Ultra-High-Speed Magnetic Abrasive Surface Micro-Machining of AISI 304 Cylindrical Bar

The ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining (UHSMAM) process is a surface improvement technique, which has been widely used to minimize the surface accuracy and change the precision morphology of difficult-to-machine materials. Surface integrity plays an important role in the machining process, because it is used to evaluate the high stress and the loaded components on the machined surface. It is important to evaluate the plastically deformed layers in ultra-precision machining surface of material. However, the usual plastic strains in the ultra-precision machining surface are significantly difficult to consider. In this paper, an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining technique is used to improve the surface accuracy and dimensional accuracy of an AISI 304 bars. Additionally, the subsequent recrystallizations technique is used for measuring the plastic strain on machined surface of AISI 304 bars. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of an UHSMAM process on the plastic strains and the strain energy of the machined surface, and to evaluate the residual strain in the plastic deformation of AISI 304 bars materials by analyzing a plastically deformed layer. The results showed that the plastic strain of the material did not change after machined by an UHSMAM process. Based on the results, an UHSMAM process could significantly improve the surface roughness, micro-diameter, and removal weight of AISI 304 bars effectively. The surface roughness Ra of AISI 304 bars was improved from 0.32 µm to 0.03 µm for 40 s of machining time at 80,000 rpm of workpiece revolution speed.


Introduction
Ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining process is an advanced machining technique, which has been used to improve the surface accuracy and dimensional accuracy of difficult-to-machine materials in the manufacturing industries. In previous work, some conventional processing methods (i.e., honing, lapping, polishing, grinding, and super finishing) are used to improve the high surface quality of the produces produced by the manufacturing process [1][2][3]. Kuhar et al. [4] used the polishing method to improve the surface roughness of an acrylic. He reported that the polishing method could produce the smoothest surface for an acrylic denture workpiece. Mahajan et al. [5] reported that the burnishing method can be used to improve the workpiece surface by using the hardened steel ball to press on the workpiece surface. The burnishing method has provided good results in the surface roughness of cylinder holes and tubes.  Figure 1 shows a schematic of an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining principle for AISI 304 cylindrical bar. The unbonded magnetic abrasive tools are inserted inside the gap of the south-pole and the north-pole of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets; the mixture of magnetic abrasive tools forms a flexible magnetic abrasive brush along the lines of magnetic force. A cylindrical AISI 304 bar is inserted inside the flexible magnetic abrasive brush and then rotated at an ultra-high-speed (80,000 rpm). The vibration action (10 Hz) of magnetic poles is applied in the longitudinal direction. The processing magnetic force comprises a force (F x ) in the direction of the magnetic force line. The force (F x ) strongly acts on the magnetic particles, against which the surface of AISI 304 bar workpiece lies along the magnetic force lines. A force (F y ) is generated when the AISI 304 bar workpiece pushes out the bridges formed in the direction of magnetic equipotential lines. Here, a yoke is specially designed according to the magnetic field effect; it is made by SS 41 steel and gathers the magnetic field. The magnetic forces (F x ) and (F y ) act on the surface of AISI 304 bar workpiece, which results in a grinding effect. Here, the magnetic abrasive particle brushes have many degrees of freedom, and become flexible enough to accommodate the surface conditions of the workpiece. Figure 2 shows a schematic view of normal force (F N ) and tangential force (F T ) of magnetic force acting on abrasive particle during the machining process.

