PCBN Performance in High Speed Finishing Turning of Inconel 718

Inconel 718 is a Ni superalloy widely used in high responsibility components requiring excellent mechanical properties at high temperature and elevated corrosion resistance. Inconel 718 is a difficult to cut material due to the elevated temperature generated during cutting, its low thermal conductivity, and the strong abrasive tool wear during cutting process. Finishing operations should ensure surface integrity of the component commonly requiring the use of hard metal tools with sharp tool edges and moderate cutting speeds. Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools recently developed an enhanced toughness suitable for these final operations. This paper focuses on the study of PCBN tools performance in finishing turning of Inconel 718. Several inserts representative of different manufacturers were tested and compared to a reference carbide tool. The evolution of tool wear, surface roughness, and cutting forces was analyzed and discussed. PCBN tools demonstrated their suitability for finishing operations, presenting reasonable removal rates and surface quality.


Introduction
Nickel-based superalloys with excellent mechanical properties at high temperature and corrosion resistance find a wide range of applications such as aircraft engines power-generation turbines, nuclear power generation, and chemical processes involving aggressive environments [1,2].Surface integrity and tool wear are challenges when machining these difficult to cut materials due to strong work hardening, presence of hard carbides, and low thermal conductivity leading to high temperatures during machining [3][4][5].
Proper tool selection and definition of cutting parameters are critical in order to ensure productivity in machining processes of Ni alloys.Tool material, geometry, and coating; cooling strategy; and cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed) strongly determine tool wear evolution and surface integrity [6,7].
Extreme conditions during cutting require the use of advanced tool materials such as cemented tungsten carbides, ceramics, and cubic boron nitride (CBN) being the main cutting material families used in rough machining of Ni superalloys [8].
Carbide tools are restricted to cut in the range between 30 m/min to 70 m/min because of their poor thermochemical stability, however they can be used at high values of feed due to its toughness.
Ceramic tools based on alumina (aluminum oxide, Al 2 O 3 ) and silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ), are suitable for Ni alloy machining.Alumina combined with TiC improve thermal properties of the insert allowing the increase of cutting speed about five times higher than the carbide tools (120-240 m/min), although thermal and mechanical shock resistance are not significantly improved compared to tungsten carbides.Whisker-reinforced alumina ceramics (Al 2 O 3 + SiCw) can reach cutting speeds in the range between 200 and 750 m/min and feed between 0.18 and 0.375 mm/rev and present improved toughness.Silicon nitride, with low thermal expansion and elevated toughness, allows machining at higher speeds and feed than alumina.Finally, cubic boron nitride (CBN) can be used to machine nickel-or boron-based superalloys with hardnesses greater than 35 HRC at cutting speeds ranging from 200 to 350 m/min [9].
Cubic boron nitride (CBN) is one of the hardest materials.Although the synthetic diamond presents higher hardness, CBN exhibits higher temperature and chemical resistance properties.This type of tool is mainly used for the rough machining of hardened alloys and cast iron.
Recently new polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools have been developed and divided in to two groups, low content of CBN (40-70%) and high CBN content (80-95%).Low content of CBN has led to the development of a new generation of cutting tools exhibiting elevated hardness and enhanced toughness.The cutting edge can be sharper due to the improved toughness of PCBN tools, making them suitable for finishing operations at higher cutting speeds than carbide tools [10].
In general, PCBN tools are an appropriate choice when hard material (>50 HRC) should be machined, offering high performance in terms of good surface finishing and high manufacturing efficiency with respect to grinding processes [11,12].
PCBN tools are increasingly used in hard machining of different materials due to their excellent performance.For instance, O. Gutnichenko et al. [13,14] evaluated the tool wear and the formation of a tool protection layer (TPL) at the tool-chip interface in turning operations with high CBN content tools for different compositions of high chromium white cast irons (HCWCI) owing to elevated hardness and abrasion resistance.The increased silicon content percentage caused a reduction in forces due to the presence of a more stable TPL that reduces the vibration level and the tool wear during machining.Ling Chen et al. [15] analyzed the wear mechanisms in dry machining of HCWCI with PCBN tools, with abrasive wear being the dominant mechanism resulting in flank wear progression.D. Boing et al. [16] focused on the cutting behavior of PCBN tools when machining different hardened steels.The lowest level of wear progression was found for steels with 50 HRC (within a tested range of 35-60 HRC).The presence of carbides in the workpiece strongly affected the tool wear evolution.The main wear mechanism was abrasion wear [17], causing crater wear resulting in final cutting edge failure.Similar wear mechanisms were observed by the authors in references [18,19] in high speed machining of hardened steel.W.Y.H. Liew et al. [20] investigated PCBN tools wear in high precision machining at low cutting speeds and demonstrated the importance of increase binder content and decrease grain size in order to improve fracture toughness of PCBN tools.J.P. Costes et al. [21] analyzed the influence of CBN content when finishing Inconel 718.The authors found the percentages of CBN content in the range between 45% and 60% and cutting speeds between 250 m/min and 300 m/min leading to the best behavior concerning tool durability and surface quality.
C. Lahiff et al. [10] analyzed wear progression in PCBN cutting tools, main wear modes were crater and flank wear, caused by different mechanisms such as abrasion, adhesion, diffusion, and chemical wear.Flank wear is directly related to the accuracy of the dimensions of the machined part, and is usually used for tool life establishment of PCBN tools.
In a previous work of the authors [22] the viability of machining Inconel 718 with PCBN tools under dry conditions was analyzed.Elevated levels of chipping and fragile cutting edge breakages resulted from the instability produced by machining without coolant.This paper focuses on finishing turning with coolant of Inconel 718 with different PCBN tools with low content of CBN.The use of coolant influences the machining performance mainly in terms of wear progression and surface integrity of the workpiece.
As it was commented previously, different works in the literature have been focused on the use of PCBN in finishing operations on Inconel 718.Moreover, tool manufacturers are continuously developing special purpose PCBN tools for these applications.The main objective of this work is analyzing different commercial PCBN tools in order to compare their performance and establish optimal cutting parameters.For the sake of clarity, remarkable studies regarding the use of different kind of tools for the machining of Inconel 718 are summarized in Table 1.Turning [21] CBN tools (various binders and grain sizes) Coolant was used.V c = (from 200 to 450) m/min d: (0.3-0.5) mm f : 0.2 mm/rev Flank, notch wear, and cutting edge breakage were found.
Turning [22] Coated carbide tool (coating TiAlN + TiN) Dry condition: The results in terms of tool life, roughness, and cutting forces were compared with carbide tools used as a reference case, as the most common type tool used in finish turning of Inconel 718.The analysis of this results shows the suitability and the influence of main tool characteristics of PCBN tools for finishing operations of Inconel.

