Carrying Capacity of Spherical Hydrostatic Bearings including Elastic Deformation

: This paper presents a theoretical model for calculating the carrying capacity of spherical hydrostatic bearings, including the deduction and solution of differential equations for fluid flow in the oil seal and the generation of bearing characteristic parameters. An example is used to verify the accuracy of the proposed calculation model. Additionally, the influence of dynamic pressure on the bearing capacity is investigated under various speed conditions. The results demonstrate that as the minimum width of the oil gap decreases, the maximum dynamic pressure increases non-linearly. Furthermore, the maximum dynamic pressure increases with higher rotational speeds, particularly when the width is smaller.


Introduction
Bearings are a critical component of rotating machinery, with a thorough understanding of their behavior being essential for predicting system performance.High speeds, high power, and reliable operation are imperative requirements.Accurate prediction and control of bearing behavior are crucial, as over 40% of machine failures stem from bearing issues.The most effective approach to addressing these problems is through comprehensive analysis, as evidenced by numerous studies that have led to improved performance [1][2][3].Hydrostatic bearings possess desirable characteristics such as low running friction, minimal viscous dissipation, high load-carrying capacity, and high stiffness, making them essential for heavy-duty industrial applications in modern machinery such as machine tools, precision instruments, hydraulic pumps, motors, telescopes, gyroscopes, dynamometers, radar units, and marine engines.Spherical bearings, in particular, offer advantages over other configurations due to their self-aligning nature and ability to withstand radial and thrust loads without being affected by angular misalignments [4][5][6][7].
Scholars have conducted both theoretical and experimental research on spherical bearings.Mayer [8] and Elescandarany [9] derived the Reynolds governing equation for spherical bearing applications.Kazama [10] proposed an optimal design for fitted and clearance thrust spherical bearings with capillary and orifice restrictors to minimize power losses and enhance stiffness.The study revealed a central pressure ratio of twothirds for the fitted type and 0.69 for the clearance type.Yacout [11][12][13][14][15] conducted an analytical investigation on both types, incorporating factors such as surface roughness, centripetal inertia, viscosity, and seat configuration to evaluate bearing performance.The central pressure ratio was found to be consistent at two-thirds for both types, indicating reliable bearing performance.Optimal designs emphasizing minimal friction and flow rate were exemplified.Elescandarany [16][17][18] introduced two novel techniques for designing fitted spherical bearings, with and without restrictors.Rajashekar [19] examined the lubricating characteristics of squeeze film, considering surface roughness and force.The influence of roughness and force on bearing lubrication and capacity was analyzed using the Reynolds equation, which incorporated surface roughness and couple stress.The results demonstrated that the bearing capacity increased with higher couple stress.Raghavendra et al. [20] explored the effects of velocity slip and viscosity on squeeze film lubrication in spherical bearings.They derived a modified Reynolds equation to account for these effects and analyzed the pressure distribution and bearing capacity.The results indicated that increased viscosity near the bearing surface improved hydrodynamic lubrication.Tao [21] developed a genetic algorithm for the design of gas-pressure spherical bearings, obtaining optimal results by optimizing the spherical radius and support angle.Guo [22] optimized the design of non-liquid friction spherical plain bearings by optimizing the bearing angle, spherical radius, and oil supply vortex radius.Contact analysis models were established using the finite element method (FEM) to calculate contact pressure, and the results were used to modify design parameters until all requirements were met.Luo [23,24] introduced methods for estimating the static load rating of spherical plain bearings and conducted life tests on new joint bearings using a testing machine.Spherical bearings have also found application in ship engineering [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].Self-aligning ball bearings [30][31][32] were used as axial load bearings in hydrofoil ship cylinder flanges and dynamic load simulation tests.The designed bearing capacity was 500 kN, meeting the requirements of swing oscillation and swing tests.Wang, Qian, Li, and others [33][34][35] used spherical hydrostatic bearings to support the weight of large marine propellers during static balance tests.They analyzed the bearing capacity, leakage, and pressure distribution of the hydrostatic spherical bearings, demonstrating that this method offers high precision, stable performance, and ease of use for static balance testing of large propellers.
Despite extensive research on spherical bearings, there are still some shortcomings, such as the lack of investigation into the effects of eccentric rotation on dynamic pressure distribution.The uneven coupling of dynamic pressure in eccentric states can potentially negatively impact the stable operation of spherical bearings.

