Metal Plasticity and Fatigue at High Temperature

The situation in which a component or structure is maintained at high temperature under the action of cyclic thermal and/or mechanical loadings represents, perhaps, one of the most demanding engineering applications—if not, in fact, the most demanding one [...]


Introduction and Scope
The situation in which a component or structure is maintained at high temperature under the action of cyclic thermal and/or mechanical loadings represents, perhaps, one of the most demanding engineering applications-if not, in fact, the most demanding one. Examples can be found in many industrial fields, such as automotive (cylinder head, engine, disk brakes), steel-making (hot rolling), machining (milling, turning), aerospace (turbine blades), and fire protection systems (fire doors).
The presence of high temperatures usually induces some amount of material plasticity or creep deformation in the most stressed regions of the structure. Plasticity, if combined with the action of cyclic loading variation, may lead to low-cycle fatigue (LCF) failure.
In order to estimate the component fatigue life in such demanding operative condition, it is often necessary to characterize the high-temperature material behavior under cyclic loading, in terms, for example, of cyclic stress-strain response, strain hardening or softening, creep behavior, experimental fatigue strength under isothermal and/or non-isothermal conditions. Moreover, it is also necessary to develop a reliable structural durability approach that is able to include experimental results in numerical and/or predictive models (e.g., plasticity models, fatigue strength curves).
The choice of the most appropriate material model to be used in simulations, or even calibrating the model to experimental data, often represents the most critical step in the whole design approach. Experimental techniques and modeling have to be properly managed to guarantee the reliability of the estimated fatigue life.

Contributions
As a part of this Special Issue, researchers were invited to submit their innovative research papers aimed at providing a state-of-the-art knowledge on the topic of metal plasticity, creep deformation and fatigue strength of metals operating at high temperatures, with emphasis on both experimental characterization and numerical modeling of material behavior. A total of eleven research papers were published [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].
Problems correlated with the creep phenomenon have been investigated in [1,2]. The paper by Liu et al. [1] presents an explicit fatigue-creep model which develops one formulation that covers the full range of conditions: from pure fatigue, to creep-fatigue up to pure creep. Kloc et al. [2] study a complex phenomenological creep model with particular attention focused on transient effects in the creep behavior of the Sanicro 25 steel.
In the paper by Aigner et al. [3] a model based on the √ area concept proposed by Murakami is extended to elevated temperature by introducing an additional exponent.
Poulain et al. [4] examine the dependence and interaction between the effect of pressurized water reactors environment, strain rate and shape of loading waveform on the LCF resistance of a 304L steel in terms of stress-strain response, crack growth, fatigue life and fracture surfaces morphology.
Thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) is studied in [5][6][7]. The paper written by Szmytka et al. [5] provides an overview of a TMF design protocol through the analysis of the specific case of a cylinder head, which summarizes the studies led by the authors over the last five years. Four typical issues in high-temperature design-loading identification, aging and constitutive models, TMF criteria, and validation tests-are addressed and critically analyzed, while some improvements are proposed. In [6], Wagner et al. work on the identification of a criterion for crack initiation to provide the basis for a nondestructive quality control of TMF-loaded porous components with improved statistical safety. The paper by Ghodrat et al. [7] presents an adapted version of Paris' fatigue crack-growth law where cyclic plastic strains at the crack tip are considered as the parameter that controls crack growth. Finally, it is found that the modified Paris' law is able to assess TMF lifetimes of spheroidal graphite iron (SGI) very well for all constraint levels with a single set of parameters. Crack initiation life models are studied in [8], where three approaches (one based on Weibull distributed crack initiation life, the other two based on probabilistic Schmid factor) are presented.
The effect of ageing temperature, initial stress levels and pre-strains on the stress-relaxation ageing behavior of aluminium alloy AA7150-T7751 are investigated through a series of experiments and presented in the work of Cai et al. [9]. The authors discuss a stress relaxation constitutive model with the ability to reproduce stress relaxation curves under different process conditions. The paper by Testa et al. [10] describes a model to estimate the yield stress at different strain rates and temperatures for metals with body-centered-cubic (bcc) structure. Srnec Novak et al. [11] develop a new isotropic model to describe the cyclic hardening/softening plasticity behavior of metals. The proposed model is described with three parameters which were calibrated based on LCF experimental data of CuAg alloy. An improvement is observed with respect to another nonlinear isotropic model generally used in the literature.

Conclusions
This Special Issue presents a collection of research articles covering the relevant topics in the field of metals plasticity, creep and fatigue at high temperature. As Guest Editors, we hope that these articles may be useful to scientists working in this field to deepen or widen their research.