Upgrading of High-aluminum Hematite-limonite Ore by High Temperature Reduction-wet Magnetic Separation Process

The huge consumption of iron ores in China has attracted much attention to utilizing low grade complex iron resources, such as high-aluminum hematite-limonite ore, which is a refractory resource and difficult to upgrade by traditional physical concentration processes due to the superfine size and close dissemination of iron minerals with gangue minerals. An innovative technology for a high temperature reduction-magnetic separation process was studied to upgrade a high-aluminum iron ore assaying 41.92% Fe total , 13.74% Al 2 O 3 and 13.96% SiO 2. The optimized results show that the final metal iron powder, assaying 90.46% Fe total , was manufactured at an overall iron recovery of 90.25% under conditions as follows: balling the high aluminum iron ore with 15% coal blended and at 0.3 basicity, reducing the dried pellets at 1350 ˝ C for 25 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0, grinding the reduced pellets up to 95%, passing at 0.074 mm and magnetically separating the ground product in a Davis Tube at a 0.10-T magnetic field intensity. The metal iron powder can be used as the burden for an electric arc furnace (EAF). Meanwhile, the nonmagnetic tailing is suitable to produce ceramic, which mainly consists of anorthite and corundum. An efficient way has been found to utilize high-aluminum iron resources.


Introduction
The growth of the Chinese iron steel industry has been pushed forward by its rapid economic development in recent years, and 1126 million tons of iron ore have been consumed in 2014, where 933 million tons were imported according to the data from Worldsteel Association [1].However, iron resources are limited, and the reserves of high-grade iron ores are declining, so it is of great importance to optimize the mining rate of iron resources [2] and to utilize low-grade refractory iron resources, such as high-aluminum limonite ores.
High-aluminum limonite ore is a typical refractory resource; it is difficult to upgrade by traditional processes due to the superfine size and close dissemination of iron minerals with gangue minerals [3,4].Some high-aluminum iron ores were directly blended in a sintering mixture at a low ratio, but the sintering process and the properties of the product sinter were adversely affected, which was reviewed by Lu et al. [5].Meanwhile, high-aluminum ore affects the viscosity and desulfurizing capacity of blast furnace slag [6].Many upgrading approaches have been published for high-aluminum limonite ore, including physical and chemical processes [4].Recent research was focused on gravity concentration and magnetic separation [7], flotation [8,9], sodium roasting and the magnetic separation process [3,[10][11][12][13][14][15].However, iron and aluminum cannot be separated completely by physical processes, so iron recovery is low by the flotation process (around 70%), and as high as beyond 10% of sodium additive is needed by the sodium roasting process, which brings the risk of the degradation of refractory materials in furnaces [16,17] and higher costs.
The coal-based direct reduction-magnetic separation process is an efficient way to recover iron from low-grade complex iron ores [18] and secondary resources containing ferrous material, such as copper slag [19].However, a low reduction rate is a problem of the reduction process, which is always operated under 1100-1200 ˝C for more than 60 min.Elevating the reduction temperature is an effective means to promote the reduction rate of iron minerals.Therefore, a novel technology of high temperature reduction-wet magnetic separation of high-aluminum limonite is studied in this paper.

Raw Materials
The chemical compositions of high-aluminum hematite-limonite ore used in this study are tabulated in Table 1.The total iron grade of the ore sample is 41.92%, and high alumina and silica contents were observed, assaying 13.74% Al 2 O 3 and 13.96% SiO 2 , respectively.Combining with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results shown in Figure 1, iron minerals mainly consist of hematite and goethite, and the aluminum mineral is kaolinite.Figures 2 and 3 illustrate representative SEM-EDS and optical micrographs of ore samples, which indicate that hematite is closely included with kaolinite, leading to significant difficulties in the separation of iron and aluminum.completely by physical processes, so iron recovery is low by the flotation process (around 70%), and as high as beyond 10% of sodium additive is needed by the sodium roasting process, which brings the risk of the degradation of refractory materials in furnaces [16,17] and higher costs.The coal-based direct reduction-magnetic separation process is an efficient way to recover iron from low-grade complex iron ores [18] and secondary resources containing ferrous material, such as copper slag [19].However, a low reduction rate is a problem of the reduction process, which is always operated under 1100-1200 °C for more than 60 min.Elevating the reduction temperature is an effective means to promote the reduction rate of iron minerals.Therefore, a novel technology of high temperature reduction-wet magnetic separation of high-aluminum limonite is studied in this paper.

