Correction: Weyl et al. The Host Range of the Stem-Boring Weevil, Listronotus setosipennis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Proposed for the Biological Control of Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) in Pakistan. Insects 2021, 12, 463

The authors would like to make the following corrections to this paper [...].


Introduction
Due to overlap with an unpublished report, the second paragraph of the introduction needed to be deleted completely.
A correction to the name of ARC-PHP was made in the last paragraph of the introduction. It now reads: The national quarantine authorities (Plant Sciences Division of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PSD PARC)) approved the importation of the weevil specifically for this purpose, and adult L. setosipennis were imported from the rearing facility of the Plant Health and Protection of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC-PHP), at Cedara, South Africa, in April 2019 [20]. The import permit for L. setosipennis was issued by the Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Department of Plant Protection, Plant Quarantine Division under permit number IPKA-3787-016/18-2019. The aim of this study was to determine the host specificity of L. setosipennis in a Pakistani context.

Materials and Methods
In Section 2.1.1, reference to data on the number of plant species tested in South Africa needed to be deleted, as these are in an unpublished report and the contribution of the ARC-PHP was acknowledged, corrected sentences: Comprehensive testing of the host range of L. setosipennis has already been done in several countries including Australia [21], Ethiopia, and South Africa [22] (Table S1). In addition to this, a total of 19 species and/or cultivars within Heliantheae have already been tested in Australia and Ethiopia. And: In this case, Pakistan has been able to greatly benefit from the guidance of the ARC-PHP, South Africa, as well as work already done in other countries, namely Australia and Ethiopia, which has significantly reduced the cost and time required for the evaluation of the biological control agent L. setosipennis.
Sections 2.1.2-2.1.5 required changes due to overlap with an unpublished report, corrected paragraph: 2.1.2. Insect Cultures Following importation from the ARC-PHP, Cedara, South Africa, the L. setosipennis culture was built up and maintained in the Pakistan quarantine at a day/night cycle of 14 L:10 D, mean temperature of 25 ± 5 • C, and mean relative humidity of 65 ± 5%. Due to space limitations, it was only possible to maintain a culture of approximately 1000 adult weevils. For detailed biology of this weevil, refer to [21].

General Considerations for Host Range Trials
In all tests, potted plants (not excised leaves or stems) were used to ensure that test conditions were as optimal as possible. Depending on the size of the plant, the appropriate pot size was used, ranging from 1-4 L pots, filled with a standard commercial potting soil. Standardized potting soil was prepared by mixing 18 kg of all-purpose potting soil (Miracle-Gro) with 185 g Osmocote fertilizer with N:P:K of 19-6-12 and 125 g Dolomite lime. The plants were watered ad libitum. Each test plant was ensured to be in the correct phenological stage for oviposition, which was flowering with still-developing florets.
We followed a typical host range testing procedure, following recommendations by [24], to assess the physiological and ecological host range. The physiological host range encompasses all plant species on which the insect, in this case L. setosipennis, can develop under no-choice conditions [26], while the ecological host range includes plant species which are utilized under natural conditions [26]. The testing sequence progressively reduces the degree of restriction, deleting unattacked plants at each stage, until only a few remain to be tested under conditions as natural as possible. This has proven to be a reliable way to determine the safety of potential biological control agents. Unfortunately, under quarantine conditions at the CABI post entry quarantine facility in Rawalpindi, multiplechoice tests were not possible due to space limitations, and thus the data presented in this study are conservative and likely exaggerate the potential risk.

No-Choice Oviposition Tests
Following guidance by ARC-PHP, South Africa, and previous studies [22], five pairs of adults were exposed to a single test or parthenium control plant at the correct phenological stage, in this case flowering, in individual fine mesh cages with mesh diameter of 1 mm 2 (SE-1836) of dimensions 45 × 45 × 90 cm for five days, with a day/night cycle of 14 L:10 D, mean temperature of 25 ± 5 • C, and mean relative humidity of 65 ± 5%. Typical in host range testing, for each experimental setup, there was also a control plant. The no-choice tests were run in four consecutive series of experiments between 2019 and 2020.

Larval Development Tests
During the no-choice tests, oviposition was recorded only on the 10 sunflower cultivars and not on any of the other plant species tested. However, since sunflower is an important crop in Pakistan and oviposition has also been recorded on this species in Australia [21] and South Africa [27], it was considered a critical species. Due to space constraints in quarantine, in Pakistan, efforts were focused on larval development tests to determine whether this weevil would be able to sustain a viable population and thus cause damage to sunflower. Ten cultivars commonly grown in Pakistan (Table 2) were propagated in pots, and a total of four replicates for each were conducted, as well as for eight control plants.
A total of 30 eggs were placed on each sunflower plant, as well as the control plant, and each plant was kept in individual fine mesh cages (SE-1872) of dimensions 45 × 45 × 180 cm for 11 weeks. Each cage was inspected regularly for the emergence of adults, and after about 11 weeks, all plants were dissected, and the number of larvae and pupae were recorded. To test whether there is a difference between the number of adults emerging from parthenium compared to the sunflower cultivars, the non-parametric independent samples Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted. In addition to this, the same test was run excluding the control plant to determine whether there is a difference between the likelihood of any sunflower cultivars supporting the development of L. setosipennis. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics v25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Section 2.2 was deleted completely due to overlap with an unpublished report.