Working Material and Cutting Tools
The workpiece was a cylinder with diameter 100 mm of superalloy Inconel 718, hardened by solution heat treatment and aged, obtaining an homogeneous hardness throughout the thickness of the bar of 44-45.5 HRc [22].
Five different industrial cutting tools have been considered, in order to test different materials, coatings, and cutting edge configurations suitable for finishing Inconel 718 using soluble oil as coolant.The cutting tools were provided from main manufacturers in industry, and they are representative of the recommended tools for finishing operations of Ni alloys.A conventional tool representative of the carbide family commonly used in industry-hard metal tool with TiN coating from the manufacturer Seco (TS2000 grade)-has been tested as a reference using conventional cutting speeds (50-70 m/min) [26].
Seco CBN170 grade tool (low CBN content) recommended for finishing Inconel 718 at high speed (higher than 200 m/min) was analyzed.Other PCBN grades; KB5625 (Kennametal), MB8025 (Mitsubishi), and 7015 (Sandvik); have been included in this study.The tool KB5625 was coated with TiAlN while the tool 7015 was coated with TiN, in both cases the coating was applied in a thin layer with reduced influence during machining process (these coatings got removed from the tool-workpiece interface on the first instants of the tests).Although these PCBN grades are not specifically recommended for finishing turning of Inconel 718 (mainly recommended for hardened alloys), they are similar to CBN170 grade (sharp cutting edge and low CBN content) and in some cases they are currently being used for this machining operation in industry [22,26].
The main characteristics of the tools analyzed in this work are summarized in Table 2.As indicated, the reason for testing a coated carbide tool is to have a machining reference under the conventionally used conditions for the finishing turning of Inconel 718.The obtained results will be used to assess the interest of using PCBN tools in these processes.Therefore, the recommended value of the nose radius for finishing turning of Inconel 718 is 0.4 mm for the carbide tool and 0.8 mm for PCBN tools (it is recommended to use higher tip radius for PCBN tools due to its lower toughness).The coating and cutting edge configuration was stated by the manufacturer in order to obtain the best cutting performance.
Seco carbide insert (TS2000 grade with the code CCMT 09T304F1) recommended for finishing operations of nickel-based superalloys, was attached to a tool holder with the code 2525M09JET with Similar geometry was stated for the PCBN tools, just differencing in the cutting edge preparation (see Table 2).The inserts with CNGA120408 code were attached to a tool holder PCLNR2525M12 resulting in an effective rake angle of −6 • and a clearance angle of 6 • with a tip radius of 0.8 mm and a tip angle of 80 • .