Raw Materials
The chemical compositions of high-aluminum hematite-limonite ore used in this study are tabulated in Table 1.The total iron grade of the ore sample is 41.92%, and high alumina and silica contents were observed, assaying 13.74% Al2O3 and 13.96% SiO2, respectively.Combining with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results shown in Figure 1, iron minerals mainly consist of hematite and goethite, and the aluminum mineral is kaolinite.Figures 2 and 3 illustrate representative SEM-EDS and optical micrographs of ore samples, which indicate that hematite is closely included with kaolinite, leading to significant difficulties in the separation of iron and aluminum.
XRD pattern of high-aluminum hematite-limonite ore.CaCO3 of analytical grade was used to adjust the binary basicity of blends.
The soft coal was used as a reductant agent, with fixed carbon of 52.12% on an air dry basis (FCad), volatile matter of 30.41% on a dry ash free (Vdaf) basis, ash of 4.49% on an air dry basis (Aad), 0.58% of S and a melting temperature of 1376 °C.Coal ash possesses high silica, calcium oxide and sulfur content, as listed in Table 2. Soft coal as a reductant is 100% passing at 5 mm, and some soft coal used for blending in the pellet feed was milled to 100% passing at 0.074 mm.CaCO3 of analytical grade was used to adjust the binary basicity of blends.
The soft coal was used as a reductant agent, with fixed carbon of 52.12% on an air dry basis (FCad), volatile matter of 30.41% on a dry ash free (Vdaf) basis, ash of 4.49% on an air dry basis (Aad), 0.58% of S and a melting temperature of 1376 °C.Coal ash possesses high silica, calcium oxide and sulfur content, as listed in Table 2. Soft coal as a reductant is 100% passing at 5 mm, and some soft coal used for blending in the pellet feed was milled to 100% passing at 0.074 mm.CaCO 3 of analytical grade was used to adjust the binary basicity of blends.
The soft coal was used as a reductant agent, with fixed carbon of 52.12% on an air dry basis (FCad), volatile matter of 30.41% on a dry ash free (Vdaf) basis, ash of 4.49% on an air dry basis (Aad), 0.58% of S and a melting temperature of 1376 ˝C.Coal ash possesses high silica, calcium oxide and sulfur content, as listed in Table 2. Soft coal as a reductant is 100% passing at 5 mm, and some soft coal used for blending in the pellet feed was milled to 100% passing at 0.074 mm.

