased rapidly, and the ECC on the compression side was gradu crushed.When reaching point D (about 75% of the peaking load), the bottom of E on the compression side were crushed and the core transverse steel strands bega be broken.At this moment, the load continued to decrease and the midspan lat 1.
The elastic stage (OA stage): Before ECC cracking on the tensile side of the specimen, the whole section carried the applied load and the curve was nearly in line.When the first crack appeared and the curve reached point A (about 25% of the peaking load), the corresponding load applied on the specimen at this time was defined as the cracking load, and the section was in the limit state of cracking, and stage I ended; 2.
The elastic-plastic stage (AB stage): After the specimen cracking, with the increase of applied load, small cracks appeared on the surface of the tensile side of the specimen continuously.However, due to the bridging function [27][28][29] of the fiber inside the ECC, the ECC of the reinforced layer on the tensile side could continue to resist the tension load after cracking.The specimen was into the elastic-plastic stage, which had the longest duration in the ascending stage.When it reached point B (about 80% of the peaking load), the curvature changed obviously.Point B was defined as the yielding point of the specimen, and the corresponding load applied on the specimen was the yielding load, and stage II ended; 3.
The plastic stage (BC stage): With the further increase of the applied load, no new cracks were observed on the surface of the tensile side of the specimen, but the crack width increased slightly, and vertical cracks began to appear on the surface of the compression zone.The growth rate of midspan lateral deflection increased, and the specimen showed obvious plastic deformation.When it reached point C (peaking load), the specimen carried the maximum load, and stage III ended; 4.
Descending stage (CD stage): Since the concrete in the compression zone was first crushed (because the ultimate compressive strain of ECC was far greater than the ultimate compressive strain of confined concrete), the lateral deflection of the midspan increased rapidly, and the ECC on the compression side was gradually crushed.When reaching point D (about 75% of the peaking load), the bottom of ECC on the compression side were crushed and the core transverse steel strands began to be broken.At this moment, the load continued to decrease and the midspan lateral deflection increases rapidly.Point D was the obvious reverse bending point in stage IV (falling section), and the state of point D was defined as the limit state of the specimen.

Cracks Pattern and Failure Models
The ultimate failure mode of the unreinforced RC column (ORC) was that the concrete was crushed at the bottom and top corner of the compression side; however, several longitudinal bars yielded under compression, which was the typical small eccentric compression brittle failure.The failure pattern is shown in Figure 10a.When the ECC-reinforced column (SCE-0.22)reached the peaking load, the maximum vertical crack width on the compression side was about 0.25 mm.The ultimate failure mode was ECC bulging at the top of the compression side, which is shown in Figure 10b, while the high-strength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column showed similar mechanical characteristics and failure characteristics, as shown in Figure 10c-f.When the peaking load was reached, the maximum vertical crack width of the compression side was only 0.20 mm, which met the requirements of the crack width in the serviceability limit state in the "Code for Design of Strengthening Concrete Structure" [22], and the failure process developed slowly.The ultimate failure mode was that vertical main cracks appeared at the bottom and corners on the compression side, and numerous small cracks were observed around the main cracks, parts of the ECC was crushed.Compared with the unreinforced RC column and the ECC strengthened RC column, the overall performance of the RC small eccentric compression column strengthened with steel wire mesh reinforced ECC was much better.bulging at the top of the compression side, which is shown in Figure 10b, while the highstrength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column showed similar mechanical characteristics and failure characteristics, as shown in Figure 10c-f.When the peaking load was reached, the maximum vertical crack width of the compression side was only 0.20 mm, which met the requirements of the crack width in the serviceability limit state in the "Code for Design of Strengthening Concrete Structure" [22], and the failure process developed slowly.The ultimate failure mode was that vertical main cracks appeared at the bottom and corners on the compression side, and numerous small cracks were observed around the main cracks, parts of the ECC was crushed.Compared with the unreinforced RC column and the ECC strengthened RC column, the overall performance of the RC small eccentric compression column strengthened with steel wire mesh reinforced ECC was much better.

