Effects of the Hot Isostatic Pressing Process on Crack Healing of the Laser Repair-welded Cm247lc Superalloy

This study investigated the effects of the hot isostatic pressing process on the crack healing, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the laser repair-welded CM247LC precipitation-hardened superalloy. To ensure the strength of the repair-welded area, this study used the direct re-melting approach, and simulated the repair welding with the filler addition, which has a chemical composition matching that of the base superalloy. As expected, different types of cracks, including the solidification crack in the weld fusion zone and various types of liquidation cracks in the heat-affected zone, were observed. Through a proper hot isostatic pressing healing process, all cracks in the weld fusion zone and the heat-affected zone of the repair-welded pieces were healed. At the same time, some nano-and micro-sized carbides tended to form discontinuously along the healed crack trace. A micro-hardness test was conducted in the repair-welded area, and the results were similar to that of the as-cast material.


Introduction
The CM247LC nickel base superalloy has excellent high temperature strength, hot corrosion resistance, and thermal fatigue resistance.Therefore, it has been extensively used in the aviation and energy industries, commonly as vanes and blades [1][2][3].However, during the casting process or after service, some non-critical defects on the surface of the cast may arise.As the cost of CM247LC cast is high, the defects that occur in a non-fatal position are likely to be scraped and repaired by welding.
A low energy input and high energy density Nd:YAG laser repair welding technique has been discussed extensively in recent years [4][5][6].It is used to partially solve the problem of the formation of numerous cracks [7,8] in the traditional tungsten inert gas repair welding technique.However, the high power density and low energy input characteristics of the Nd:YAG laser welding heat or cool the alloy more rapidly, as compared to other traditional welding processes, thus resulting in non-equilibrium [7,8].When non-equilibrium occurs, this promotes the localized liquation of the phase interface (the γ phase interface, carbide interface, or γ+γ eutectic phase interface) in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) during the heating process.In the subsequent cooling process, greater thermal stresses and solidification shrinkage strains in the HAZ are exhibited, which encourage the cracks originating from the HAZ liquation to propagate along the grain boundaries into the weld fusion zone (WFZ) [9].However, as they are located below the WFZ, these kinds of cracks are difficult to observe directly.
In comparison to the well-known low Al/Ti superalloy, such as IN718, CM247LC is a precipitation-hardened nickel base superalloy with high Al/Ti contents.If a homogeneous filler wire (e.g., CM247LC) is used, solidification cracks are more likely to occur in the WFZ.In view of this, the solid solution-strengthening nickel base superalloy (e.g.,   [10][11][12][13] filler wire, which has a lower strength, is generally used as a filler wire for repair welding.While the solid solution-strengthening nickel base filler wire contributes to reducing the probability of WFZ cracks, the strength of the repair-welded zone is not as good as that of the original parent material (PM), hence influencing the overall cast fatigue resistance.Therefore, the HAZ liquation crack and the under-strength of the repair-welded zone become two major problems for the present laser repair welding technique.
According to previous literature [14], the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technique is often used to eliminate the voids and pores in a cast, and more recently, it has been used for healing the cracks in laser deposition [15].Therefore, in order to confirm the feasibility of the HIP crack healing technique in homogeneous filler wire repair welding, this study used the preselected laser welding parameters for direct laser surface remelting of CM247LC (simulated homogeneous filler wire for repair welding).When various cracks are produced, an IN-625 filler wire is employed for surface sealing before HIP.HIP healing is then implemented under preselected HIP parameters.After the HIP process, the microstructure and crack healing in the various positions of the PM, WFZ, and HAZ of the test pieces are observed, and the mechanical properties are tested.

