Bacteriota and Antibiotic Resistance in Spiders

Simple Summary The microbiomes of insects are known for having a great impact on their physiological properties for survival, such as nutrition, behavior, and health. In nature, spiders are one of the main insect predators, and their microbiomes have remained unclear yet. It is important to explore the microbiomes of spiders with the positive effect in the wild to gain an insight into the host–bacterial relationship. The insects have been the primary focus of microbiome studies from all arthropods. Although the research focused on the microbiome of spiders is still scarce, there is a possibility that spiders host diverse assemblages of bacteria, and some of them alter their physiology and behavior. According to our findings, there is a need for holistic microbiome studies across many organisms, which would increase our knowledge of the diversity and evolution of symbiotic relationships. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious global public health threats in this century. Therefore, the knowledge and some information about insects and their ability to act as reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms should be determined in order to ensure that they are not transferred to humans. It is important to monitor the microbiome of spiders found in human houses and the transmission of resistant microorganisms, which can be dangerous in relation to human health. Abstract Arthropods are reported to serve as vectors of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to humans, animals, and the environment. The aims of our study were (i) to identify the external bacteriota of spiders inhabiting a chicken farm and slaughterhouse and (ii) to detect antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. In total, 102 spiders of 14 species were collected from a chicken farm, slaughterhouse, and buildings located in west Slovakia in 2017. Samples were diluted in peptone buffered water, and Tryptone Soya Agar (TSA), Triple Sugar Agar (TSI), Blood Agar (BA), and Anaerobic Agar (AA) were used for inoculation. A total of 28 genera and 56 microbial species were isolated from the samples. The most abundant species were Bacillus pumilus (28 isolates) and B. thuringensis (28 isolates). The least isolated species were Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (one isolate), Kocuria rhizophila (two isolates), Paenibacillus polymyxa (two isolates), and Staphylococcus equorum (two isolates). There were differences in microbial composition between the samples originating from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings. The majority of the bacterial isolates resistant to antibiotics were isolated from the chicken farm. The isolation of potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia, and Salmonella spp., which possess multiple drug resistance, is of public health concern.


Introduction
Plants and animals are inhabited by specific microbial communities, which form specific ecosystems strongly associated with their hosts. Those communities function as diverse ecosystems where the interactions between the microbiota and their hosts are of importance [1][2][3][4]. These phenomena have been referred to as hologenomic adaptations, and microorganisms have been developing new properties as a result of the symbiosis between the microorganisms and the hosts [5][6][7].
The symbiotic bacteria were found to be gut-associated and were identified in the intestinal lumen or crypts where they participate in digestion by providing their host with nutrients. The ectosymbiotic bacteria may be present in mycangia or attached to the body surface and were found to fulfill the immunity functions. The gut microbiomes of insects were known to have a great impact on their physiological properties for survival, such as nutrition, behavior, and health. In nature, spiders are one of the main predators of insects, and yet their gut microbiomes remain unclear. It is important to explore the gut microbiomes of spiders in the wild to gain an insight into the host-bacterial relationship [8][9][10][11][12][13].
Spiders (Araneae) are the most common terrestrial predators and natural enemies of insects, with some of them being of agricultural importance as a part of biological pest control [14,15]. Previous studies have mostly focused on the symbionts and their impact on the spiders' reproduction, while other studies evaluated the effects of social spider microbiota on their evolution [16]. Therefore, limited information on the bacteria inhabiting the external surface of the spider is available.
Microbiota of spiders has been associated with relatively low genetic diversity, and Chlamydiales, Borrelia, and Mycoplasma were the most abundant symbionts of social spiders [16]. High incidence of symbiotic Wolbachia, Rickettsia, Cardinium, and Spiroplasma in spiders were described previously [17][18][19]. Phylum Proteobacteria was dominant in the gut microbiota of three spider species, with Burkholderia being among the most abundant. Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were found to inhabit the gut without particular reference to the feeding habits of spiders [20].
While the presence of symbiotic microorganisms in insects may significantly differ between species, environmental microorganisms may be occasionally isolated from spiders with subsequent contamination of body cavities. The presence of Staphylococcus spp. in body swaps and Staphylococcus aureus in excreta samples was identified in microbiota studies of Rabidosa rabida [21]. The presence of opportunistic pathogens such as Morganella, Providencia, Proteus, or Acinetobacter in insects indicates that spiders also may serve as a potential vector of different pathogens important for animal, human, and environmental health [22][23][24]. There are limited studies on the prevalence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms on studies, whilst spiders are among the frequent habitants of different premises. The role of insects in the transfer of different pathogens has been documented [25]. Therefore, studies on the exobacteriome are needed to explore the possible importance of spiders on the transmission of different microorganisms are needed.
Antimicrobial resistance is the main public health threat with human, animal, and environmental health affected. Antimicrobials and their residues may spread into the environment after application in humans or animals with contamination of different terrestrial and aquatic habitats [26]. Antibiotic resistance genes were found in the collembolan microbiome that has been linked to the presence of arthropod [27]. The ecology and chemistry of soil have been changing significantly as a response to the land use changes that possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the Insects 2022, 13, 680 3 of 17 arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance.
The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 (Table 1). possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. 2. Pholcus alticeps (Spassky, 1932) possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups.  (Fuesslin, 1775) juv. 3. Pholcus alticeps (Spassky, 1932) possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species (Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species (Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species (Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species (Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. house, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 (Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species (Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 (Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species (Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 (Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species (Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. ome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 (Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups.  alticeps (Spassky, 1932) juv. slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1). The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1). The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species (Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. house, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 (Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species (Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance.
The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 (Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance.
The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. possess an impact on the insects and their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiome of the arthropod may affect the nutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being the carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the arthropod and its antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to study external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings and to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms.