UHSMAM Process for AISI 304 Bars
Metals 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 9 Figure 1 shows a schematic of an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining principle for AISI 304 cylindrical bar. The unbonded magnetic abrasive tools are inserted inside the gap of the south-pole and the north-pole of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets; the mixture of magnetic abrasive tools forms a flexible magnetic abrasive brush along the lines of magnetic force. A cylindrical AISI 304 bar is inserted inside the flexible magnetic abrasive brush and then rotated at an ultra-high-speed (80,000 rpm). The vibration action (10 Hz) of magnetic poles is applied in the longitudinal direction. The processing magnetic force comprises a force (Fx) in the direction of the magnetic force line. The force (Fx) strongly acts on the magnetic particles, against which the surface of AISI 304 bar workpiece lies along the magnetic force lines. A force (Fy) is generated when the AISI 304 bar workpiece pushes out the bridges formed in the direction of magnetic equipotential lines. Here, a yoke is specially designed according to the magnetic field effect; it is made by SS 41 steel and gathers the magnetic field. The magnetic forces (Fx) and (Fy) act on the surface of AISI 304 bar workpiece, which results in a grinding effect. Here, the magnetic abrasive particle brushes have many degrees of freedom, and become flexible enough to accommodate the surface conditions of the workpiece. Figure 2 shows a schematic view of normal force (FN) and tangential force (FT) of magnetic force acting on abrasive particle during the machining process.   Figure 3 shows the photo of an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining apparatus for AISI 304 cylindrical bars. This apparatus is composed of an ultra-high-speed spindle, a SS 41 steel yoke, a cylindrical workpiece, several Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets, and an electromotive slider. The austenitic stainless steel bars (AISI 304 bar, dimensions: Ø3 × 50 mm 2 ; Ra: 0.32 µm) were used as the cylindrical workpieces for this experimental work. The cylindrical workpiece was inserted inside the collet chuck of an ultra-high-speed air spindle (speed range: 1000-80,000 rpm), and the unbonded magnetic abrasive tools were inserted into the machined area [15]. The cylindrical workpiece was rotated at an ultra-high-speed (80,000 rpm), and the electromotive liner slider was used to generate the vibration action of the magnetic poles at 10 Hz of vibration frequency with 2 mm of amplitude.  Figure 1 shows a schematic of an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining principle for AISI 304 cylindrical bar. The unbonded magnetic abrasive tools are inserted inside the gap of the south-pole and the north-pole of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets; the mixture of magnetic abrasive tools forms a flexible magnetic abrasive brush along the lines of magnetic force. A cylindrical AISI 304 bar is inserted inside the flexible magnetic abrasive brush and then rotated at an ultra-high-speed (80,000 rpm). The vibration action (10 Hz) of magnetic poles is applied in the longitudinal direction. The processing magnetic force comprises a force (Fx) in the direction of the magnetic force line. The force (Fx) strongly acts on the magnetic particles, against which the surface of AISI 304 bar workpiece lies along the magnetic force lines. A force (Fy) is generated when the AISI 304 bar workpiece pushes out the bridges formed in the direction of magnetic equipotential lines. Here, a yoke is specially designed according to the magnetic field effect; it is made by SS 41 steel and gathers the magnetic field. The magnetic forces (Fx) and (Fy) act on the surface of AISI 304 bar workpiece, which results in a grinding effect. Here, the magnetic abrasive particle brushes have many degrees of freedom, and become flexible enough to accommodate the surface conditions of the workpiece. Figure 2 shows a schematic view of normal force (FN) and tangential force (FT) of magnetic force acting on abrasive particle during the machining process.   Figure 3 shows the photo of an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining apparatus for AISI 304 cylindrical bars. This apparatus is composed of an ultra-high-speed spindle, a SS 41 steel yoke, a cylindrical workpiece, several Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets, and an electromotive slider. The austenitic stainless steel bars (AISI 304 bar, dimensions: Ø3 × 50 mm 2 ; Ra: 0.32 µm) were used as the cylindrical workpieces for this experimental work. The cylindrical workpiece was inserted inside the collet chuck of an ultra-high-speed air spindle (speed range: 1000-80,000 rpm), and the unbonded magnetic abrasive tools were inserted into the machined area [15]. The cylindrical workpiece was rotated at an ultra-high-speed (80,000 rpm), and the electromotive liner slider was used to generate the vibration action of the magnetic poles at 10 Hz of vibration frequency with 2 mm of amplitude.  Figure 3 shows the photo of an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining apparatus for AISI 304 cylindrical bars. This apparatus is composed of an ultra-high-speed spindle, a SS 41 steel yoke, a cylindrical workpiece, several Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets, and an electromotive slider. The austenitic stainless steel bars (AISI 304 bar, dimensions: Ø3 × 50 mm 2 ; Ra: 0.32 µm) were used as the cylindrical workpieces for this experimental work. The cylindrical workpiece was inserted inside the collet chuck of an ultra-high-speed air spindle (speed range: 1000-80,000 rpm), and the unbonded magnetic abrasive tools were inserted into the machined area [15]. The cylindrical workpiece was rotated at an ultra-high-speed (80,000 rpm), and the electromotive liner slider was used to generate the vibration action of the magnetic poles at 10 Hz of vibration frequency with 2 mm of amplitude.