Strain of ECC/Concrete and Rebars
Based on the test data, the load-strain curves of the concrete of the unreinforced column and the ECC of the reinforced column were drawn and compared, as shown in Figure 11.When the load was small, the concrete strain of the unreinforced column and the ECC strain of the reinforced column was also small, which was in the elastic stage (OA stage in Figure 9a), and the strain increases approximately proportionally with the

Strain of ECC/Concrete and Rebars
Based on the test data, the load-strain curves of the concrete of the unreinforced column and the ECC of the reinforced column were drawn and compared, as shown in Figure 11.When the load was small, the concrete strain of the unreinforced column and the ECC strain of the reinforced column was also small, which was in the elastic stage (OA stage in Figure 9a), and the strain increases approximately proportionally with the increase of applied load.As the load increased to about 80% of the peaking load, the specimen began to enter the plastic deformation stage, that is, the OA stage of Figure 9a, the slope of the load-strain curve of the specimen decreases gradually and the strain began to increase rapidly.Based on the comparison the load-strain curves of columns SCE-0.22,SCH3-0.22,and SCH5-0.22, it can be seen that under the same load, the ECC strain of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column was significantly lower than that of the ECC-reinforced column, indicating that the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced layer can effectively delay the cracking and damage of concrete (ECC).
It can be seen from Figure 12 that the longitudinal bars on the compression side all maintained a linear growth before yielding.After yielding, the load increased slowly and the strain increased rapidly; while the strain of the longitudinal bars on the tensile side was small and did not reach yielding stage.This was consistent with the situation of ordinary reinforced concrete columns under small eccentric compression.When the initial eccentricity ratio was small, the longitudinal reinforcement on the side far from the loading point of the reinforced column (SCE-0.22,SCH3-0.22,SCH5-0.22)changed from the tensile state before the reinforcement to the compressive state after reinforcement.This was because the cross-sectional area became larger after reinforcement and the distance from the side longitudinal reinforcement to the tension edge became larger.Under the same load, compared with the unreinforced column and the ECC-reinforced column, the compressive strain of the longitudinal bars of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column was smaller.This shows that the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced layer can improve the bearing capacity of small eccentric compression columns.
Buildings 2022, 12, 1628 12 of 20 increase of applied load.As the load increased to about 80% of the peaking load, the specimen began to enter the plastic deformation stage, that is, the OA stage of Figure 9a, the slope of the load-strain curve of the specimen decreases gradually and the strain began to increase rapidly.Based on the comparison the load-strain curves of columns SCE-0.22,SCH3-0.22,and SCH5-0.22, it can be seen that under the same load, the ECC strain of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column was significantly lower than that of the ECC-reinforced column, indicating that the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced layer can effectively delay the cracking and damage of concrete (ECC).It can be seen from Figure 12 that the longitudinal bars on the compression side all maintained a linear growth before yielding.After yielding, the load increased slowly and the strain increased rapidly; while the strain of the longitudinal bars on the tensile side was small and did not reach yielding stage.This was consistent with the situation of ordinary reinforced concrete columns under small eccentric compression.When the initial eccentricity ratio was small, the longitudinal reinforcement on the side far from the loading point of the reinforced column (SCE-0.22,SCH3-0.22,SCH5-0.22)changed from the tensile state before the reinforcement to the compressive state after reinforcement.This was because the cross-sectional area became larger after reinforcement and the distance from the side longitudinal reinforcement to the tension edge became larger.Under the same load, compared with the unreinforced column and the ECC-reinforced column, the compressive strain of the longitudinal bars of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column was smaller.This shows that the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced layer can improve the bearing capacity of small eccentric compression columns.It can be seen from Figure 12 that the longitudinal bars on the compression side all maintained a linear growth before yielding.After yielding, the load increased slowly and the strain increased rapidly; while the strain of the longitudinal bars on the tensile side was small and did not reach yielding stage.This was consistent with the situation of ordinary reinforced concrete columns under small eccentric compression.When the initial eccentricity ratio was small, the longitudinal reinforcement on the side far from the loading point of the reinforced column (SCE-0.22,SCH3-0.22,SCH5-0.22)changed from the tensile state before the reinforcement to the compressive state after reinforcement.This was because the cross-sectional area became larger after reinforcement and the distance from the side longitudinal reinforcement to the tension edge became larger.Under the same load, compared with the unreinforced column and the ECC-reinforced column, the compressive strain of the longitudinal bars of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column was smaller.This shows that the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced layer can improve the bearing capacity of small eccentric compression columns.