Sample Preparation
A total of 102 spiders of 14 species were sampled in the present research from the slaughterhouse, buildings, and chicken farms in 2017 ( Table 1).
The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 °C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups. ociated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiycle within the ecosystem by possibly being here is a need to study the microbiota of the al bacteriota of spiders from the slaughtertect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated sampled in the present research from the in 2017 (Table 1). icroscopy. All spiders were all identified as ble 1). The collected spiders were frozen at of each spider was obtained by transferring tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl plated onto agars for detection of different their associated microbiome [28]. Since the microbiutrient cycle within the ecosystem by possibly being genes, there is a need to study the microbiota of the ance. y external bacteriota of spiders from the slaughternd to detect the antimicrobial resistance of isolated ies were sampled in the present research from the n farms in 2017 (Table 1). ied by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as ecies ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring ntrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl ple was plated onto agars for detection of different ions. The spiders were visually identified by microscopy. All spiders were all identified as nonendangered and nonprotected species ( Table 1). The collected spiders were frozen at −20 • C for 1 min. A sample of external surfaces of each spider was obtained by transferring the spider into a sterile 2 mL micro centrifuge tube, and 1 mL of sterile 0.87% (w/v) NaCl was added. Then, a 100 µL of the sample was plated onto agars for detection of different bacterial groups.
Tripton Soya agar (TSA), Tripton Sugar Iron agar (TSI), Anaerobic agar (AA), and Blood agar (BA) supplemented with 7% of horse blood (Sigma-Aldrich ® , St. Louis, MO, USA) were used for detection of the total microbial count, Enterobacteriales, anaerobic and fastidious microorganisms, respectively. Inoculated TSA was incubated at 30 • C for 24-48 h, TSI agar at 37 • C for 18-24 h and AA at 30 • C for 24-48 h and BA at 37 • C for 24-48 h. AA was incubated anaerobically while all other agars aerobically. After the assessment of microbial growth, eight bacterial colonies with different macroscopic characteristics were selected from each agar for species confirmation. Isolates were subcultured on TSA at 37 • C for 24 h and used for MALDI-TOF identification.