Surface Integrity for Machining Surface by Subsequent Recrystallizations Technique
In this work, the subsequent recrystallization method was used to measure the plastic strain on the surface of workpiece before and after the machining process using the recrystallization phenomena. Figure 4 shows the machined surface area of the AISI 304 cylindrical bars. In order to prevent the machined surface from the plastic deformation, the machined surface area of AISI 304 bar workpiece was cut off by the wire electrical discharge machine EDM. The cutting cylindrical workpiece was used for anneal (recrystallization temperature at 950 °C for 24 h), mechanically polished, and then etched in a chemical etchant (C2H5OH:HCl:HNO3 = 100:15:30) to observe the recrystallized zone. The fatigue cracks usually nucleate on the workpiece surface after the machining process. Thus, the surface condition plays an important role in the fatigue resistance of a component. Therefore, the fatigue strength often varies greatly depending on the surface condition of the material. The fatigue failure of material starts from the deteriorated surface roughness of material. Therefore, UHSMAM process is required for improving the surface roughness of material and tensile strength. Figure 5 shows the effects of the surface finish on fatigue endurance limit [16]. In previous work, many researchers have studied the surface finish effects on fatigue endurance limit. It can be confirmed that the polishing process is the best method, which is suitable to enhance the fatigue limit of the materials but only emphasizes the traditional mirror polishing processing. In this study, UHSMAM process was applied for machining the surface of AISI 304 bar material and to study the effect of this method on the enhancement of surface roughness and the tensile strength of materials with a short processing time and then assesses the machining capabilities for application to improve the life of materials.

Surface Integrity for Machining Surface by Subsequent Recrystallizations Technique
In this work, the subsequent recrystallization method was used to measure the plastic strain on the surface of workpiece before and after the machining process using the recrystallization phenomena. Figure 4 shows the machined surface area of the AISI 304 cylindrical bars. In order to prevent the machined surface from the plastic deformation, the machined surface area of AISI 304 bar workpiece was cut off by the wire electrical discharge machine EDM. The cutting cylindrical workpiece was used for anneal (recrystallization temperature at 950 • C for 24 h), mechanically polished, and then etched in a chemical etchant (C 2 H 5 OH:HCl:HNO 3 = 100:15:30) to observe the recrystallized zone.