Ductility
Ductility refers to the plastic deformation ability of the RC structure or member, and the ductility coefficient is a common index to measure the ductility, which is defined as µ = ∆ u /∆ y [30], where ∆ u is the ultimate displacement, and reference [31] takes the mid-span lateral displacement corresponding to the load decreased to 75% of the peaking load; ∆ y is the mid-span lateral displacement at the yielding point.The yielding point is determined by the farthest point method in reference [32], as shown in Figure 13.The calculation results of the ductility coefficient of specimens are shown in Table 5.
It can be seen from Table 5 that the ductility of the reinforced column is significantly improved compared with that of the unreinforced column.Among them, compared with specimen ORC, the SCE-0.22 of the ECC-reinforced column was increased by 50.0%, and specimens SCH3-0.22 and SCH5-0.22 of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column were increased by 75.6% and 77.8%, respectively.It demonstrates that compared with the ECC-reinforced method, the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced method could more significantly improve the ductility of RC columns under small eccentric compression.The reasons are that, after reaching the peaking load, the stainless steel wire mesh-ECCreinforced column exhibited a large flexural deformation, and the core concrete showed a large transverse expansion deformation, accompanied with the slow decreasing of the applied load.During this process, the transverse steel wire in the reinforced layer provided effective constraints to the core concrete, and stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced layer did not peel off from the concrete interface; therefore, the ductility of the specimen was obviously improved.The comparison of columns SCH3-0.22 and SCH5-0.22 showed, however, that when the reinforcement ratio of longitudinal steel strand increased from 0.1692% to 0.2820%, the ductility coefficient of column SCH5-0.22 was only 1.1% higher than that of column SCH3-0.22.The reason for this is that the eccentricity ratio of the test column was small and the tensile stress of the tensile side stainless steel strand was also small.The comparative analysis of columns SCH3-0.15,SCH3-0.22,and SCH3-0.22 showed that a larger initial eccentricity ratio resulted in the better ductility of the tested specimen.
Ductility refers to the plastic deformation ability of the RC structure or member, and the ductility coefficient is a common index to measure the ductility, which is defined as μ = Δu/Δy [30], where Δu is the ultimate displacement, and reference [31] takes the mid-span lateral displacement corresponding to the load decreased to 75% of the peaking load; Δy is the mid-span lateral displacement at the yielding point.The yielding point is determined by the farthest point method in reference [32], as shown in Figure 13.The calculation results of the ductility coefficient of specimens are shown in Table 5. 1 Δp is the mid-span lateral deflection; 2 β is the increase of the ductility coefficient of the reinforced column compared with the unreinforced column ORC.It can be seen from Table 5 that the ductility of the reinforced column is significantly improved compared with that of the unreinforced column.Among them, compared with specimen ORC, the SCE-0.22 of the ECC-reinforced column was increased by 50.0%, and specimens SCH3-0.22 and SCH5-0.22 of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column were increased by 75.6% and 77.8%, respectively.It demonstrates that compared with the ECC-reinforced method, the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced method could more significantly improve the ductility of RC columns under small eccentric compression.The reasons are that, after reaching the peaking load, the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column exhibited a large flexural deformation, and the core concrete showed a large transverse expansion deformation, accompanied with the slow decreasing of the applied load.During this process, the transverse steel wire in the reinforced layer provided effective constraints to the core concrete, and stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced layer did not peel off from the concrete interface; therefore, the ductility of the specimen was obviously improved.The comparison of columns SCH3-0.22 and SCH5-0.22 showed, however, that when the reinforcement ratio of longitudinal steel strand increased from 0.1692% to 0.2820%, the ductility coefficient of column SCH5-0.22 was only 1.1% higher than that of column SCH3-0.  1 ∆ p is the mid-span lateral deflection; 2 β is the increase of the ductility coefficient of the reinforced column compared with the unreinforced column ORC.