Instrumentation and Set-Up
Experiments were carried out in a CNC lathe Pinacho Smart turn 6/165 (Pinacho, Huesca, Spain) instrumented with a dynamometer Kistler 9257B (Kistler, Winterthur, Switzerland) for cutting forces measurement (see Figure 1) Similar geometry was stated for the PCBN tools, just differencing in the cutting edge preparation (see Table 2).The inserts with CNGA120408 code were attached to a tool holder PCLNR2525M12 resulting in an effective rake angle of −6° and a clearance angle of 6° with a tip radius of 0.8 mm and a tip angle of 80°.

Instrumentation and Set-Up
Experiments were carried out in a CNC lathe Pinacho Smart turn 6/165 (Pinacho, Huesca, Spain) instrumented with a dynamometer Kistler 9257B (Kistler, Winterthur, Switzerland) for cutting forces measurement (see Figure 1) Surface quality was evaluated using a surface roughness tester Mitutoyo model SJ-201 (Mitutoyo, Tokyo, Japan).
Since cutting edge geometry of the tools strongly influences finishing operation in Inconel 718 [24] initial geometry of fresh inserts and wear progression were analyzed using an Optika SZR (Optika, Ponteranica, Italy) microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Philips XL-30 (Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands) with an EDSDX4i system.
Water-soluble cutting fluid Rhenus FU50T with mixing ratio of 6% is introduced externally through a coolant hose from Smart Cooling Systems with low and high pressure allowing the control of pressure of the cutting fluid.Conventional coolant pressure of 7.5 bar was applied.Coolant is delivered through the tool holder (Duo Jetstream Tooling from Seco Tools) with the aim of ensuring the effective application at the cutting zone.

Experimental Procedure
Cylinder turning tests were performed machining subsequent passes.At the end of each pass a rounded zone is generated due to the effect of tool tip radius (see Figure 2).This zone causes a sudden increment of undeformed chip cross section at the end of the following passes.Since cutting depth is small in finishing operations, significant increments of cutting forces were observed at the end of the pass affecting tool wear [22].A secondary tool was provided in the lathe in order to remove this zone at the end of each cutting pass (see Figure 1).
Cutting forces were measured during cutting test, and testing procedure was periodically stopped in order to evaluate the machined surface roughness and tool wear progression.
Representative roughness values were obtained as the mean between nine measurements of this parameter.Surface quality was evaluated using a surface roughness tester Mitutoyo model SJ-201 (Mitutoyo, Tokyo, Japan).
Since cutting edge geometry of the tools strongly influences finishing operation in Inconel 718 [24] initial geometry of fresh inserts and wear progression were analyzed using an Optika SZR (Optika, Ponteranica, Italy) microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Philips XL-30 (Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands) with an EDSDX4i system.
Water-soluble cutting fluid Rhenus FU50T with mixing ratio of 6% is introduced externally through a coolant hose from Smart Cooling Systems with low and high pressure allowing the control of pressure of the cutting fluid.Conventional coolant pressure of 7.5 bar was applied.Coolant is delivered through the tool holder (Duo Jetstream Tooling from Seco Tools) with the aim of ensuring the effective application at the cutting zone.

Experimental Procedure
Cylinder turning tests were performed machining subsequent passes.At the end of each pass a rounded zone is generated due to the effect of tool tip radius (see Figure 2).This zone causes a sudden increment of undeformed chip cross section at the end of the following passes.Since cutting depth is small in finishing operations, significant increments of cutting forces were observed at the end of the pass affecting tool wear [22].A secondary tool was provided in the lathe in order to remove this zone at the end of each cutting pass (see Figure 1).Cutting forces were measured during cutting test, and testing procedure was periodically stopped in order to evaluate the machined surface roughness and tool wear progression.
Representative roughness values were obtained as the mean between nine measurements of this parameter.
Tool life criterion was established depending on the dominant wear mode observed in each tool.Thus, three different criteria were stated: flank wear or notch wear larger than 0.4 mm and catastrophic cutting edge breakage.
Different cutting parameters were defined for carbide and PCBN tools according to the recommendations provided by the tool manufacturers.Cutting parameters are summarized in Table 3, all tests were performed at the same pressure and flow of the coolant (7.5 bar and 1.2 L/min, respectively).Tool life criterion was established depending on the dominant wear mode observed in each tool.Thus, three different criteria were stated: flank wear or notch wear larger than 0.4 mm and catastrophic cutting edge breakage.
Different cutting parameters were defined for carbide and PCBN tools according to the recommendations provided by the tool manufacturers.Cutting parameters are summarized in Table 3, all tests were performed at the same pressure and flow of the coolant (7.5 bar and 1.2 L/min, respectively).