Surface Integrity for Machining Surface by Subsequent Recrystallizations Technique
In this work, the subsequent recrystallization method was used to measure the plastic strain on the surface of workpiece before and after the machining process using the recrystallization phenomena. Figure 4 shows the machined surface area of the AISI 304 cylindrical bars. In order to prevent the machined surface from the plastic deformation, the machined surface area of AISI 304 bar workpiece was cut off by the wire electrical discharge machine EDM. The cutting cylindrical workpiece was used for anneal (recrystallization temperature at 950 °C for 24 h), mechanically polished, and then etched in a chemical etchant (C2H5OH:HCl:HNO3 = 100:15:30) to observe the recrystallized zone. The fatigue cracks usually nucleate on the workpiece surface after the machining process. Thus, the surface condition plays an important role in the fatigue resistance of a component. Therefore, the fatigue strength often varies greatly depending on the surface condition of the material. The fatigue failure of material starts from the deteriorated surface roughness of material. Therefore, UHSMAM process is required for improving the surface roughness of material and tensile strength. Figure 5 shows the effects of the surface finish on fatigue endurance limit [16]. In previous work, many researchers have studied the surface finish effects on fatigue endurance limit. It can be confirmed that the polishing process is the best method, which is suitable to enhance the fatigue limit of the materials but only emphasizes the traditional mirror polishing processing. In this study, UHSMAM process was applied for machining the surface of AISI 304 bar material and to study the effect of this method on the enhancement of surface roughness and the tensile strength of materials with a short processing time and then assesses the machining capabilities for application to improve the life of materials. The fatigue cracks usually nucleate on the workpiece surface after the machining process. Thus, the surface condition plays an important role in the fatigue resistance of a component. Therefore, the fatigue strength often varies greatly depending on the surface condition of the material. The fatigue failure of material starts from the deteriorated surface roughness of material. Therefore, UHSMAM process is required for improving the surface roughness of material and tensile strength. Figure 5 shows the effects of the surface finish on fatigue endurance limit [16]. In previous work, many researchers have studied the surface finish effects on fatigue endurance limit. It can be confirmed that the polishing process is the best method, which is suitable to enhance the fatigue limit of the materials but only emphasizes the traditional mirror polishing processing. In this study, UHSMAM process was applied for machining the surface of AISI 304 bar material and to study the effect of this method on the enhancement of surface roughness and the tensile strength of materials with a short processing time and then assesses the machining capabilities for application to improve the life of materials.  Table 1 shows the experimentation details of an UHSMAM process. As mentioned above, the AISI 304 bar (3 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length) was used as the cylindrical workpiece and rotated at 80,000 rpm of workpiece rotational speed. Two sets of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets were applied for producing the magnetic flux density (MFD) up to 550 mT. The vibration action of the magnetic poles was 10 Hz with 2 mm of the amplitude. Table 2 shows the mechanical and physical properties of AISI 304 cylindrical bar.  7 show the largely linear relationship between the change of diameter and material removal against the machining time, respectively. AISI 304 bar workpieces were rotated at 80,000  Table 1 shows the experimentation details of an UHSMAM process. As mentioned above, the AISI 304 bar (3 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length) was used as the cylindrical workpiece and rotated at 80,000 rpm of workpiece rotational speed. Two sets of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets were applied for producing the magnetic flux density (MFD) up to 550 mT. The vibration action of the magnetic poles was 10 Hz with 2 mm of the amplitude. Table 2 shows the mechanical and physical properties of AISI 304 cylindrical bar.  Figures 6 and 7 show the largely linear relationship between the change of diameter and material removal against the machining time, respectively. AISI 304 bar workpieces were rotated at 80,000 rpm, and the magnetic poles were vibrated at 10 Hz. As shown in Figure 6, the slope of change of diameter and material removal linearly increased from 0 to 120 s of the machining time. In terms of the change of diameter, the UHSMAM process can remove 5-µm from diameter of a cylindrical workpiece with every 20 s (see Figure 7), which the current processing methods are impossible. The slope of material removal shows the constant removal pattern based on the usage of the same grain size of diamond abrasive particle (0.5 µm). Figure 8 shows the relationship between the surface roughness (arithmetical average surface roughness, Ra) and the machining time. The cylindrical workpiece was rotated at 80,000 rpm, and the magnetic poles were vibrated at 10 Hz. Based on the results, the surface roughness Ra was immediately improved from the initial machining time at 0 s to the machining time at 20 s. The initial surface roughness Ra was improved from 0.32 to 0.04 µm for 20 s. After 40 s, the initial surface roughness was improved to 0.03 µm. According to the results, the ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining processing required 40 s to achieve the most perfect state of surface roughness (Ra) of cylindrical workpiece such as AISI 304 bar. However, the surface roughness Ra of AISI 304 bar does not improve further after 40 s, because the UHSMAM process can effectively remove only the uneven surface. Figure 9 shows the atomic force microscope (AFM) micro images of cylindrical workpiece's surfaces before and after the machining process by an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining process at 80,000 rpm. As shown in Figure 9a, before the machining process, the deep grooves and the unevenness are found throughout the surface of the AISI 304 bar. Figure 9b shows the atomic force microscope (AFM) image of a cylindrical workpiece's surfaces after the machining process by an UHSMAM process at 80,000 rpm for 40 s of machining time. According to the result, the surface roughness Ra was improved to 0.03 µm. As shown in the Figure 9b, the deep grooves and the unevenness were mostly removed from the machined surface of AISI 304 bar. Figure 10 shows the annealed microstructure on the cutting surface of the AISI 304 bar workpiece after machining by an UHSMAM process. In this process, the plastic deformed zones on the surface workpiece at the machining tip increase with the machining depth of workpiece. After the annealing, the recrystallized grain size in the primary deformation zone is found to be smaller than the surrounding region. Regarding the obtained results, it can be confirmed that the primary deformation zone is deformed. The micrographs are shown in Figure 10b; the strain distribution around the machining surface cannot be drawn before the machining process. As shown in Figure 10a,b before and after the machining process, each crystal particle is approximately 350 µm, and the isotropic shape of microstructure have not changed. Thus, it can be confirmed that an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining technique did not affect the plastically deformed machined surface.