Experimental Procedure
The material used in this study was the as-cast CM247LC nickel base superalloy (see comparison in Table 1).The experimental sample was a rectangular plate (30 mm long × 20 mm wide × 10 mm thick), machined from an ingot by wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM).The face of the weld was polished with 2000 grit silicon carbide paper, and the laser repair weld was tested with different welding parameters by a Nd:YAG pulsed laser (AL 120, ALPHA Laser, Puchheim, Germany).To obtain a constant welding speed, the welding process was assisted by a semi-automatic trolley with three preselected laser parameters (Table 2).As seen, the difference in magnitude of peak power or energy input was affected by the variety of laser voltage.Due to Condition A parameters, the heat energy power was slightly insufficient, WFZ was too shallow, and HAZ was not obvious.Thus, only Conditions B and C were compared in the subsequent discussion.
In order to simulate homogeneous filler wire repair welding, the direct laser melting process was used for the CM247LC sample surface, where a repair welded zone with a longitudinal repair weld of about 10 mm in length and about 0.5 mm in width was generated.After the direct melting process, the inside of the surface crack of the CM247LC may contain gas or impurities, which is adverse to the subsequent HIP healing process.To seal the surface crack, the IN-625 filler wire (Table 1) and preselected repair welding parameters [16] were then used to cover the surface.Finally, the HIP technique was employed to heal the repaired welded zone crack.HIP parameters were set according to the related references [17,18] and CM247LC thermal properties.The HIP parameters utilized herein were 1180 • C/175 MPa/3 h for the healing tests.
In terms of microstructure observation, cross-sections of the repair welded pieces before and after HIP were cut.After grinding and polishing, an electrolytic corrosive liquid of 70% phosphoric acid was used for etching.The surface and crack of the repair welded samples were initially observed through an optical microscope (OM, Olympus BX51M, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).The crack, microstructure changes, and composition changes in WFZ and HAZ were observed through a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S-4700, Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS, HORIBA 7200-H, HORIBA, Ltd., Kyoto, Japan).In order to accurately correspond to various zones in the welds, this study used micro-hardness (Vickers, Shimadzu HMV-2, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) testing with a 0.3 kg load.

Microstructure Observations of the PM before and after HIP
The microstructure of the as-cast CM247LC consists of the precipitation-strengthened phase γ , γ phase, carbides, and non-equilibrium eutectic γ+γ [19].When the CM247LC is treated by HIP, an obvious coarsening of the γ structure is observed, and the size increases from 0.3~0.5 µm (Figure 1a) to 1.0~1.5 µm (Figure 1b).As the HIP operating temperature does not exceed the solid solution temperature [17] of the material, and the temperature is reduced slowly by furnace cooling, the γ particles grow [20].
The carbon content of the as-cast CM247LC is only 0.07 wt %, and thus there are relatively fewer carbides.The EDS compositional analysis shows that carbides in the as-cast CM247LC are predominantly the MC type (Figure 1c), enriched in Hf and Ta.After HIP healing, the originally concentrated blocky carbide is gradually decomposed into smaller fine needles (Figure 1d).
The γ+γ eutectic phase in the as-cast CM-247LC (Figure 1e) is usually the product of micro-segregation in the final solidification process of casting, which is distributed on a grain boundary.With the combination of high pressure and high temperature during the HIP process, the proportion of the eutectic structure (Figure 1f) is gradually reduced.

Microstructure and Crack Observations after CM247LC Laser Direct Melting
CM247LC is a precipitation-strengthened nickel base superalloy that has an Al+Ti content exceeding 6 wt %.When a laser direct melting is conducted, various cracks (Figure 2a-f) are likely to occur during the solidification process.It is observed that in Figure 2a,b in Condition B or C, there are varying degrees of surface cracks and solidification cracks in WFZ, and that partial solidification cracks extend along the grain boundary from HAZ which penetrate directly through WFZ to the surface layer.
In terms of HAZ, it is observed that the γ′ particles in the zone are slightly coarsened (Figure 2c).

Microstructure and Crack Observations after CM247LC Laser Direct Melting
CM247LC is a precipitation-strengthened nickel base superalloy that has an Al+Ti content exceeding 6 wt %.When a laser direct melting is conducted, various cracks (Figure 2a-f) are likely to occur during the solidification process.It is observed that in Figure 2a,b in Condition B or C, there are varying degrees of surface cracks and solidification cracks in WFZ, and that partial solidification cracks extend along the grain boundary from HAZ which penetrate directly through WFZ to the surface layer.
In terms of HAZ, it is observed that the γ particles in the zone are slightly coarsened (Figure 2c).Moreover, the γ particles have a preliminary edge liquation and merge, which may influence the mechanical properties.
As stated above, the Nd:YAG laser is characterized by low energy input and high energy density.When the laser process ends, under the effect of quick cooling and an excessive temperature gradient, the HAZ cracks involved in the various liquation cracks derived from the eutectic phases (Figure 2d), MC-type carbide (Figure 2e), and the intergranular phase (Figure 2f) are easily found in the welds.