Cutting Forces
The three components of the total cutting force were measured in tests: cutting force (Fc), feed force (Ff), and back force (Fp).Each condition was tested twice obtaining variations lower than 5%; hence, mean values were chosen to perform further analysis.The specific force components (kc, kf, and kp) were calculated as the ratio between the force value and undeformed chip cross section, also the resultant force (Fr) and the resultant specific force (kr) were calculated.
Figure 3 shows the evolution of the specific cutting forces vs. cutting time for the case of turning tests using the carbide tool TS2000 for all cutting parameters tested.
At the first stages of the test corresponding to fresh tool, values of specific cutting force (kc) between 3300 and 4600 N/mm 2 were obtained.The increment of cutting speed resulted in a reduction about 10% in kc.This effect is related to the thermal softening caused by the increase of temperature at the primary and secondary zones.The increment of feed led to a decrease in all components of specific force about 20-30% because of the diminished effect of cutting edge radius that is especially significant at low values of feed.
Wear progression caused the increment of all specific force components especially in the case of kp reaching at the end of tool life, values up to 4-6 times the value for fresh tool.
The values of specific resultant cutting force obtained with fresh PCBN tools are summarized in Figure 4.The highest values of specific force (between 6500 and 8700 N/mm 2 ), were obtained for KB5625 and CBN170 tools.Both tools presented the same cutting edge configuration: honing with

