Detecting Broken Strands in Transmission Lines Based on Pulsed Eddy Current
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Object under Investigation
3. Principle of Pulse Eddy Current Detection of Broken Strands in Transmission Lines with a Coaxial Encircling Coil
3.1. Simulation Model
3.2. Extraction of the Detected Broken Strands Features
4. Experimental Validation
4.1. Experimental Setup
4.2. Experimental Results
5. Conclusions
- From the modeling simulation and experimental results on Al strands with a different number of broken strands, it was found that the broken strands in the Al strands could change the coil voltage and lead to the appearance of the zero-crossing phenomenon. As the number of broken strands increased, both the decay rate, peak arrival time, and the peak value of coil voltage increased;
- The broken strands in the steel strands could induce an increase in the voltage of the detection coil. The change in the coil voltage amplitude was positively correlated with the number of broken strands. In addition, the coil voltage dropped gradually after reaching a peak value, and the decay rate increased with the increase in the number of broken strands;
- Based on the difference in the detection signals between the broken strands in the steel and Al strands, the slope in the logarithmic scale and the peak value were determined as the characteristic parameters in the detection of broken strands in ACSR lines. Moreover, the feasibility of the proposed detection method was validated via experiment and simulation. Thus, the proposed method can provide an effective means for locating and quantitatively recognizing broken strands in power transmission lines.
6. Future Developments
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Sophian, A.; Tian, G.; Fan, M. Pulsed Eddy Current Non-destructive Testing and Evaluation: A Review. Chin. J. Mech. Eng. 2017, 30, 500–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lings, R.; Cannon, D.; Hill, L.; Gaudry, M.; Stone, R.; Shoureshi, R. Inspection & Assessment of Overhead Line Conductors. A State-of-the Science Report; EPRI Technical Progress 1000258; Electric Power Research Institute: Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Goda, Y.; Yokoyama, S.; Watanabe, S.; Kawano, T.; Kanda, S. Melting and Breaking Characteristics of OPGW Strands by Lightning. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2004, 19, 1734–1740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kudzys, W. Safety of Power Transmission Line Structures under Wind and Ice Storms. Eng. Struct. 2006, 28, 682–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azevedo, C.R.F.; Cescon, T. Failure Analysis of Aluminum Cable Steel Reinforced (ACSR) Conductor of the Transmission Line Crossing the Paraná River. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2002, 9, 645–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashidater, S.; Murashima, S.; Fujii, N. Development of a Helicopter-Mounted Eye-Safe Laser Radar System for Distance Measurement between Power Transmission Lines and Nearby Trees. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2002, 17, 644–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.H.; Tajbakhsh, A.; Rathbone, C.; Vashishtha, Y. Image Processing to Automate Condition Assessment of Over-head Line Components. In Proceedings of the 2010 1st International Conference on Applied Robotics for the Power Industry, Montreal, QC, Canada, 5–7 October 2010; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Song, Y.; Wang, H.; Zhang, J. A Vision-Based Broken Strand Detection Method for a Power-Line Maintenance Robot. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2014, 29, 2154–2161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McLaughlin, R. Extracting Transmission Lines From Airborne LIDAR Data. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 2006, 3, 222–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, F.Y.; Li, Y.B.; Feng, G.R. A Real-Time Method for Detecting and Diagnosing Broken Strand of High Voltage Transmission Line with Inspect Robot. Trans. China Electro-Tech. Soc. 2010, 25, 185–191. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Haag, T.; Beadle, B.M.; Sprenger, H.; Gaul, L. Wave-Based Defect Detection and Inter-Wire Friction Modeling for Over-head Transmission Lines. Arch. Appl. Mech. 2009, 79, 517–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mijarez, R. Phenomena Investigation of Guided Waves Propagation in a Multiple-Wire Cable with Gradually Increasing Cut Depths; Springer: Dorchester, The Netherlands, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Mijarez, R.; Baltazar, A.; Rodríguez, J.; Ramírez-Niño, J. Damage detection in ACSR cables based on ultrasonic guided waves. Dyna 2014, 81, 226–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shoureshi, R.A.; Lim, S.-W.; Dolev, E.; Sarusi, B. Electro-Magnetic-Acoustic Transducers for Automatic Monitoring and Health Assessment of Transmission Lines. J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control. 