Microstructure Observation after IN-625 Surface Sealing
In this study, the IN-625 filler wire is used to seal the surface of the CM247LC WFZ.According to the microscopic cross-section observations, such as in Condition B (Figure 3a), a small part of the IN-625 and the original CM247LC are mixed, and no surface cracks are found on the top of WFZ (TWFZ).However, in this stage both the original CM247LC solidification crack at the bottom of the WFZ (BWFZ) (Figure 3a,b) and the liquation crack in the HAZ (Figure 3b,c) still exist, which will be

Microstructure Observation after IN-625 Surface Sealing
In this study, the IN-625 filler wire is used to seal the surface of the CM247LC WFZ.According to the microscopic cross-section observations, such as in Condition B (Figure 3a), a small part of the IN-625 and the original CM247LC are mixed, and no surface cracks are found on the top of WFZ (TWFZ).However, in this stage both the original CM247LC solidification crack at the bottom of the WFZ (BWFZ) (Figure 3a,b) and the liquation crack in the HAZ (Figure 3b,c) still exist, which will be eliminated by the subsequent HIP healing technique.

Microstructure and Crack Observations after the HIP Healing Process
After the 3 h high temperature and high pressure HIP process, various solidification cracks or liquation cracks in Condition B and Condition C (Figure 4a-d) have completely healed [14].However, after the HIP process, different zones (Figure 4e) are observed in the WFZ of the repaired welded piece: TWFZ, partial mixed zone (PMZ) and WFZ un-mixed zone (WFZ-UMZ) [16], and BWFZ and HAZ (Figure 4f).The HAZ resulting from WFZ overlapping is not obviously seen.
WFZ-UMZ (Figure 4e) is a peculiar structure zone resulting from the laser repair welding.Due to the low energy and very fast cooling of the laser process, when a IN-625 filler wire is used for surface sealing, the filler wire may preferentially absorb the majority of the laser energy [16], whereas while the residual energy is enough to melt part of the CM247LC re-melting zone, it is insufficient to mix with the IN-625 filler wire, thus presenting a stagnated state.WFZ-UMZ is formed during the subsequent instantaneous solidification [21,22].
As WFZ-UMZ has rapid cooling during the solidification of the repair welding, the γ′ phase is unlikely to precipitate.However, after the HIP process, the γ′ in this zone is finely and densely precipitated.
After the HIP process, in the HAZ the γ′ particles (Figure 4f) are larger than those before HIP (Figure 4c).Moreover, when compared with the γ′ in the PM (Figure 1b), γ′ in the HAZ is irregular and disordered.
After the HIP process (Figure 4c), some fine particles (approximately submicrons or nanometers