Mathematical Model
The static pressure spherical bearing consists of a bearing housing and a bearing body, as shown in Figure 1.
Lubricants 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 17 reliable bearing performance.Optimal designs emphasizing minimal friction and flow rate were exemplified.Elescandarany [16][17][18] introduced two novel techniques for designing fitted spherical bearings, with and without restrictors.Rajashekar [19] examined the lubricating characteristics of squeeze film, considering surface roughness and force.The influence of roughness and force on bearing lubrication and capacity was analyzed using the Reynolds equation, which incorporated surface roughness and couple stress.The results demonstrated that the bearing capacity increased with higher couple stress.Raghavendra et al. [20] explored the effects of velocity slip and viscosity on squeeze film lubrication in spherical bearings.They derived a modified Reynolds equation to account for these effects and analyzed the pressure distribution and bearing capacity.The results indicated that increased viscosity near the bearing surface improved hydrodynamic lubrication.Tao [21] developed a genetic algorithm for the design of gas-pressure spherical bearings, obtaining optimal results by optimizing the spherical radius and support angle.Guo [22] optimized the design of non-liquid friction spherical plain bearings by optimizing the bearing angle, spherical radius, and oil supply vortex radius.Contact analysis models were established using the finite element method (FEM) to calculate contact pressure, and the results were used to modify design parameters until all requirements were met.Luo [23,24] introduced methods for estimating the static load rating of spherical plain bearings and conducted life tests on new joint bearings using a testing machine.Spherical bearings have also found application in ship engineering [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].Self-aligning ball bearings [30][31][32] were used as axial load bearings in hydrofoil ship cylinder flanges and dynamic load simulation tests.The designed bearing capacity was 500 kN, meeting the requirements of swing oscillation and swing tests.Wang, Qian, Li, and others [33][34][35] used spherical hydrostatic bearings to support the weight of large marine propellers during static balance tests.They analyzed the bearing capacity, leakage, and pressure distribution of the hydrostatic spherical bearings, demonstrating that this method offers high precision, stable performance, and ease of use for static balance testing of large propellers.Despite extensive research on spherical bearings, there are still some shortcomings, such as the lack of investigation into the effects of eccentric rotation on dynamic pressure distribution.The uneven coupling of dynamic pressure in eccentric states can potentially negatively impact the stable operation of spherical bearings.

Mathematical Model
The static pressure spherical bearing consists of a bearing housing and a bearing body, as shown in Figure 1.

Establishment of Mathematical Model for Carrying Capacity of Hydrostatic Spherical Bearing
The oil film in the spherical bearing can be represented by a narrow gap between the spherical surfaces.The cutting plane is taken as the plane of the axis, with the sphere radius denoted as R. The angle of the high-pressure oil chamber is 2θ 1 , and the angle of the oil seal on one side is θ 2 .Under the influence of high-pressure hydraulic oil, the bearing body is suspended in the oil.For simplicity, the study focuses only on the vertical eccentricity of the bearing body, neglecting any horizontal eccentricity.Note the spherical eccentricity of the vertical distance and the resulting oil seal edge as shown in Figure 2.

Establishment of Mathematical Model for Carrying Capacity of Hydrostatic Spherical Bearing
The oil film in the spherical bearing can be represented by a narrow gap between the spherical surfaces.The cutting plane is taken as the plane of the axis, with the sphere radius denoted as R. The angle of the high-pressure oil chamber is 2θ1, and the angle of the oil seal on one side is θ2.Under the influence of high-pressure hydraulic oil, the bearing body is suspended in the oil.For simplicity, the study focuses only on the vertical eccentricity of the bearing body, neglecting any horizontal eccentricity.Note the spherical eccentricity of the vertical distance and the resulting oil seal edge as shown in Figure 2.  The gap, h, resulting from the eccentricity of two concentric spheres is determined by the angle, θ, and the spherical radius, R, as depicted in Figure 3.The relation can be expressed as the following equation.
The spherical coordinate system shown in Figure 4 is established in the spherical bearing oil seal model.The gap, h, resulting from the eccentricity of two concentric spheres is determined by the angle, θ, and the spherical radius, R, as depicted in Figure 3.