Experimental Results
The surface modification factor can be expressed by Equation (1), as follows: where K S is the surface modification factor, S u is the ultimate tensile strength, and value of a and value of b are constants. The value of K S can be calculated by using the value of (a, and b). The value of a, and b before machining are given as 515 MPa and 0.3, respectively. The surface modification factor increased as the increasing of tensile strength or hardness. When the surface roughness Ra improved from 0.32 µm to 0.03 µm, the fatigue limit value increased and the material life also improved.
the primary deformation zone is deformed. The micrographs are shown in Figure 10b; the strain distribution around the machining surface cannot be drawn before the machining process. As shown in Figure 10a,b before and after the machining process, each crystal particle is approximately 350 µm, and the isotropic shape of microstructure have not changed. Thus, it can be confirmed that an ultrahigh-speed magnetic abrasive machining technique did not affect the plastically deformed machined surface.  The surface modification factor can be expressed by Equation (1), as follows: Where KS is the surface modification factor, Su is the ultimate tensile strength, and value of a and value of b are constants. The value of KS can be calculated by using the value of (a, and b). The value of a, and b before machining are given as 515 MPa and 0.3, respectively. The surface modification factor increased as the increasing of tensile strength or hardness. When the surface roughness Ra improved from 0.32 μm to 0.03 μm, the fatigue limit value increased and the material life also improved.  The surface modification factor can be expressed by Equation (1), as follows: Where KS is the surface modification factor, Su is the ultimate tensile strength, and value of a and value of b are constants. The value of KS can be calculated by using the value of (a, and b). The value of a, and b before machining are given as 515 MPa and 0.3, respectively. The surface modification factor increased as the increasing of tensile strength or hardness. When the surface roughness Ra improved from 0.32 µm to 0.03 µm, the fatigue limit value increased and the material life also improved. Where KS is the surface modification factor, Su is the ultimate tensile strength, and value of a and value of b are constants. The value of KS can be calculated by using the value of (a, and b). The value of a, and b before machining are given as 515 MPa and 0.3, respectively. The surface modification factor increased as the increasing of tensile strength or hardness. When the surface roughness Ra improved from 0.32 µm to 0.03 µm, the fatigue limit value increased and the material life also improved.

Conclusion
In this study, the surface accuracy and dimensional accuracy of AISI 304 bars were improved using an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining process, and then the plastic strain on the machined surface was measured using the subsequent recrystallization technique. The results of this study can be concluded as follows: 1. The study revealed that, an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining UHSMAM process was successfully performed for achieving high surface accuracy and dimensional accuracy of difficult-to-machine materials such as AISI 304 bars; 2. The best improvements in the precision dimensional accuracy and precision surface accuracy were achieved at 80,000 rpm. In terms of the machining micro-diameter, an UHSMAM process can remove 5-µm from the diameter of workpiece with every 20 s. In terms of the material removal, the slope showed the constant removal pattern based on the usage of the same grain size of diamond abrasive particle (0.5 µm). In terms of the surface roughness, it requires 40 s to improve the surface roughness from 0.32 µm to 0.03 µm; 3. The subsequent recrystallization technique was applied for measuring the plastic strain on the surface AISI 304 bars after the machining process. Based on the results, it can be confirmed that an UHSMAM process did not cause the impact of plastic deformation. 4. Based on the results, it can be confirmed that an UHSMAM process is a processing method that can greatly enhance the fatigue limit of the materials and material life.

Conclusions
In this study, the surface accuracy and dimensional accuracy of AISI 304 bars were improved using an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining process, and then the plastic strain on the machined surface was measured using the subsequent recrystallization technique. The results of this study can be concluded as follows: 1.
The study revealed that, an ultra-high-speed magnetic abrasive machining UHSMAM process was successfully performed for achieving high surface accuracy and dimensional accuracy of difficult-to-machine materials such as AISI 304 bars; 2.
The best improvements in the precision dimensional accuracy and precision surface accuracy were achieved at 80,000 rpm. In terms of the machining micro-diameter, an UHSMAM process can remove 5-µm from the diameter of workpiece with every 20 s. In terms of the material removal, the slope showed the constant removal pattern based on the usage of the same grain size of diamond abrasive particle (0.5 µm). In terms of the surface roughness, it requires 40 s to improve the surface roughness from 0.32 µm to 0.03 µm; 3.
The subsequent recrystallization technique was applied for measuring the plastic strain on the surface AISI 304 bars after the machining process. Based on the results, it can be confirmed that an UHSMAM process did not cause the impact of plastic deformation.