Microstructure and Crack Observations after the HIP Healing Process
After the 3 h high temperature and high pressure HIP process, various solidification cracks or liquation cracks in Condition B and Condition C (Figure 4a-d) have completely healed [14].However, after the HIP process, different zones (Figure 4e) are observed in the WFZ of the repaired welded piece: TWFZ, partial mixed zone (PMZ) and WFZ un-mixed zone (WFZ-UMZ) [16], and BWFZ and HAZ (Figure 4f).The HAZ resulting from WFZ overlapping is not obviously seen.
WFZ-UMZ (Figure 4e) is a peculiar structure zone resulting from the laser repair welding.Due to the low energy and very fast cooling of the laser process, when a IN-625 filler wire is used for surface sealing, the filler wire may preferentially absorb the majority of the laser energy [16], whereas while the residual energy is enough to melt part of the CM247LC re-melting zone, it is insufficient to mix with the IN-625 filler wire, thus presenting a stagnated state.WFZ-UMZ is formed during the subsequent instantaneous solidification [21,22].
Figure 5a-d shows EDS linescan (including Mo (Figure 5b), Co (Figure 5c), and Al (Figure 5d) composition profiles) across BWFZ, WFZ-UMZ, PMZ, and TWFZ, suggesting the WFZ-UMZ unmixed the IN-625 filler wire.As WFZ-UMZ has rapid cooling during the solidification of the repair welding, the γ phase is unlikely to precipitate.However, after the HIP process, the γ in this zone is finely and densely precipitated.
After the HIP process, in the HAZ the γ particles (Figure 4f) are larger than those before HIP (Figure 4c).Moreover, when compared with the γ in the PM (Figure 1b), γ in the HAZ is irregular and disordered.
After the HIP process (Figure 4c), some fine particles (approximately submicrons or nanometers in size) exist along the healing trace.The EDS analysis results show that, when compared with the surrounding matrix, the healing trace particles contain rich Hf and Ta elements, indicating that the precipitates are (Hf-Ta)-rich MC carbides [23].In the HIP healing process, the repair-welded samples are subjected to a high temperature and pressure simultaneously, while the low melting structure (γ+γ ) is thermodynamically unstable.Therefore, the MC carbide is first formed in the γ+γ > MC+γ mode [15] on the crack healing trace.Finally, as restricted by the HIP's high pressure, only extra-fine carbide grains are formed and dispersed over the healing trace.Before HIP, influenced by the high temperature of the laser process, the γ′ particles in the HAZ are slightly coarsened, and there is initial liquation and then a merger of the irregular shapes (Figure 2c).Therefore, the HAZ hardness is slightly lower than that of the PM.BWFZ and WFZ-UMZ are the original CM247LC laser re-melting zones; BWFZ is displayed in a columnar grain structure along the heat flow and WFZ-UMZ has a very high cooling rate.Thus, the strengthening structure of the γ′ phase does not have enough time to precipitate completely.Therefore, in comparison to PM, the hardness values of the two zones are further reduced.TWFZ is composed of the IN-625 solid solutionstrengthening filler wire.In this zone, whether before or after (see Figure 5a) the HIP process, in addition to the γ phase matrix, only small-size [16] carbides were observed.This suggests that the zone has a minimum hardness.