Cutting Forces
The three components of the total cutting force were measured in tests: cutting force (F c ), feed force (F f ), and back force (F p ).Each condition was tested twice obtaining variations lower than 5%; hence, mean values were chosen to perform further analysis.The specific force components (k c , k f , and k p ) were calculated as the ratio between the force value and undeformed chip cross section, also the resultant force (F r ) and the resultant specific force (k r ) were calculated.
Figure 3 shows the evolution of the specific cutting forces vs. cutting time for the case of turning tests using the carbide tool TS2000 for all cutting parameters tested.
At the first stages of the test corresponding to fresh tool, values of specific cutting force (k c ) between 3300 and 4600 N/mm 2 were obtained.The increment of cutting speed resulted in a reduction about 10% in k c .This effect is related to the thermal softening caused by the increase of temperature at the primary and secondary zones.The increment of feed led to a decrease in all components of specific force about 20-30% because of the diminished effect of cutting edge radius that is especially significant at low values of feed.Wear progression caused the increment of all specific force components especially in the case of k p reaching at the end of tool life, values up to 4-6 times the value for fresh tool.
The values of specific resultant cutting force obtained with fresh PCBN tools are summarized in Figure 4.The highest values of specific force (between 6500 and 8700 N/mm 2 ), were obtained for KB5625 and CBN170 tools.Both tools presented the same cutting edge configuration: honing with radius 25 microns.Tool MB8025 with chamfered cutting edge (50 microns) and tool 7015 with cutting edge radius of 15 microns presented values of k r between 5000 and 6500 N/mm 2 .The reduced specific cutting forces obtained in the case of tool 7015 were related to the value of the cutting edge radius, lower than the cutting edge radius of KB5625 and CBN170 tools.On the other hand, the specific cutting forces obtained with the tools exhibiting honing radius 25 microns (KB5625 and CBN170) are higher than those obtained with the tool MB8025 with chamfered cutting edge of 50 microns.This behavior is related to the effect of small value of the undeformed chip thickness.
edge radius of 15 microns presented values of kr between 5000 and 6500 N/mm 2 .The reduced specific cutting forces obtained in the case of tool 7015 were related to the value of the cutting edge radius, lower than the cutting edge radius of KB5625 and CBN170 tools.On the other hand, the specific cutting forces obtained with the tools exhibiting honing radius 25 microns (KB5625 and CBN170) are higher than those obtained with the tool MB8025 with chamfered cutting edge of 50 microns.This behavior is related to the effect of small value of the undeformed chip thickness.
Higher values of cutting velocity, as it is the case of PCBN tools when compared to reference tool, are in general related to lower values of specific cutting forces due to thermal softening.However, in the tests carried out in the present work, the specific cutting forces were higher in all PCBN tools analyzed due to the negative rake angle in these inserts.Moreover, the depth of cut was also lower and thus the mean uncut chip thickness is also lower.In these conditions of low values of chip thickness over cutting edge radius ratio, the cutting edge plays the role of the rake surface leading to an effective negative local rake angle [9] inducing high values of specific cutting forces.As it was commented before, the differences in cutting parameters used in the case of PCBN and hard metal tools explain the differences in specific cutting forces.The influence of cutting parameters on specific cutting forces in the tests carried out with fresh PCBN inserts showed similar trend to that described for the carbide tool.edge radius of 15 microns presented values of kr between 5000 and 6500 N/mm 2 .The reduced specific cutting forces obtained in the case of tool 7015 were related to the value of the cutting edge radius, lower than the cutting edge radius of KB5625 and CBN170 tools.On the other hand, the specific cutting forces obtained with the tools exhibiting honing radius 25 microns (KB5625 and CBN170) are higher than those obtained with the tool MB8025 with chamfered cutting edge of 50 microns.This behavior is related to the effect of small value of the undeformed chip thickness.Higher values of cutting velocity, as it is the case of PCBN tools when compared to reference tool, are in general related to lower values of specific cutting forces due to thermal softening.However, in the tests carried out in the present work, the specific cutting forces were higher in all PCBN tools analyzed due to the negative rake angle in these inserts.Moreover, the depth of cut was also lower and thus the mean uncut chip thickness is also lower.In these conditions of low values of chip thickness over cutting edge radius ratio, the cutting edge plays the role of the rake surface leading to an effective negative local rake angle [9] inducing high values of specific cutting forces.As it was commented before, the differences in cutting parameters used in the case of PCBN and hard metal tools explain the differences in specific cutting forces.The influence of cutting parameters on specific cutting forces in the tests carried out with fresh PCBN inserts showed similar trend to that described for the carbide tool.Higher values of cutting velocity, as it is the case of PCBN tools when compared to reference tool, are in general related to lower values of specific cutting forces due to thermal softening.However, in the tests carried out in the present work, the specific cutting forces were higher in all PCBN tools analyzed due to the negative rake angle in these inserts.Moreover, the depth of cut was also lower and thus the mean uncut chip thickness is also lower.In these conditions of low values of chip thickness Metals 2018, 8, 582 8 of 17 over cutting edge radius ratio, the cutting edge plays the role of the rake surface leading to an effective negative local rake angle [9] inducing high values of specific cutting forces.As it was commented before, the differences in cutting parameters used in the case of PCBN and hard metal tools explain the differences in specific cutting forces.
The influence of cutting parameters on specific cutting forces in the tests carried out with fresh PCBN inserts showed similar trend to that described for the carbide tool.
Cutting speed increment led to moderate decrease of k r up to 10%.The effect of feed is more significant with increments of k r up to 15% to 40% when the feed is reduced.As it was commented previously, the small value of undeformed chip section enhances the effect of the tool tip geometry causing a general increase of specific components of the force.
The evolution of the three components of the force was also measured for each tool in all cutting parameters.The curves showed in Figure 5 present similar trends in most cases.The back force increased significantly with wear progression due to flank wear and chipping observed in the tool.
Cutting speed increment led to moderate decrease of kr up to 10%.The effect of feed is more significant with increments of kr up to 15% to 40% when the feed is reduced.As it was commented previously, the small value of undeformed chip section enhances the effect of the tool tip geometry causing a general increase of specific components of the force.
The evolution of the three components of the force was also measured for each tool in all cutting parameters.The curves showed in Figure 5 present similar trends in most cases.The back force increased significantly with wear progression due to flank wear and chipping observed in the tool.
The increment of back force was more elevated that that observed in carbide tool with values of specific force 5-8 times higher than the values measured for fresh tool.Flank wear, being the dominant mode observed in PCBN tools, does not affect the cutting edge geometry.The increment of back force was more elevated that that observed in carbide tool with values of specific force 5-8 times higher than the values measured for fresh tool.Flank wear, being the dominant mode observed in PCBN tools, does not affect the cutting edge geometry.
The increase of the specific force k p in the case of PCBN tools is mainly related to the ploughing force.This force is related to the flow of work material ploughed by the clearance face of the tool due to the elastic deformation of the workpiece material under the clearance surface.As the flank wear evolves, the ploughing force increases.Monitoring the evolution of this force can give relevant information on the stage of tool wear evolution.
The specific forces could be adjusted to a straight line in most cases.In some of the tests, as tool wear progresses the force enhancement is more pronounced, see Figure 5.This effect may be explained by the impact of less significative but also present wears on the cutting edge (mainly notch wear).
In all cases, the resultant specific force was really elevated, reaching values of k r up to 20,000-25,000 with feed 0.15 mm/rev increasing up to 40,000 N/mm 2 with feed 0.1 mm/rev.In all cutting parameters, the tool PCBN 7015 caused the lowest specific cutting forces at the end of tool life with values about 2.8-3.5 the value at the initial stage of cutting process.
Although the tool MB8025 also presented moderate values of specific force at the beginning of the test, the increment of k r with wear progression was much more accute reaching values of k r 4-5 times the value obtained with fresh tool.In general, this tool reached the largest resultant specific cutting forces for all conditions.
For all cutting parameters, the tools with a cutting edge radius equal to 25 µm (KB5625 and CBN170) presented similar resultant specific force at the beginning of the test and at the end of the tool life.However, the values found for this tools at the end of their life are in-between those found for PCBN 7015 and MB8025.