Experimental Procedures
The experimental flow sheet includes procedures as follows: mixing the ore with CaCO 3 and soft coal, pelletizing of the mixture, high temperature reduction roasting of dried pellets, grinding the reduced pellets and low intensity magnetic separation of the ground product to manufacture metal iron powder.
Mixtures were prepared by mixing the ore, CaCO 3 and soft coal fines.The mass of CaCO 3 was determined by binary basicity, and the soft coal mass blended in pellets was calculated by the coal-bearing mass ratio multiplied by the mass of the iron ore sample.Then, green balls were made by balling the mixtures in a disc pelletizer of 0.8 m in diameter and a 0.2 m rim depth, rotating at 38 rpm and being inclined at 47 ˝to the horizontal.The screened green balls of 8-16 mm were loaded into the drying oven to dry at 105 ˝C for 2 h until the weight was unchanged.
The dried pellets were put into the corundum crucible and covered by some soft coal, where the mass of soft coal was determined by the C/Fe mass ratio.The crucible was covered by a graphite cover and put into the muffle furnace (model: KSY-12-18, The Great Wall Furnace, Changsha, China), while the reducing temperature was elevated to the target value.When the reduction time was ended, the hot crucible was taken out and covered by pulverized coal to cool down quickly in the air to prevent the reduced pellets from being re-oxidized.
The magnetic separation was performed in the Davis Tube (model: XCGS-73, Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Co., Changsha, China) after 20 g of reduced pellets were ground in the cone ball mill (model: RK/ZQMØ160ˆ60, Wuhan Rock Crush & Grand Equipment Manufacture Co., Wuhan, China).The metal iron powder was obtained after magnetic separation.The grinding fineness of reduced pellets was about 95% passing at 0.074 mm, and the magnetic field intensity was 0.10 T.
The chemical compositions of the ore and metal iron powder were measured by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF, PANalytical Axios mAX, PANalytical B.V., Almelo, The Netherlands).The crystalline phase composition of the material was determined using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, D/Max-2500, Rigaku Co., Tokyo, Japan).Proximate analysis of coal and the determination of the fusibility of coal ash were conducted by the Chinese standards GB/T212-2008 and GB/T219-2008, respectively.Microstructures of reduced pellets were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM, FEI Quanta-200, FEI Company, GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands), and the compositional analyses were carried out using an energy dispersion system (EDAX-TSL, Ametek Inc., Paoli, CO, USA) within the SEM.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Reduction Process
Equations ( 1)- (18) show the possible reactions during the reduction process of high-aluminum hematite-limonite ore, and FactSage7.0(Thermfact/CRCT, Montreal, QC, Canada; GTT-Technologies, Herzogenrath, Germany) is applied to calculate the Gibbs energy changes of all of the reactions; the results are depicted in Figures 4 and 5.In Figure 4, the line of Equation ( 1) is intersected by the lines of Equation ( 3) and Equation (4) at T 1 and T 2 .Because of the Boudouard reaction (Equation ( 1)), the CO concentration is higher than that of Equations ( 2)-( 4) at a temperature over T 2 , so the metallic iron begins to appear (Equation ( 4)) where the CO concentration is over 58%.During T 1 to T 2 , Fe 3 O 4 is reduced to FeO (Equation ( 3)), and the CO concentration is between 42% and 58%.The region of T 1 < T < T 2 is the stable zone of the FeO phase.When the temperature is lower than T 1 , the CO concentration is still higher than that of Equation ( 2), so Fe 2 O 3 is reduced to Fe 3 O 4 (Equation ( 2)).Consequently, the regions of T < T 1 , T 1 < T < T 2 and T > T 2 are the equilibrium stable fields of Fe 3 O 4 , FeO and Fe, respectively.Theoretically, the reduction of iron oxide by solid carbon follows the steps as Fe 2 O 3 ÑFe 3 O 4 ÑFeOÑFe beyond T 2 ; transformations Fe 2 O 3 ÑFe 3 O 4 and FeÑFeOÑFe 3 O 4 will occur when the reduction temperature is lower than T 1 ; while Fe 2 O 3 ÑFe 3 O 4 ÑFeO and FeÑFeO are the steps between T 1 and T 2 [20].It is demonstrated that iron oxide is reduced by stepwise deoxidation, and wüstite (FeO) is an intermediate product.Because of the presences of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 , wüstite can easily chemically combine with them to form fayalite (Fe 2 SiO 4 ; refer to Equation ( 6)) and hercynite (FeAl 2 O 4 ; refer to Equation ( 7)).Meanwhile, mullite (Al 6 Si 2 O 13 ) may occur by the reaction between SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 (Equation ( 8)) and then is degraded by FeO to form fayalite and hercynite (Equations ( 9) and ( 10)), both of which are unable to be reduced by CO thermodynamically [19,21].Thus, solid carbon is used as the reductant, where fayalite and hercynite can be reduced beyond 805 and 830 ˝C, respectively.Moreover, alkaline-earth oxide can improve the reduction of fayalite and hercynite by reacting with SiO between SiO2 and Al2O3 (Equation ( 8)) and then is degraded by FeO to form fayalite and hercynite (Equations ( 9) and ( 10)), both of which are unable to be reduced by CO thermodynamically [19,21].Thus, solid carbon is used as the reductant, where fayalite and hercynite can be reduced beyond 805 and 830 °C, respectively.Moreover, alkaline-earth oxide can improve the reduction of fayalite and hercynite by reacting with SiO2 and Al2O3 chemically to form larnite (Ca2SiO4) and calcium aluminate (CaAl2O4), respectively.
It can be illustrated that it is difficult to separate aluminum and silica with iron by reducing the high-aluminum hematite-limonite ore only under a CO atmosphere; solid carbon and alkaline-earth oxide should be blended to enhance the reduction process to improve the separation of iron with impurities.