Hardness Test before and after HIP
After HIP, while the cracks are healed, the γʹ in the PM (Figure 1b) and HAZ (Figure 4f) is further coarsened, so that the hardness of the two zones is slightly lower than that before HIP.The microstructure change after HIP in TWFZ and BWFZ is not obvious, and thus the hardness of the two zones is changed slightly, as compared with that before HIP.However, the hardness of WFZ-UMZ markedly increases, as WFZ-UMZ contains elements similar to the original PM CM247LC (Figure 5c,d).After the subsequent HIP treatment, the γ′ grains are precipitated, presenting a finer and more complete cubic morphology than that of PM.Hence, the WFZ-UMZ hardness is much higher than that before HIP.
According to the aforementioned hardness test results, after HIP, BWFZ and WFZ-UMZ approach 400 Hv, or are higher than 400 Hv, which is very close to the PM strength.If the subsequent post-weld heat treatment [24] is conducted, it may further improve the mechanical properties of the repair-welded piece.However, during the post-weld heat treatment, the risk of the stain age cracking  Before HIP, influenced by the high temperature of the laser process, the γ particles in the HAZ are slightly coarsened, and there is initial liquation and then a merger of the irregular shapes (Figure 2c).Therefore, the HAZ hardness is slightly lower than that of the PM.BWFZ and WFZ-UMZ are the original CM247LC laser re-melting zones; BWFZ is displayed in a columnar grain structure along the heat flow and WFZ-UMZ has a very high cooling rate.Thus, the strengthening structure of the γ phase does not have enough time to precipitate completely.Therefore, in comparison to PM, the hardness values of the two zones are further reduced.TWFZ is composed of the IN-625 solid solution-strengthening filler wire.In this zone, whether before or after (see Figure 5a) the HIP process, in addition to the γ phase matrix, only small-size [16] carbides were observed.This suggests that the zone has a minimum hardness.
After HIP, while the cracks are healed, the γ' in the PM (Figure 1b) and HAZ (Figure 4f) is further coarsened, so that the hardness of the two zones is slightly lower than that before HIP.The microstructure change after HIP in TWFZ and BWFZ is not obvious, and thus the hardness of the two zones is changed slightly, as compared with that before HIP.However, the hardness of WFZ-UMZ markedly increases, as WFZ-UMZ contains elements similar to the original PM CM247LC (Figure 5c,d).After the subsequent HIP treatment, the γ grains are precipitated, presenting a finer and more complete cubic morphology than that of PM.Hence, the WFZ-UMZ hardness is much higher than that before HIP.
According to the aforementioned hardness test results, after HIP, BWFZ and WFZ-UMZ approach 400 Hv, or are higher than 400 Hv, which is very close to the PM strength.If the subsequent post-weld heat treatment [24] is conducted, it may further improve the mechanical properties of the repair-welded piece.However, during the post-weld heat treatment, the risk of the stain age cracking [25] can be an additional concern.To fully ensure the feasibility of the proposed repair-weld approach, post-weld heat treatment of the HIP-healed samples should be considered as the future work.In this study, the experimental design is a single-pass remelting test to simulate the single-pass filling of a homogeneous filler wire.When a low strength IN-625 filler wire is used for surface sealing, a small PMZ forms in the remelting area.In terms of practical operation, to reduce the effect of the PMZ on the overall repair-welded zone strength, CM247LC filler wire may be used for multi-pass repair welding, in order to thicken BWFZ before surface sealing.After the HIP healing treatment, the TWFZ and PMZ layers are removed, providing sound strength to the repair-welded area.However, during the multipass welding process, the WFZ is thickened; thus, more cracks may be observed, such as in the interlayer between the original and subsequent WFZ.To fully heal the cracks of a thickened weld, the HIP parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure, and soaking time) may need to be adjusted.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Microstructure of as-cast CM247LC before or after the HIP process: (a,b) are γ′s, (c,d) are carbides, and (e,f) are eutectics.Here, (a,c,d) are obtained before the HIP process, while (b,d,f) are obtained after the HIP process.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Microstructure of as-cast CM247LC before or after the HIP process: (a,b) are γ s, (c,d) are carbides, and (e,f) are eutectics.Here, (a,c,d) are obtained before the HIP process, while (b,d,f) are obtained after the HIP process.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Crack observation on the surface and cross-section of (a) Condition B, (b) Condition C, and (c) HAZ observation of Condition B. Various liquidation cracks, including (d) eutectic, (e) carbide, and (f) grain boundary cracks, are observed in HAZ of Condition B.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Crack observation on the surface and cross-section of (a) Condition B, (b) Condition C, and (c) HAZ observation of Condition B. Various liquidation cracks, including (d) eutectic, (e) carbide, and (f) grain boundary cracks, are observed in HAZ of Condition B.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. (a) IN-625 sealing on the top.Various cracks were still observed in (b) bottom of WFZ, or in (c) HAZ.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. (a) IN-625 sealing on the top.Various cracks were still observed in (b) bottom of WFZ, or in (c) HAZ.
] on the crack healing trace.Finally, as restricted by the HIP's high pressure, only extra-fine carbide grains are formed and dispersed over the healing trace.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.After HIP, an overview of the repair welding under (a) welding Condition B and (b) Condition C, (c) nano-and micro-sized carbides along the healed crack trace, and (d) large-sized carbides after the HIP process.(e) Various regions were observed in WFZ and (f) γ′ in HAZ after the HIP process.

Figure 4 .Figure 5 .
Figure 4.After HIP, an overview of the repair welding under (a) welding Condition B and (b) Condition C, (c) nano-and micro-sized carbides along the healed crack trace, and (d) large-sized carbides after the HIP process.(e) Various regions were observed in WFZ and (f) γ in HAZ after the HIP process.