Reinforcement Method
Based on the test data, the comparison curves of the unstrengthened column (ORC), ECC-reinforced column (SCE-0.22),and steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column (SCH3-0.22,SCH5-0.22) with the same eccentricity ratio are drawn as shown in Figure 13.It can be seen from Figure 14a that under the same load, the mid-span lateral deflection of the unreinforced column is the largest, followed by that of the ECC-reinforced column, and that of steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column was the smallest, indicating that the stiffness of the reinforced column is improved.The arrangement of steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced layer can further effectively constrain the lateral deformation of the specimen.It can be seen from Figure 14b that the cracking load and peaking load of the strengthened columns have been effectively improved.Compared with the ECC-strengthened column, the peaking load of the steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column increases more significantly, but the cracking load increases less than that of the ECC-reinforced column.From Figure 14c,d it can be seen that under the same load the ECC strain on the compression side of the steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column is significantly lower than that of the ECC-reinforced column.The compressive strain of the longitudinal bars in the unreinforced column is the largest, followed by the ECC-reinforced column, and the steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column is the smallest.This shows that the steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column can more effectively delay the cracking of specimens and the damage of the ECC, and improve the bearing capacity of RC small eccentric compression columns, and its reinforcement effect is better.
reinforced layer can further effectively constrain the lateral deformation of the specim It can be seen from Figure 14b that the cracking load and peaking load of the strengthe columns have been effectively improved.Compared with the ECC-strengthened colu the peaking load of the steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column increases m significantly, but the cracking load increases less than that of the ECC-reinforced colu From Figure 14c,d it can be seen that under the same load the ECC strain on compression side of the steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column is significantly lo than that of the ECC-reinforced column.The compressive strain of the longitudinal in the unreinforced column is the largest, followed by the ECC-reinforced column, the steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column is the smallest.This shows that the steel mesh-ECC-reinforced column can more effectively delay the cracking of specimens the damage of the ECC, and improve the bearing capacity of RC small ecce compression columns, and its reinforcement effect is better.

Eccentricity Ratio
Based on the test data, the comparison curves of RC columns with different reinforcement ratios of longitudinal steel strands (0.1692%, 0.2820%) were drawn, as shown in Figure 15.When the reinforcement ratio of longitudinal steel strands increases from 0.1692% to 0.2820%, the increase of cracking load of the specimen is small.The increase of mid-span lateral deflection of reinforced column (SCH5-0.22)with the larger longitudinal reinforcement ratio is slower than that of reinforced column (SCH3-0.22)with the smaller longitudinal reinforcement ratio.The peaking load of the reinforced column with the longitudinal steel strand reinforcement ratio of 0.2820% is only 4.1% higher than that of the reinforced column with the longitudinal steel strand reinforcement ratio of 0.1692%, indicating that the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the increase of the peaking load is limited.As shown in Figure 15c,d, increasing the longitudinal reinforcement ratio of the reinforced column, the compressive strain growth trend of ECC on the compression side of the specimen is the same, and the load-longitudinal bar compressive strain curve has no obvious change, indicating that the change of the longitudinal reinforcement ratio has little effect on the deformation capacity of reinforced RC columns.ratio of 0.1692%, indicating that the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the increa the peaking load is limited.As shown in Figure 15c-d, increasing the longitud reinforcement ratio of the reinforced column, the compressive strain growth trend of on the compression side of the specimen is the same, and the load-longitudinal compressive strain curve has no obvious change, indicating that the change of longitudinal reinforcement ratio has little effect on the deformation capacity of reinfo RC columns.