Dosage of Reductant
The effect of reductant dosage on the reduction and separation processes is shown in Figure 6.It shows that the optimum metallization degree, iron grade and recovery were achieved at 1.0 of the carbon to iron (C/Fe) mass ratio, where the iron grade is 90.58%.However, only part of the iron was reduced to metallic iron; both the metallization degree and iron recovery were lower than 60%.6)-( 18) by FactSage7.0.
It can be illustrated that it is difficult to separate aluminum and silica with iron by reducing the high-aluminum hematite-limonite ore only under a CO atmosphere; solid carbon and alkaline-earth oxide should be blended to enhance the reduction process to improve the separation of iron with impurities.

Dosage of Reductant
The effect of reductant dosage on the reduction and separation processes is shown in Figure 6.It shows that the optimum metallization degree, iron grade and recovery were achieved at 1.0 of the carbon to iron (C/Fe) mass ratio, where the iron grade is 90.58%.However, only part of the iron was reduced to metallic iron; both the metallization degree and iron recovery were lower than 60%.Equation ( 11) Equation ( 12) Equation ( 9) Equation ( 17) Equation ( 13) Equation ( 18) Equation ( 14) Equation ( 15) Equation ( 8) Equation ( 7) Equation ( 6) Equation ( 10) Equation ( 16) Calculations of Gibbs energy changes of Equations ( 6)-( 18) by FactSage7.0.
It can be illustrated that it is difficult to separate aluminum and silica with iron by reducing the high-aluminum hematite-limonite ore only under a CO atmosphere; solid carbon and alkaline-earth oxide should be blended to enhance the reduction process to improve the separation of iron with impurities.

Dosage of Reductant
The effect of reductant dosage on the reduction and separation processes is shown in Figure 6.It shows that the optimum metallization degree, iron grade and recovery were achieved at 1.0 of the carbon to iron (C/Fe) mass ratio, where the iron grade is 90.58%.However, only part of the iron was reduced to metallic iron; both the metallization degree and iron recovery were lower than 60%.The coal-bearing process is an efficient means to enhance the reduction of complex iron ore because the process can be self-sufficient chemically to complete the task of metallization if the required heat is supplied [22,23].Based on thermodynamic analysis, different coal-bearing mass ratios were investigated to reveal the effects of coal-bearing ratio on the reduction and separation process, where the coal-bearing mass ratio was defined as the division of the masses between the bearing coal and iron ore.Results in Figure 7 show that the metallization degree of reduced pellets is elevated dramatically by coal-bearing mass ratio increases from 0%-15%, and iron recovery is over 90% when the ratio is 15%.However, the iron grade of metal iron powder after magnetic separation is on a downward trend when the ratio is beyond 15% because of the high impurity contents in coal ash.The coal-bearing process is an efficient means to enhance the reduction of complex iron ore because the process can be self-sufficient chemically to complete the task of metallization if the required heat is supplied [22,23].Based on thermodynamic analysis, different coal-bearing mass ratios were investigated to reveal the effects of coal-bearing ratio on the reduction and separation process, where the coal-bearing mass ratio was defined as the division of the masses between the bearing coal and iron ore.Results in Figure 7 show that the metallization degree of reduced pellets is elevated dramatically by coal-bearing mass ratio increases from 0%-15%, and iron recovery is over 90% when the ratio is 15%.However, the iron grade of metal iron powder after magnetic separation is on a downward trend when the ratio is beyond 15% because of the high impurity contents in coal ash.Fayalite and hercynite are detected in the reduced pellets of blends without coal-bearing, as illustrated in Figure 8, leading to a lower metallization degree and iron recovery.Due to the low melting temperature of fayalite, the liquid phase formed easily in the reduction temperature range, and micromelting appearance was observed in the reduced pellets.Distributions of iron grains in Figure 9 demonstrate that metallic iron grains exist at the outer layer of reduced pellets without coal-bearing, and the inner layer is filled with fayalite and hercynite.In contrast, dominant iron minerals are reduced to metallic iron at both the inner and outer layer by blending 15% coal fines in the pellet feed, and minor iron minerals combine with Al2O3 to form a trace of hercynite.Mullite is the main gangue mineral, which inhibits the grain growth of metal iron to a certain extent, so that there are still some metallic iron grains with fine particle size less than 20 μm, resulting in the low iron grade of the metal iron powder after magnetic separation.Fayalite and hercynite are detected in the reduced pellets of blends without coal-bearing, as illustrated in Figure 8, leading to a lower metallization degree and iron recovery.Due to the low melting temperature of fayalite, the liquid phase formed easily in the reduction temperature range, and micromelting appearance was observed in the reduced pellets.Distributions of iron grains in Figure 9 demonstrate that metallic iron grains exist at the outer layer of reduced pellets without coal-bearing, and the inner layer is filled with fayalite and hercynite.In contrast, dominant iron minerals are reduced to metallic iron at both the inner and outer layer by blending 15% coal fines in the pellet feed, and minor iron minerals combine with Al 2 O 3 to form a trace of hercynite.Mullite is the main gangue mineral, which inhibits the grain growth of metal iron to a certain extent, so that there are still some metallic iron grains with fine particle size less than 20 µm, resulting in the low iron grade of the metal iron powder after magnetic separation.