Tool Wear and Tool Life
As it was explained previously, the tests were performed also with carbide insert with the aim of obtaining reference cases representatives of current finishing operations in industry.In previous works developed by the authors, a systematic and broader analysis of tool wear can be found for this type of cutting process both with coolant and in dry conditions [22,23].
At the beginning of the tests, the initiation of different wear mechanisms was observed: chipping (breakage located along the cutting edge affecting the rake and relief surfaces), notch wear (wear type located at the depth of the cut line affecting the rake and relief surfaces, associated with the strain hardening of the workpiece material and the pressure welding of chips), flank wear (type of wear located at the relief surface, due to erosion of the tool material in the interface with the workpiece), and built up edge (type of wear created by pressure welding of the chip) [27,28].During first stages of cutting process, in all carbide tools tested, notch was the predominant wear.The notch increased progressively up a characteristic length about 0.2 millimeters being difficult to be identified due to the adhesion of material.Fragile fractures were not easily identified because of the material adhesion at the cutting edge; however, their onset at the edge progressively led to loss of the initial geometry.Wear progressed, evolving to chipping.Finally, the catastrophic breakage of the tool tip due to chipping caused the end of life of these tools as can be appreciated in Figure 6.Despite the differences in cutting edge configuration, coating, and PCBN similar wear mechanisms and progression were observed for all PCBN tools analyzed.
At the beginning of cutting, the initiation of different wear patterns-mainly flank, built up edge, moderate chipping, and an almost neglectable notch wear-were observed.With the evolution of the process (cutting time about five minutes) also crater wear onset was identified in the rake surface.Chipping and initial notch wear appearing at the first stages of cutting time did not progress significantly and these worn zones were almost polished by abrasive wear (these kinds of wear have been identified by tool manufacturers in similar machining processes [29]).Despite the occurrence of different wear mechanisms, the dominant wear mode for PCBN tools was flank wear in all conditions.End of life criterion were stated for flank length equal to 0.4 mm (this value was previously used by the authors in different works [22,24].Figure 7 shows SEM images of tools MB8025 and 7015 at the end of life illustrating the prevalence of flank wear.Although notch and crater wear are also identified in the images, the extension of worn zones due to these mechanisms are not significant when compared to flank extension.The chip morphology depends on the level of tool wear, being an indicator of wear progression.At the beginning of the process, very long chips with homogeneous morphology were observed.As wear progressed and cutting edge lost its initial geometry, the chip length diminished.Finally, at cutting time close to the end of tool life, the chips were irregularly shaped and segmented.
Figure 8 presents the evolution of flank wear with cutting time for PCBN tools.At the beginning of the test, a significant rate of wear occurred due to the cutting edge accommodation.With the increment of cutting time, the PCBN 7015 tool presented the best wear resistance with tool life Despite the differences in cutting edge configuration, coating, and PCBN similar wear mechanisms and progression were observed for all PCBN tools analyzed.
At the beginning of cutting, the initiation of different wear patterns-mainly flank, built up edge, moderate chipping, and an almost neglectable notch wear-were observed.With the evolution of the process (cutting time about five minutes) also crater wear onset was identified in the rake surface.Chipping and initial notch wear appearing at the first stages of cutting time did not progress significantly and these worn zones were almost polished by abrasive wear (these kinds of wear have been identified by tool manufacturers in similar machining processes [29]).Despite the occurrence of different wear mechanisms, the dominant wear mode for PCBN tools was flank wear in all conditions.End of life criterion were stated for flank length equal to 0.4 mm (this value was previously used by the authors in different works [22,24].Figure 7 shows SEM images of tools MB8025 and 7015 at the end of life illustrating the prevalence of flank wear.Although notch and crater wear are also identified in the images, the extension of worn zones due to these mechanisms are not significant when compared to flank extension.Despite the differences in cutting edge configuration, coating, and PCBN similar wear mechanisms and progression were observed for all PCBN tools analyzed.
At the beginning of cutting, the initiation of different wear patterns-mainly flank, built up edge, moderate chipping, and an almost neglectable notch wear-were observed.With the evolution of the process (cutting time about five minutes) also crater wear onset was identified in the rake surface.Chipping and initial notch wear appearing at the first stages of cutting time did not progress significantly and these worn zones were almost polished by abrasive wear (these kinds of wear have been identified by tool manufacturers in similar machining processes [29]).Despite the occurrence of different wear mechanisms, the dominant wear mode for PCBN tools was flank wear in all conditions.End of life criterion were stated for flank length equal to 0.4 mm (this value was previously used by the authors in different works [22,24].Figure 7 shows SEM images of tools MB8025 and 7015 at the end of life illustrating the prevalence of flank wear.Although notch and crater wear are also identified in the images, the extension of worn zones due to these mechanisms are not significant when compared to flank extension.The chip morphology depends on the level of tool wear, being an indicator of wear progression.At the beginning of the process, very long chips with homogeneous morphology were observed.As wear progressed and cutting edge lost its initial geometry, the chip length diminished.Finally, at cutting time close to the end of tool life, the chips were irregularly shaped and segmented.