Reinforcement Ratio of High-Strength Stainless Steel Strand
Based on the test data, the comparison curves of steel wire mesh-ECC-reinfo columns with different eccentricities are shown in Figure 16.The eccentricity ratio little effect on the elastic stiffness of the column at the initial stage of loading.With increase of load, the specimen gradually enters the elastic-plastic stage, and the stiff of the specimen with small eccentricity ratio is significantly greater than that of specimen with large eccentricity ratio.The eccentricity ratio has an important influ

Reinforcement Ratio of High-Strength Stainless Steel Strand
Based on the test data, the comparison curves of steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced columns with different eccentricities are shown in Figure 16.The eccentricity ratio has little effect on the elastic stiffness of the column at the initial stage of loading.With the increase of load, the specimen gradually enters the elastic-plastic stage, and the stiffness of the specimen with small eccentricity ratio is significantly greater than that of the specimen with large eccentricity ratio.The eccentricity ratio has an important influence on the deformation of the specimen.Under the same load, with the increase of eccentricity ratio, the mid-span lateral deflection of columns increase, and the load dropping stage especially tends to be flatter, indicating that the larger the eccentricity ratio is, the better the ductility of the reinforced specimen is.In addition, it can be seen from Figure 16b that the eccentricity ratio also has an important influence on the bearing capacity.The larger the eccentricity ratio is, the smaller the cracking load and peaking load of the specimen are.It can be seen from Figure 16c that the development trend of the load-ECC compressive strain curve of the steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column with different eccentricities is similar.In other words, at the beginning of loading, the ECC compressive strain of the compression side increases linearly.With the increasing load, the slope of the load-ECC compressive strain relationship curve decreases continuously.When it is close to the peaking load, the ECC compressive strain increases significantly faster.From Figure 16d, it can be seen that the eccentricity ratio has little effect on the compressive strain curve of the longitudinal reinforcement of the load-compression side at the initial stage of loading, which is roughly linear growth.Under the same other conditions, the larger the eccentricity ratio, the lower the bearing capacity of the column, and the compression-strain curve of the longitudinal reinforcement on the load-compression side tends to be flatter.Under the same load, with the increase of eccentricity ratio, the compressive strain of ECC and the compressive strain of compression side longitudinal reinforcement increase.load-ECC compressive strain relationship curve decreases continuously.When it is c to the peaking load, the ECC compressive strain increases significantly faster.From Fig 16d, it can be seen that the eccentricity ratio has little effect on the compressive strain cu of the longitudinal reinforcement of the load-compression side at the initial stag loading, which is roughly linear growth.Under the same other conditions, the larger eccentricity ratio, the lower the bearing capacity of the column, and the compress strain curve of the longitudinal reinforcement on the load-compression side tends to flatter.Under the same load, with the increase of eccentricity ratio, the compressive st of ECC and the compressive strain of compression side longitudinal reinforcem increase.

Mechanical Mechanism and Load-Carrying Capacity Analysis
The strain diagram of the mid-span section of each specimen is drawn, as shown in Figure 17.The analysis of Figure 17b-e shows that as the load increases step by step, the neutral axis (where the compression stress and tension stress are zero) gradually moves down, resulting in the greater compression zone; however, the value of the moving range is very small.The reasons are as follows: with the increase of the applied load, after the ECC and concrete on the tensile side are cracked, the neutral axis moves towards the compression zone; meanwhile, the height of the compression zone gradually decreases.When the peaking load is reached, the specimen with the larger the initial eccentricity ratio obtained the larger the tensile zone.During the whole staged loading process, the section strain was roughly linearly distributed, and the strain distribution in the mid-span section of the specimen conforms to the assumption of the plane section.
Based on the test results and analysis, it can be seen that the bearing capacity of the high-strength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column under the small eccentric compression load is composed of three parts: the bearing capacity provided by the highstrength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-constrained core RC column, the bearing capacity provided by ECC on the compression side of the reinforcement layer (maximum compression side), and the bearing capacity provided by the longitudinal steel strands on the tensile side of the reinforcement layer.The compressive capacity of the longitudinal steel strands and the ECC capacity of the lateral compression zone on the side of the reinforcement layer can be ignored in the calculation of the bearing capacity of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column.
is very small.The reasons are as follows: with the increase of the applied load, after the ECC and concrete on the tensile side are cracked, the neutral axis moves towards the compression zone; meanwhile, the height of the compression zone gradually decreases.When the peaking load is reached, the specimen with the larger the initial eccentricity ratio obtained the larger the tensile zone.During the whole staged loading process, the section strain was roughly linearly distributed, and the strain distribution in the mid-span section of the specimen conforms to the assumption of the plane section.Based on the test results and analysis, it can be seen that the bearing capacity of the high-strength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column under the small eccentric compression load is composed of three parts: the bearing capacity provided by the highstrength stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-constrained core RC column, the bearing capacity provided by ECC on the compression side of the reinforcement layer (maximum