Optimization of Reduction Parameters
The iron grade of metal iron powder was raised from 81.83%-91.05% by increasing the reduction temperature from 1250-1400 °C, as demonstrated in Figure 10.The reduction temperature is an important factor that affects the reaction kinetics; a higher reduction temperature can promote the migration and growth rate of metal iron grains during the reduction process.By considering economic efficiency, the reduction temperature was suggested to be 1350 °C for further research.

Optimization of Reduction Parameters
The iron grade of metal iron powder was raised from 81.83%-91.05% by increasing the reduction temperature from 1250-1400 °C, as demonstrated in Figure 10.The reduction temperature is an important factor that affects the reaction kinetics; a higher reduction temperature can promote the migration and growth rate of metal iron grains during the reduction process.By considering economic efficiency, the reduction temperature was suggested to be 1350 °C for further research.(c,d) inner and outer layer with a 15% coal-bearing mass ratio).

Optimization of Reduction Parameters
The iron grade of metal iron powder was raised from 81.83%-91.05% by increasing the reduction temperature from 1250-1400 ˝C, as demonstrated in Figure 10.The reduction temperature is an important factor that affects the reaction kinetics; a higher reduction temperature can promote the migration and growth rate of metal iron grains during the reduction process.By considering economic efficiency, the reduction temperature was suggested to be 1350 ˝C for further research.Figure 11 presents the effect of reduction duration on the indexes of the reduction and separation processes, which shows that the metallization degree and iron recovery were enhanced by prolonging the reduction duration from 20-25 min.Further extension of the reduction time had a slightly negative impact on the indexes.Therefore, reducing at 1350 °C for 25 min was recommended, where the metal iron powder was manufactured with 85.00% of iron grade at a recovery of 92.05%, respectively.

Effect of Binary Basicity
The effects of binary basicity (ratio of CaO/SiO2) on the reduction and separation process are shown in Figure 12.The metallization degree of reduced pellets increases slightly and then keeps steady when basicity is elevated from 0.02 (natural basicity) to 0.5; the beneficiation of iron concentrate is improved, where the iron grade keeps increasing from 85.00%-92.64%while the recovery of iron is over 90%.XRD of the reduced pellets with 0.3 basicity in Figure 13 proves that most iron minerals are reduced to metallic iron; impurities, such as alumina and silica, react with calcium oxide to form anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8); and the rest of the alumina exists as corundum.Metallic iron grains migrated and agglomerated together to generate coarser particles (refer to Figure 11 presents the effect of reduction duration on the indexes of the reduction and separation processes, which shows that the metallization degree and iron recovery were enhanced by prolonging the reduction duration from 20-25 min.Further extension of the reduction time had a slightly negative impact on the indexes.Therefore, reducing at 1350 ˝C for 25 min was recommended, where the metal iron powder was manufactured with 85.00% of iron grade at a recovery of 92.05%, respectively.Figure 11 presents the effect of reduction duration on the indexes of the reduction and separation processes, which shows that the metallization degree and iron recovery were enhanced by prolonging the reduction duration from 20-25 min.Further extension of the reduction time had a slightly negative impact on the indexes.Therefore, reducing at 1350 °C for 25 min was recommended, where the metal iron powder was manufactured with 85.00% of iron grade at a recovery of 92.05%, respectively.