Results
Section 3.2 required changes due to overlap with an unpublished report and to reflect changes made in the materials and methods, corrected paragraph:

Larval Development Tests
The ten sunflower cultivars that are considered important in Pakistan were tested in larval development tests. Development was only recorded on three sunflower cultivars (four individual plants) (ParSun-3, S-278, Hysun-33), and only six adults emerged from a total of 1200 eggs exposed to sunflower plants (single adult on ParSun-3, while two adults on one replicate of cultivar Hysun-33, and finally two replicates of S-278 supported development of one and two adults each). When only considering the three cultivars where development occurred, survival from egg to adult is 2.5% or less, and if all cultivars are considered, the likelihood of survival is 0.5%. In contrast, on their usual host, parthenium, there was a much greater survival from egg to adult of over 40%. There were significantly fewer adults on the sunflower cultivars in comparison to the successful development recorded on the parthenium plants setup, with a total of 103 adults from 240 eggs (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 37.777; df = 10; p < 0.0001) ( Table 2). When the data from the control plants were excluded from the analyses, there was no difference in the likelihood of any sunflower cultivar supporting development to adult, suggesting that no one cultivar is more at risk, but rather that all cultivars are at low risk (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 11.897; df = 9; p < 0.219). The very low ability to complete development to the adult stage strongly indicates an inability to sustain a viable population on these sunflower cultivars.
Section 3.3, as well as Table 3, was completely deleted. Table 1. Caption requires changes as well as the removal of the relative preference column since the risk analysis was removed this is irrelevant. Additionally a footnote was added acknowledging the contribution of ARC-PHP. New table is as follows:  Table 2. Caption requires changes as well as the removal of the relative preference column since the risk analysis was removed, as this is now irrelevant due to deletion of the risk analysis. New table is as follows:

Discussion
To reflect changes in the results as well as the deletion of the risk analysis section the discussion required significant reworking, corrected discussion: The results from the current study on the host range of L. setosipennis in a Pakistani context suggest that it is a safe biological control agent for release. Of the 22 Asteraceae plant species that were tested under no-choice conditions, oviposition by L. setosipennis was recorded only on the sunflower cultivars tested, suggesting a narrow physiological host range. These results are in line with other host range tests already conducted in Australia Given that sunflower is an important crop worldwide, typically, for testing in Pakistan, sunflower should have been tested under multiple-choice conditions to obtain an understanding of the realized host range; however, due to space limitations in the quarantine facility in Pakistan, this was not possible, so efforts were focused on only conducting larval development tests. Thus, the data presented in this study are conservative and likely overinflate the risk. Despite this, there was only minor survival and development recorded on three cultivars, namely ParSun-3, S-278, and Hysun-33; however, when comparing between cultivars, the number of adults does not suggest that one is more at risk than another, but rather that all varieties are at low risk. Given that the probability of development is between 0.5 and 2.5%, this suggests that sunflower is unlikely to sustain a viable population and L. setosipennis will not cause any major damage to any sunflower cultivars tested in the current study. In addition to this, L. setosipennis has never been recorded as a pest or even known by entomologists in South America [21].
There is no doubt that parthenium is a major problem in Pakistan [6-14] and control of this weed is imperative. Chemical control, although effective in Pakistan [28], is not a long-term solution, as it is extremely expensive and known to require several successive applications [29]. Biological control is known to offer a sustainable and effective option in several cases, especially in low and middle income countries [30], and L. setosipennis is no exception for Pakistan. In Pakistan, two biological control agents against parthenium are present, Z. bicolorata and P. abrupta var. partheniicola [20]; however, their impact is not considered sufficient, and additional agents are required. In Australia, where biological control is considered successful, nine different agents were required to be released [31]. Building on this success, additional agents should be studied for release in Pakistan in the future.

Conclusions
To reflect changes in the paper, as well as remove any reference to data in an unpublished report, the conclusions required changes, corrected paragraph: The only known host of L. setosipennis in its native range of Argentina is parthenium [21]. The Australian research programme assessed 68 non-target plant species, including 18 members of the Asteraceae (including six sunflower cultivars) as well as commercially cultivated members from another 25 families [21]. In South Africa, L. setosipennis was tested on 38 native and economically important non-target Asteraceae species and 13 H. annuus cultivars [27], while in Ethiopia, it was evaluated on 31 plant species [22]. All countries where it has been released concluded that L. setosipennis is host specific and a safe biological control agent for use against parthenium, leading to approval for release by all regulatory authorities after a thorough review of submitted risk assessments. The quarantine laboratory assessments of the host range of L. setosipennis conducted in Pakistan are in line with these findings and in combination with evidence of the weevil's native field host range in South America and introduced field host range in Australia and Ethiopia indicate that it is highly unlikely that L. setosipennis will cause any damage to any plant, native or cultivated, other than parthenium, in Pakistan.