Identification of Microbiota
Identification of microbiota was performed with MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper (Bruker Daltoncs, Bremen, Germany). Samples were prepared for investigation according to MALDI TOF MS Biotyper manufacturer's protocol. The bacterial suspension was prepared into 300 µL of distilled water and 900 µL and centrifuged for 2 min at 14,000 rpm. After the supernatant was discarded, centrifugation was repeated by adding 10 µL of 70% formic acid and 10 µL of acetonitrile were added to the pellet, which was centrifuged for 2 min at 14,000 rpm. Then, 1 µL of the supernatant was used for investigation, and the suspension was covered with a matrix, α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, in a volume of 1 µL. Identification was performed with Microflex LT (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) instrument and Flex Control 3.4 software, and Biotyper Realtime Classification 3.1 with BC-specific software. Confidence scores of ≥2.0 and ≥1.7 were applied for identification at species and genus level, respectively.
For detection of antimicrobial resistance, bacterial isolates were cultured in Muller Hinton broth (Sigma-Aldrich ® , St. Louis, MO, USA) for at 37 • C 24 h and yeast in Sabouraud broth (Sigma-Aldrich ® , St. Louis, MO, USA) at 25 • C for 24 h. After incubation, the microbial suspensions in sterile distilled water of concentration 10 5 cells/mL (A620 nm = 0.388, equivalent to a McFarland standard) were used for testing. Three replicates were tested for each isolated strain.

Statistical Analyses
Data analysis was conducted using R. For microbial counts, the mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated, and t-test was used for calculation of significance of differences between the microbial counts in different spider species. p-values for evaluation of the significance of the results were p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001.

Qualitative Analysis of Isolated Microbiota from Spiders
The microbial counts identified in spiders are shown in Table 2. On Tryptone Soya agar (TSA), microbial counts ranged from 1.18 in S. bipunctata to 2.64 log cfu/g in S. castanea. On Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) agar, microbial counts were from 1.11 in T. domestica to 3.26 log cfu/g in P. lunata. On Blood agar (BA), microbial counts were from 1.18 in S. thoracica to 2.95 log cfu/g in M. ferruginea. On Anaerobic agar (AA), microbial counts ranged from 1.11 in S. bipunctata to 2.84 log cfu/g in M. ferruginea. TSA-Tryptone Soya Agar; TSI-Triple Sugar Agar; BA-blood agar; AA-Anaerobic Agar; a Differences between the microbial counts on TSA agar between different spider species were significant (p < 0.01). b Differences between the microbial counts on TSI agar between different spider species were significant (p < 0.01). c Differences between the microbial counts on BA agar between different spider species were significant (p < 0.01). d Differences between the microbial counts on AA agar between different spider species were significant (p < 0.01).

Isolated Microbial Genera and Microbial Species from Spider Specimens
Isolated genera and species are shown in Table 3. In total, 28 genera and 56 microbial species from spider specimens were isolated. The most abundant species were Bacillus pumilus (28 isolates) and B. thuringensis (28 isolates). The least isolated species were Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (one isolate), Kocuria rhizophila (two isolates), Paenibacillus polymyxa (two isolates), and Staphylococcus equorum (two isolates).  The composition of arthropod microbiota is shown in Figure 1. In total, 7 genera and 18 microbial species were isolated. The most abundant microbial genera were Bacillus (47.6%) and Staphylococcus (30.4%). For Bacillus spp., the most isolated species were B. cereus (12%) and B. licheniformis (11%), while for Staphylococcus spp. were St. epidermidis (7%) and St. hominis (7%). The composition of arthropod microbiota is shown in Figure 1. In total, 7 genera and 18 microbial species were isolated. The most abundant microbial genera were Bacillus (47.6%) and Staphylococcus (30.4%). For Bacillus spp., the most isolated species were B. cereus (12%) and B. licheniformis (11%), while for Staphylococcus spp. were St. epidermidis (7%) and St. hominis (7%).   The composition of the microbiota of arthropods isolated from the chicken farm is shown in Figure 2, with a total of 20 genera and 38 microbial species isolated. The most isolated genera were Staphylococcus (18.5%) and Bacillus (14.5%). The most isolated species were Actinomyces oris (6%), Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (5%). The microbial composition of arthropods microbiota in buildings is shown in Figure 3. In total, 7 genera and 13 microbial species were isolated. The most isolated genera were Bacillus (51.13%) and the most abundant species were B. mycoides (14%), B. alitudins, B. pumilus, and E. cloacae (11%).

Antibiotic Resistance of Isolated Microbial Species of Spiders
The antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms from slaughterhouse is shown in Table 4. In total, 127 species isolated from the slaughterhouse were resistant to different antibiotics. Sensitivity to antibiotic resistance was found in 333 isolates.