Figure 6
Figure6shows the micro-hardness test for the PM, HAZ, BWFZ, WFZ-UMZ, and TWFZ on the cross-sections of the Condition B and C samples.It is observed that the hardness values of the Condition B and C samples exhibit a similar tendency as the measurement position changes, which is discussed as follows.Before HIP, influenced by the high temperature of the laser process, the γ′ particles in the HAZ are slightly coarsened, and there is initial liquation and then a merger of the irregular shapes (Figure2c).Therefore, the HAZ hardness is slightly lower than that of the PM.BWFZ and WFZ-UMZ are the original CM247LC laser re-melting zones; BWFZ is displayed in a columnar grain structure along the heat flow and WFZ-UMZ has a very high cooling rate.Thus, the strengthening structure of the γ′ phase does not have enough time to precipitate completely.Therefore, in comparison to PM, the hardness values of the two zones are further reduced.TWFZ is composed of the IN-625 solid solutionstrengthening filler wire.In this zone, whether before or after (see Figure5a) the HIP process, in addition to the γ phase matrix, only small-size[16] carbides were observed.This suggests that the zone has a minimum hardness.After HIP, while the cracks are healed, the γʹ in the PM (Figure1b) and HAZ (Figure4f) is further coarsened, so that the hardness of the two zones is slightly lower than that before HIP.The microstructure change after HIP in TWFZ and BWFZ is not obvious, and thus the hardness of the two zones is changed slightly, as compared with that before HIP.However, the hardness of WFZ-UMZ markedly increases, as WFZ-UMZ contains elements similar to the original PM CM247LC (Figure5c,d).After the subsequent HIP treatment, the γ′ grains are precipitated, presenting a finer and more complete cubic morphology than that of PM.Hence, the WFZ-UMZ hardness is much higher than that before HIP.According to the aforementioned hardness test results, after HIP, BWFZ and WFZ-UMZ approach 400 Hv, or are higher than 400 Hv, which is very close to the PM strength.If the subsequent post-weld heat treatment[24] is conducted, it may further improve the mechanical properties of the repair-welded piece.However, during the post-weld heat treatment, the risk of the stain age cracking

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) EDS line scan across the various regions in WFZ, with composition profiles including (b) Mo, (c) Co, and (d) Al.

3. 5 .
Figure6shows the micro-hardness test for the PM, HAZ, BWFZ, WFZ-UMZ, and TWFZ on the cross-sections of the Condition B and C samples.It is observed that the hardness values of the Condition B and C samples exhibit a similar tendency as the measurement position changes, which is discussed as follows.Before HIP, influenced by the high temperature of the laser process, the γ particles in the HAZ are slightly coarsened, and there is initial liquation and then a merger of the irregular shapes (Figure2c).Therefore, the HAZ hardness is slightly lower than that of the PM.BWFZ and WFZ-UMZ are the original CM247LC laser re-melting zones; BWFZ is displayed in a columnar grain structure along the heat flow and WFZ-UMZ has a very high cooling rate.Thus, the strengthening structure of the γ phase does not have enough time to precipitate completely.Therefore, in comparison to PM, the hardness values of the two zones are further reduced.TWFZ is composed of the IN-625 solid solution-strengthening filler wire.In this zone, whether before or after (see Figure5a) the HIP process, in addition to the γ phase matrix, only small-size[16] carbides were observed.This suggests that the zone has a minimum hardness.After HIP, while the cracks are healed, the γ' in the PM (Figure1b) and HAZ (Figure4f) is further coarsened, so that the hardness of the two zones is slightly lower than that before HIP.The microstructure change after HIP in TWFZ and BWFZ is not obvious, and thus the hardness of the two zones is changed slightly, as compared with that before HIP.However, the hardness of WFZ-UMZ markedly increases, as WFZ-UMZ contains elements similar to the original PM CM247LC (Figure5c,d).After the subsequent HIP treatment, the γ grains are precipitated, presenting a finer and more complete cubic morphology than that of PM.Hence, the WFZ-UMZ hardness is much higher than that before HIP.According to the aforementioned hardness test results, after HIP, BWFZ and WFZ-UMZ approach 400 Hv, or are higher than 400 Hv, which is very close to the PM strength.If the subsequent post-weld heat treatment[24] is conducted, it may further improve the mechanical properties of the repair-welded piece.However, during the post-weld heat treatment, the risk of the stain age cracking[25]  can be an additional concern.To fully ensure the feasibility of the proposed repair-weld approach, post-weld heat treatment of the HIP-healed samples should be considered as the future work.

Table 2 .
Repair welding parameters adopted in this experiment.