2004, 126, 303–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hatsukade, Y.; Miyazaki, A.; Matsuura, H.; Suzuki, A.; Tanaka, S. Study of Inspection of Wire Breakage in Aluminum Transmission Line Using SQUID. NDT E Int. 2009, 42, 170–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miyazaki, A.; Hatsukade, Y.; Matsuura, H.; Maeda, T.; Suzuki, A.; Tanaka, S. Detection of Wire ElementBreakage in Power Transmission Line Using HTS-SQUID. Phys. C Supercond. 2009, 469, 1643–1648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreira, P.L.F.; Lourenco, P.M.; Lourenco, C.R.S.H.; Sebrao, M.Z.; Sant’anna, I.; Wavrik, J.F.A.G. Internal Corrosion in conductor Cables of Power Transmission Lines: Characterization of the Atmosphere and Techniques for Faults Detection. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Multi- Conference on Engineering and Technological Innovation, Orlando, FL, USA, 10–13 July 2009; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Xia, Y.; Jiang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Hu, J.; Sun, C. Detecting broken strands in transmission line—Part 1: Design of a smart eddy current transducer carried by inspection robot. Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. 2013, 23, 1409–1422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xia, Y.; Jiang, X.; Hu, J.; Zhang, Z.; Shu, L. Detecting broken strands in transmission line—Part 2: Quantitative identification based on S-transform and SVM. Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. 2013, 23, 1423–1439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Desjardins, D.; Krause, T.W. Transient response of a driver-pickup coil probe in transient eddy current testing. NDT E Int. 2015, 17, 8–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bowler, J.R.; Theodoulidis, T.P. Eddy currents induced in a conducting rod of finite length by a coaxial encircling coil. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2005, 38, 2861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, L.; Liao, C.; Song, X.; Chen, T.; Zhang, X.; Deng, Z. Research on Detection Mechanism of Weld Defects of Carbon Steel Plate Based on Orthogonal Axial Eddy Current Probe. Sensors 2020, 20, 5515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, C.; Gao, B.; Ma, Q.; Xie, L.; Tian, G.Y.; Yin, Y. Multi-Layer Magnetic Focusing Sensor Structure for Pulsed Remote Field Eddy Current. IEEE Sensors J. 2018, 19, 2490–2499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ulapane, N.; Thiyagarajan, K.; Hunt, D.; Miro, J.V. Quantifying the Relative Thickness of Conductive Ferromagnetic Materials Using Detector Coil-Based Pulsed Eddy Current Sensors. J. Vis. Exp. 2020, 155, e59618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adewale, I.D.; Tian, G.Y. Decoupling the influence of permeability and conductivity in pulsed eddy-current measurements. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2012, 49, 1119–1127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, H.; Li, D.; Chen, T.; Song, X. Simultaneous measurement of thickness and lift-off using the tangential component of magnetic flux density in pulsed eddy current testing. Insight-Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit. 2021, 63, 341–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, T.; Gui, Y.T.; Sophian, A.; Que, P.W. Feature extraction and selection for defect classification of pulsed eddy current NDT. NDT E Int. 2008, 41, 467–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
ACSR LGJ-120/25 | Diameter | 15.75 mm |
Diameter and number of aluminum-stranded wires | 4.72 mm²/7 | |
Diameter and number of steel cores | 2.10 mm²/7 |
Type | Parameter | |
---|---|---|
PEC excitation coil | Inner diameters | 17 mm |
Outer diameters | 21 mm | |
Height | 3 mm | |
Distance between two coil axes | 0 mm | |
Excitation coil/pick-up coil turns | 200/200 | |
ASCR LGJ-120/25 | Diameter | 15.75 mm |
Diameter and number of aluminum-stranded wires | 4.72 mm²/7 | |
Diameter and number of steel cores | 2.10 mm²/7 |
Experimental Parameters | Average of the Peak Value | Standard Deviation | Average Slope in Log Scale | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Perfect transmission line | 1.6445 | 0.0028 | −2.34375 | 0.0184 |
Broken strands in the transmission line | 1.6794 | 0.0019 | −2.42945 | 0.0090 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liao, C.; Yi, Y.; Chen, T.; Cai, C.; Deng, Z.; Song, X.; Lv, C. Detecting Broken Strands in Transmission Lines Based on Pulsed Eddy Current. Metals 2022, 12, 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12061014
Liao C, Yi Y, Chen T, Cai C, Deng Z, Song X, Lv C. Detecting Broken Strands in Transmission Lines Based on Pulsed Eddy Current. Metals. 2022; 12(6):1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12061014
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Chunhui, Yinghu Yi, Tao Chen, Chen Cai, Zhiyang Deng, Xiaochun Song, and Cheng Lv. 2022. "Detecting Broken Strands in Transmission Lines Based on Pulsed Eddy Current" Metals 12, no. 6: 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12061014