Effect of Binary Basicity
The effects of binary basicity (ratio of CaO/SiO2) on the reduction and separation process are shown in Figure 12.The metallization degree of reduced pellets increases slightly and then keeps steady when basicity is elevated from 0.02 (natural basicity) to 0.5; the beneficiation of iron concentrate is improved, where the iron grade keeps increasing from 85.00%-92.64%while the recovery of iron is over 90%.XRD of the reduced pellets with 0.3 basicity in Figure 13 proves that most iron minerals are reduced to metallic iron; impurities, such as alumina and silica, react with calcium oxide to form anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8); and the rest of the alumina exists as corundum.Metallic iron grains migrated and agglomerated together to generate coarser particles (refer to

Effect of Binary Basicity
The effects of binary basicity (ratio of CaO/SiO 2 ) on the reduction and separation process are shown in Figure 12.The metallization degree of reduced pellets increases slightly and then keeps steady when basicity is elevated from 0.02 (natural basicity) to 0.5; the beneficiation of iron concentrate is improved, where the iron grade keeps increasing from 85.00%-92.64%while the recovery of iron is over 90%.XRD of the reduced pellets with 0.3 basicity in Figure 13 proves that most iron minerals are reduced to metallic iron; impurities, such as alumina and silica, react with calcium oxide to form anorthite (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ); and the rest of the alumina exists as corundum.Metallic iron grains migrated and agglomerated together to generate coarser particles (refer to Figure 14), contributing to higher iron grade and recovery in magnetic separation because of the higher liberation degree of the metal iron grains in grinding.
Metals 2016, 6, 57 10 of 12 Figure 14), contributing to higher iron grade and recovery in magnetic separation because of the higher liberation degree of the metal iron grains in grinding.Figure 14), contributing to higher iron grade and recovery in magnetic separation because of the higher liberation degree of the metal iron grains in grinding.Figure 14), contributing to higher iron grade and recovery in magnetic separation because of the higher liberation degree of the metal iron grains in grinding.In summary, the optimum conditions were recommended as follows: preparing the green balls by blending 15% coal and CaCO 3 at 0.3 basicity with iron ore, reducing the dried pellets at 1350 ˝C for 20 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0 and magnetic separating of the ground reduced pellets with a size up to 95% passing at 0.074 mm and at a 0.10-T magnetic field intensity.Table 3 presents the chemical compositions of final products.The metal iron powder assaying 90.46% Fe total was achieved at an overall iron recovery of 90.25%.The final product can be applied as the burden for an electric arc furnace, and the nonmagnetic tailings can be used to produce ceramic and glass [24,25]; the green utilization of high-aluminum iron resources is probably achieved.

Conclusions
(1) A high-aluminum hematite-limonite ore, assaying 41.92% Fe total , 13.74% Al 2 O 3 and 13.96% SiO 2 , was used as the raw material to manufacture metal iron powder, where iron minerals mainly occur in hematite and goethite and aluminum minerals exist in kaolinite.Hematite is closely disseminated with kaolinite, leading to harder separation between iron and alumina.(2) Good quality metal iron powder assaying 90.46% Fe total was produced at an overall iron recovery of 90.25% under the following conditions: balling the mixture of iron ore with 15% coal and CaCO 3 fines at 0.3 basicity, reducing the dried pellets at 1350 ˝C for 25 min and with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0, grinding the reduced pellets up to 95% passing at 0.074 mm and magnetic separation in a Davis Tube at 0.10 T of magnetic field intensity.( 3) The process provides a potential way to utilize high-aluminum iron ore, where the good quality metal iron powder can be used as the burden for EAF and nonmagnetic tailings can be applied in ceramic and glass industries.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Granular hematite (H) filled in the particles of kaolinite (K) under reflected light.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Granular hematite (H) filled in the particles of kaolinite (K) under reflected light.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Granular hematite (H) filled in the particles of kaolinite (K) under reflected light.