Antibiotic Resistance of Isolated Microbial Species of Spiders
The antimicrobial resistance of isolated microorganisms from slaughterhouse is shown in Table 4. In total, 127 species isolated from the slaughterhouse were resistant to different antibiotics. Sensitivity to antibiotic resistance was found in 333 isolates.
Antibiotic resistance/sensitivity of microbiota isolated from the chicken farm is shown in Table 5. In total, 108 species isolated from the chicken farm were resistant to different antibiotics. Sensitivity to antibiotic resistance was found in 620 isolates.   Antibiotic resistance/sensitivity of microbiota isolated from buildings is shown in Table 6. In total, 114 species isolated from buildings were resistant to different antibiotics. Sensitivity to antibiotic resistance was found in 494 isolates.

Discussion
The microbiome of the individual animal is unique and reflects the life history and modulates behavior, the composition of the microbiota is essential in maintaining health and welfare [30][31][32]. Microbiota of arthropods was reported to be of importance in the dissemination of the pathogens of animals and human health importance and antimicrobial resistance genes. Reports on the isolation of the pathogens transferred by arthropods inhabiting premises for livestock and poultry production and the transfer of potentially virulent antimicrobial-resistant enterococci in pig operations confirm the importance of insects for maintenance of the pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes within the agricultural environment [33]. This highlights the need for studies associated with arthropods microbiota and the heavily contaminated environment of the poultry farms, which is associated with a high stocking density of birds.
In the present study, the microbial counts were different for spider species and types of habitats. The microbial counts in our study were lower than in the study by Voloshyn et al. [34], who reported microbial counts of 3.18 log CFU/mL for Escherichia coli isolated from the surface of Lithobius sp. to 5.65 log CFU/mL for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the surface of Fannia sp.; also, the staphylococci were found to inhabiting the arthropods in high counts (3.91-5.61 log CFU/mL). Among the pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia were isolated. Escherichia coli was the most common microorganism on the external surface of arthropods.
Keiser et al. [9] studied the dominant microbiota of social spiders in spider cuticula and found similar microbial composition between the spiders, webs, and preys that may indicate that spiders themselves may enhance microbial transmission. This may explain the similarities between the composition of bacteriota that were identified in the present study.
As for humans and animals, arthropods harbor large microbial communities, which may exceed the numbers of organism's cells of their hosts [35,36]. Moreover, the microbiota of certain arthropods was found to be very diverse, with multiple microbial families represented [37]. Different microorganisms were shown to be inhabiting the digestive tract and/or salivary glands of arthropods; subsequently, this microbiota primary may interact with vector-borne pathogens and affect their lifecycle. A study by Zhang et al. [38] revealed the presence of four microbial phyla, including Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Fungi, and Proteobacteria, which were identified in all spider species. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum, while a total of 28 families and 58 species were identified [38]. Differences in the composition of microbiota between the spiders regarding their ecology and behavior were non-significant, and the microbiome of solitary spiders was characterized by low diversity [38][39][40]. The current research on the microbiota of spiders provides knowledge on the microbial composition of arachnoids.
B. cereus, B. licheniformis, St. epidermidis, and St. hominis were the most abundant microbial species originating from the slaughterhouse, while A. oris, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae were the most abundant species found in chicken farm samples. B. mycoides, B. alitudins, B. pumilus, and E. cloacae were associated with spiders obtained from the buildings. The ecological niche is found to pose significant impact on the microbiota of spiders. Spiders are colonized with diverse microbiota, including pathogens from the surrounding environment and feed, especially on carrion insects. The immune system of arthropods protects them against infections with pathogenic microorganisms [41][42][43]. Once their tissues are damaged, the microbiota may overcome external barrier and enter the deeper layer of tissues [44]. Thus, the spiders may acquire the pathogens from the surrounding environment and distribute them as a mechanical vector [45,46]. The composition of microbial communities differs between sites of the arachnoides. Bacillus spp. were not recovered from spider walks in contrast to body cavities such as the abdomen, while only Kluyvera and Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from spider walks. Diverse microbial communities on the chelicerae were reported to be the most and include Pseudomonas, Rothia, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus spp. [47]. Staphylococcus spp. were recovered from S. nobilis, A. similis, and E. atrica with staphylococci species were recovered from S. nobilis. Among isolated species,