Conclusions
In this research, the main parameters of the reinforcement method, the longitudinal steel strand reinforcement ratio and the eccentricity ratio, are used to conduct compression tests on six RC columns with small eccentric compression loads.The effects of the reinforcement method, longitudinal steel strand reinforcement ratio, and eccentricity ratio on mechanical properties, such as crack distribution, ductility, failure mechanism, and bearing capacity, of stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column are investigated and compared.Based on the test results, the following main conclusions can be drawn below: 1.
The stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced layer and the concrete interface are effectively bonded because of the adopted treatment, and they work together well.The stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced layer can provide an effective constraint for the core concrete in the compression zone, and the core concrete in the compression zone is in a three-dimensional compression state.This contributed to the significant increase of its compressive strength and ductility, which significantly improves the overall mechanical performance of strengthened RC columns; 2.
The stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced layer can effectively delay and restrict the development of cracks on the surface of the RC column and reduce the maximum crack width.When the peaking load is reached, the concrete in the compression zone is crushed first, and the reinforcement layer ECC on the compression side is gradually crushed with the decrease of applied load, which has an obvious portent and shows good ductile failure characteristics; 3.
Compared with the unreinforced column, the cracking load and peaking load of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column are significantly improved, the cracking load is increased by 100.0-113.3%, and the peaking load is increased by 99.8-108.0%.Compared with the ECC-reinforced column, its cracking load increased by 7.1-14.3%and the peaking load increased by 37.6-43.3%.Moreover, the cracking and peaking load decreased with the increase of the eccentricity ratio; however, the variation of longitudinal reinforcement ratio has little effect on the reinforcement effect; 4.
The ductility of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column is 75.6-77.8%higher than that of the unreinforced column and 17.3-18.6%higher than that of the ECC-reinforced column.The ductility of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column increased with the eccentricity ratio of tested specimen; 5.
Based on the test results, the basic assumptions for the calculation of the bearing capacity of the stainless steel wire mesh-ECC-reinforced column are established.6.
In this paper, the test only considers three factors: reinforcement method, eccentricity, and longitudinal steel strand reinforcement ratio.The factors such as ECC strength, thickness of reinforcement layer, the reinforcement ratio of original column, and concrete strength are not studied.Therefore, the finite element model of reinforced RC columns can be established for numerical simulation analysis based on the experimental research in this paper.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Geometry and reinforcement details of RC columns (Dimensions in mm).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Geometry and reinforcement details of RC columns (Dimensions in mm).

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Load-strain curve of concrete and ECC.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Load-strain curve of concrete and ECC.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Comparison of specimens with different longitudinal steel strand reinforcement r (a) Load-midspan deflection curve; (b) Cracking and peaking load variation curves; (c) L ECC compressive strain curve; (d) Load-longitudinal bar compressive strain curve.

Figure 16 .Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Comparison of specimens with different longitudinal steel strand reinforcement ra (a) Load-midspan lateral deflection curve; (b) Cracking and peaking load variation curves; (c) L ECC compressive strain curve; (d) Load-longitudinal bar compressive strain curve.

Table 1 .
Test parameters of specimens.

Table 1 .
Test parameters of specimens.e 0 is the initial eccentricity of the reinforced column; 2 HSME is the high-strength stainless steel stranded wire mesh reinforced ECC; 3 n is the number of longitudinal high-strength stainless steel stranded wires on the tension (compression) side. 1

Table 2 .
ECC mix ratio in mass.

Table 2 .
ECC mix ratio in mass.

Table 3 .
Physical and mechanical indicators of PVA fiber.
1 d is the diameter of the rebar; 2 E s is the elastic modulus; 3 f y is the yielding strength of the rebar; 4 f u is the ultimate strength of the rebar.

Table 5 .
Ductility coefficient of test specimens.

Table 5 .
Ductility coefficient of test specimens.