Regional Suppression of Bactrocera Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Pacific through Biological Control and Prospects for Future Introductions into Other Areas of the World
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biological Control of Fruit Flies in Hawaii
3. Biological Control Programs for Fruit Flies in French Polynesia
4. Hawaii as a Source of Parasitoids throughout the Pacific
Country | Parasitoids | Target economic species | Assessment period | Artocarpus altilis | Averrhoa carambola | Carica papaya | Citrus spp 1 | Inocarpus fagifer | Psidium cattleianum | Psidium guajava | Syzygium spp | Terminalia catappa | Reference 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia 3 | F. arisanus | B. tryoni | 1960–64 | --- | 0–78% | --- | 0–21% | --- | 0–2% | 0–21% | --- | --- | [25,26] |
Australia 4 | D. longicaudata | B. tryoni | 1963–65 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1%–5% | 0–7% | --- | --- | [26] |
Cook Islands | F. arisanus | B. melanotus, B. xanthodes | 1991–92 | 0.6% | --- | 4.6% | --- | 1.0% | --- | 11.5% | 5.4% | 10.6% | RFFP |
Fiji Islands | F. arisanus | B. passiflorae, B. xanthodes | 1959–63 | --- | --- | --- | 21.4% | 0.5% | 54.8% | 22.1% | --- | --- | [27,28] |
Fiji Islands | D. longicaudata | B. passiflorae, B. xanthodes | 1959–63 | --- | --- | --- | 0.3% | 8.0% | 6.5% | 2.1% | --- | --- | [27,28] |
Fiji Islands | F. arisanus | B. passiflorae, B. xanthodes | 1990–99 | 3.3% | --- | --- | 23.3% | 30.3% | --- | 23.8% | 6.2% | 2.3% | RFFP |
French Polynesia 5 | F. arisanus | B. dorsalis | 2005–09 | 34.7% | 38.5% | 32.4% | 25.9% | 50.2% | 53.4% | 54.2% | 58.7% | 45.5% | RFFP |
French Polynesia 5 | D. longicaudata | B. dorsalis | 2008–09 | 3.5% | 0.0% | 0.8% | 1.3% | 2.4% | 8.8% | 0.6% | --- | 2.2% | [20] |
Hawaii (Kauai) | F. arisanus | B. dorsalis | 1988–89 | --- | --- | --- | 35.2% | --- | 59.8% | 58.6% | 50.4% | --- | [16] |
Hawaii (Kauai) | D. longicaudata | B. dorsalis | 1988–89 | --- | --- | --- | 0.3% | --- | 2.6% | 0.2% | 0.8% | --- | [16] |
Palau | F. arisanus | B. philippinensis, B. frauenfeldi | 2001 | --- | 22.2% | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.5% | 11.7% | --- | RFFP |
Samoa | F. arisanus | B. kirki, B. xanthodes | 1991–95 | --- | --- | 0.8% | --- | --- | --- | 6.8% | --- | 0.4% | RFFP |
Tonga | F. arisanus | B. facialis, B. kirki, B. xanthodes | 1991–95 | 0.7% | --- | --- | --- | 0.1% | --- | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.8% | RFFP |
5. Rearing and Release Protocol
6. Prospects for the Future
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Vargas, R.I.; Leblanc, L.; Harris, E.J.; Manoukis, N.C. Regional Suppression of Bactrocera Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Pacific through Biological Control and Prospects for Future Introductions into Other Areas of the World. Insects 2012, 3, 727-742. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects3030727
Vargas RI, Leblanc L, Harris EJ, Manoukis NC. Regional Suppression of Bactrocera Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Pacific through Biological Control and Prospects for Future Introductions into Other Areas of the World. Insects. 2012; 3(3):727-742. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects3030727
Chicago/Turabian StyleVargas, Roger I., Luc Leblanc, Ernest J. Harris, and Nicholas C. Manoukis. 2012. "Regional Suppression of Bactrocera Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Pacific through Biological Control and Prospects for Future Introductions into Other Areas of the World" Insects 3, no. 3: 727-742. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects3030727