FeAl2O4Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Gas-phase equilibrium of iron oxides reduced by solid carbon.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Gas-phase equilibrium of iron oxides reduced by solid carbon.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Effect of C/Fe mass ratio on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing at 1300 °C for 20 min).

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Effect of C/Fe mass ratio on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing at 1300 °C for 20 min).

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Effect of C/Fe mass ratio on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing at 1300 ˝C for 20 min).

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Effect of coal-bearing mass ratio on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing at 1300 °C for 20 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0).

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Effect of coal-bearing mass ratio on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing at 1300 ˝C

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. XRD patterns of reduced pellets with different coal-bearing mass ratios (reducing at 1300 °C for 20 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0).

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Distributions of iron grains in reduced pellets under different coal-bearing mass ratios ((a,b) inner and outer layer without coal-bearing; (c,d) inner and outer layer with a 15% coal-bearing mass ratio).

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. XRD patterns of reduced pellets with different coal-bearing mass ratios (reducing at 1300˝C

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. XRD patterns of reduced pellets with different coal-bearing mass ratios (reducing at 1300 °C for 20 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0).

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Distributions of iron grains in reduced pellets under different coal-bearing mass ratios ((a,b) inner and outer layer without coal-bearing; (c,d) inner and outer layer with a 15% coal-bearing mass ratio).

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Distributions of iron grains in reduced pellets under different coal-bearing mass ratios ((a,b) inner and outer layer without coal-bearing; (c,d) inner and outer layer with a 15% coal-bearing mass ratio).

Figure 10 .
Figure10.Effect of the reduction temperature on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing for 20 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0, 15% coal blended in pellets).

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Effect of reduction duration on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing at 1350 °C with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0, 15% coal blended in pellets).

Figure 10 .
Figure10.Effect of the reduction temperature on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing for 20 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0, 15% coal blended in pellets).

Figure 10 .
Figure10.Effect of the reduction temperature on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing for 20 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0, 15% coal blended in pellets).

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Effect of reduction duration on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing at 1350 °C with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0, 15% coal blended in pellets).

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Effect of reduction duration on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing at 1350 ˝C

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Effect of binary basicity on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing at 1350 °C for 25 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0, 15% coal blended in pellets).

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Main minerals in reduced pellets with a binary basicity of 0.3 detected by XRD.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Distributions of metallic iron grains in reduced pellets at 0.3 binary basicity ((a,b) inner and outer layer, reducing at 1350 °C for 25 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0).

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Effect of binary basicity on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing at 1350 ˝C for 25 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0, 15% coal blended in pellets).

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Effect of binary basicity on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing at 1350 °C for 25 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0, 15% coal blended in pellets).

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Main minerals in reduced pellets with a binary basicity of 0.3 detected by XRD.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Distributions of metallic iron grains in reduced pellets at 0.3 binary basicity ((a,b) inner and outer layer, reducing at 1350 °C for 25 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0).

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Main minerals in reduced pellets with a binary basicity of 0.3 detected by XRD.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Effect of binary basicity on the reduction and separation indexes (reducing at 1350 °C for 25 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0, 15% coal blended in pellets).

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Main minerals in reduced pellets with a binary basicity of 0.3 detected by XRD.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Distributions of metallic iron grains in reduced pellets at 0.3 binary basicity ((a,b) inner and outer layer, reducing at 1350 °C for 25 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0).

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Distributions of metallic iron grains in reduced pellets at 0.3 binary basicity ((a,b) inner and outer layer, reducing at 1350 ˝C for 25 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0).
Note: LOI, loss on ignition.
Note: LOI, loss on ignition.