Figure 8 presents the evolution of flank wear with cutting time for PCBN tools.At the beginning of the test, a significant rate of wear occurred due to the cutting edge accommodation.With the increment of cutting time, the PCBN 7015 tool presented the best wear resistance with tool life The chip morphology depends on the level of tool wear, being an indicator of wear progression.At the beginning of the process, very long chips with homogeneous morphology were observed.As wear progressed and cutting edge lost its initial geometry, the chip length diminished.Finally, at cutting time close to the end of tool life, the chips were irregularly shaped and segmented.
Figure 8 presents the evolution of flank wear with cutting time for PCBN tools.At the beginning of the test, a significant rate of wear occurred due to the cutting edge accommodation.With the increment of cutting time, the PCBN 7015 tool presented the best wear resistance with tool life between 4% and 12% higher than tool life for CBN170; 7.7% to 33.3% higher than tool life for MB8025 and between 11.4% and 31.6% higher than KB5625.
The tool efficiency was evaluated in terms of the machined surface per time (S mach.t ) and the machined surface per cutting edge (S edge ) defined in Equations ( 1) and ( 2) respectively: where: S mach.t: machined surface per unit time (mm 2 /s) S edge : machined surface per edge (mm 2 ) V c : cutting speed (m/min) f : feed (mm/rev) T: tool life (min) Table 4 summarizes the values obtained for tool lives, machined surface per unit time and machined surface per cutting edge for carbide and PCBN tools.
As expected, both carbide and PCBN tools presented higher tool life at lower cutting speeds.The feed clearly influenced the tool life of carbide insert, with a reduction of about 43% for the highest value of the feed.However, the feed did not show significant effect in the case of PCBN tools.The carbide tool is used as a reference, however the tool life about 40 min is much higher than that obtained for PCBN tools, ranging from 5 to 10 min.In order to compare the machining performance of these tools in finishing operations, the machined surface per unit of time and per cutting edge were considered.
The elevated cutting velocities involved in machining with PCBN tools, led to values of machined surface per unit time between 2.5 and 6 times the value of surface machined with carbide tool at the same feed.PCBN tools exhibiting the highest durability (7015 grade) presented enhanced values of machined surface per cutting edge, between 10 and 39% higher at feed 0.1 mm and between 76 and 155% higher at feed 0.15 mm.Finally, the cost per edge of the PCBN tools, about 10 times higher than that of the carbide tools, should be taken into account for process definition.
It is worth noting that the tools analyzed in this work are commercial inserts with different characteristics which make difficult decoupling the influence of different parameters in the cutting edge duration difficult.
With the tool 7015 the longest tool life was obtained, despite its theoretically less robust cutting edge.The tool 7015 presents the sharpest cutting edge, KB5625 y CBN170 also present round honing cutting edge; however, the radius is larger and MB8025 exhibits a chamfered cutting edge of 50 microns.The sharpest honing is coherent with the lower cutting forces experimentally obtained for this tool.However, the honing of this tool is not exactly rounded but elliptical and it is not completely defined with the only value provided by the manufacturer as "radius" of the honing.In addition, the larger tool life found for the tool 7015 may be explained by the effect that could have the geometrical characteristics of the honing on the toughness and also by a possible larger toughness of the grade used by the tool 7015 with respect to the rest of the tested PCBN tools.The reduced content of CBN (50% for 7015; 60% MB8025; 65% CBN170) is related to enhanced toughness leading to better resistance of the tool 7015.
Concerning the influence of cutting parameters, it was observed that the higher machined surface per cutting edge was obtained with cutting speed 250 m/min and feed 0.15 mm/rev for all the tools tested.Since the feed did not significantly affect the tool life, and the cutting speed of PCBN tools was critical in PCBN tools, an increment in cutting speed from 250 m/min to 300 m/min led to a decrease in life between 18% and 33% and therefore the decrease of surface removed per cutting edge.The reduction of cutting speed from 300 to 250 m/min increases the machined surface between 11% and 20%.However, the decrease of the feed resulted in reduced machined surface, depending on the tool and conditions a decrease between 25% and 40% was observed.Concerning the influence of cutting parameters, it was observed that the higher machined surface per cutting edge was obtained with cutting speed 250 m/min and feed 0.15 mm/rev for all the tools tested.Since the feed did not significantly affect the tool life, and the cutting speed of PCBN tools was critical in PCBN tools, an increment in cutting speed from 250 m/min to 300 m/min led to a decrease in life between 18% and 33% and therefore the decrease of surface removed per cutting edge.The reduction of cutting speed from 300 to 250 m/min increases the machined surface between 11% and 20%.However, the decrease of the feed resulted in reduced machined surface, depending on the tool and conditions a decrease between 25% and 40% was observed.

Surface Quality
Surface quality was analyzed in terms of the arithmetic average roughness (R a ) measured at different stages of the cutting process for all cutting parameters and tools.Three measurements at three different zones presented variations lower than 5%.The values represented in the figures correspond to the maximum values obtained in the measurements and they were similar to those found by other researcher for finishing turning of Inconel 718 using carbide tools [25].The maximum values of roughness measured in cutting tests with carbide tool and PCBN are presented in the Figures 9 and 10, respectively.

Surface Quality
Surface quality was analyzed in terms of the arithmetic average roughness (Ra) measured at different stages of the cutting process for all cutting parameters and tools.Three measurements at three different zones presented variations lower than 5%.The values represented in the figures correspond to the maximum values obtained in the measurements and they were similar to those found by other researcher for finishing turning of Inconel 718 using carbide tools [25].The maximum values of roughness measured in cutting tests with carbide tool and PCBN are presented in the Figures 9 and 10

Surface Quality
Surface quality was analyzed in terms of the arithmetic average roughness (Ra) measured at different stages of the cutting process for all cutting parameters and tools.Three measurements at three different zones presented variations lower than 5%.The values represented in the figures correspond to the maximum values obtained in the measurements and they were similar to those found by other researcher for finishing turning of Inconel 718 using carbide tools [25].The maximum values of roughness measured in cutting tests with carbide tool and PCBN are presented in the Figures 9 and 10 angle of 17 • and a clearance angle of 7 • .The tool tip presented a radius of 0.4 mm and tip angle of 80 • cutting edge radius of 25 µm.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Instrumentation and disposal of experimental tests.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Instrumentation and disposal of experimental tests.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Undeformed chip cross section increment at the end of each pass.

Figure 2 .Table 3 .
Figure 2. Undeformed chip cross section increment at the end of each pass.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Evolution of the cutting forces for the carbide tool.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Initial specific cutting forces for the PCBN tools.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Evolution of the cutting forces for the carbide tool.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Evolution of the cutting forces for the carbide tool.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Initial specific cutting forces for the PCBN tools.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Initial specific cutting forces for the PCBN tools.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Evolution of the specific cutting forces (kN/mm 2 ) for the carbide tools.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Evolution of the specific cutting forces (kN/mm 2 ) for the carbide tools.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.SEM image of carbide tool and the end of tool life (a) V c = 50 m/min, f = 0.1 mm/rev (b) V c = 70 m/min, f = 0.15 mm/rev.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Evolution of the flank wear.

Table 1 .
Summary of the most common type of tool used to machine Inconel 718.

Table 2 .
Characteristics of the cutting tools: carbide tool used as a reference in conventional finishing operation in industry and different grades of PCBN tools.

Table 4 .
Tool life and machined surface for PCBN and carbide tools.

Table 4 .
Tool life and machined surface for PCBN and carbide tools.