Establishment of Mathematical Model for Carrying Capacity of Hydrostatic Spherical Bearing
The oil film in the spherical bearing can be represented by a narrow gap between the spherical surfaces.The cutting plane is taken as the plane of the axis, with the sphere radius denoted as R. The angle of the high-pressure oil chamber is 2θ1, and the angle of the oil seal on one side is θ2.Under the influence of high-pressure hydraulic oil, the bearing body is suspended in the oil.For simplicity, the study focuses only on the vertical eccentricity of the bearing body, neglecting any horizontal eccentricity.Note the spherical eccentricity of the vertical distance and the resulting oil seal edge as shown in Figure 2.  The gap, h, resulting from the eccentricity of two concentric spheres is determined by the angle, θ, and the spherical radius, R, as depicted in Figure 3.The relation can be expressed as the following equation.
The spherical coordinate system shown in Figure 4 is established in the spherical bearing oil seal model.The relation can be expressed as the following equation.
The spherical coordinate system shown in Figure 4 is established in the spherical bearing oil seal model.
Taking the center of the sphere as the origin and the axis of the bearing as the z-axis, the cartesian coordinate system O-xyz is established.Let P be a point in the sphere, the distance from point O to point P is the angle between line segment OP and z-axis, P is the projection of Q on the xOy plane, φ is the angle between the segment OQ and the x-axis forward.The parameters r, θ, φ form the spherical coordinate of point P. In the model of a spherical bearing with oil seal side, the spherical radius of the bearing body is written as R, and the width of the gap is denoted as h; taking a closed microelement area dA on the spherical surface can be decomposed into a small increment in the spherical dθ, dφ.Taking the center of the sphere as the origin and the axis of the bearing as the z-axis, the cartesian coordinate system O-xyz is established.Let P be a point in the sphere, the distance from point O to point P is the angle between line segment OP and z-axis, P is the projection of Q on the xOy plane,  is the angle between the segment OQ and the x-axis forward.The parameters r , θ,  form the spherical coordinate of point P. In the model of a spherical bearing with oil seal side, the spherical radius of the bearing body is written as R, and the width of the gap is denoted as h; taking a closed microelement area dA on the spherical surface can be decomposed into a small increment in the spherical , .
In the flow of hydraulic oil, the oil is known as a continuous medium, that is, oil fills the entire oil seal edge gap continuously, and the characteristic of oil can be expressed by continuity equations [36].In the spherical coordinate system, the continuity equation can be expressed as: The flow of oil of hydrostatic spherical bearings within the oil gap follows the Navier-Stokes equation.In the spherical coordinate system, the Navier-Stokes equations can be expressed as: where r f , f  , f  are the mass forces in the direction of r ,  ,  and The continuity equation and the Navier-Stokes equation are mathematical expressions of the law of conservation of mass and momentum for viscous fluid flow, and they have universal applicability.There are four differential equations involving flow- In the flow of hydraulic oil, the oil is known as a continuous medium, that is, oil fills the entire oil seal edge gap continuously, and the characteristic of oil can be expressed by continuity equations [36].In the spherical coordinate system, the continuity equation can be expressed as: The flow of oil of hydrostatic spherical bearings within the oil gap follows the Navier-Stokes equation.In the spherical coordinate system, the Navier-Stokes equations can be expressed as: ∂v φ ∂φ (5) where f r , f θ , f φ are the mass forces in the direction of r, θ, φ and ∇ 2 is The continuity equation and the Navier-Stokes equation are mathematical expressions of the law of conservation of mass and momentum for viscous fluid flow, and they have universal applicability.There are four differential equations involving flow-dependent state parameters v r , v θ , v φ , and p.In theory, these equations can be solved, but as of now, a general solution to the equation's general form has not been obtained.However, in engineering practice, the equations are simplified to obtain the differential equations, and the numerical solution is obtained by combining the initial and boundary conditions [37].
According to the oil flow characteristics studied in this paper, the following assumptions are made for the mathematical model: (1) The oil density ρ is a constant value.
(2) Mass forces in the oil flow are disregarded, that is, f r = 0, f θ = 0, f φ = 0; (3) The oil flow is constant, and the oil flow in the gap of the sealing edge does not change with time, that is, (4) Regardless of oil circumferential rotation speed, v φ = 0 and ∂v r ∂φ = ∂v θ ∂φ = ∂v φ ∂φ = 0; (5) Regardless of the radial diffusion of oil flow, v r = 0, and ∂v r ∂r

=
∂v φ ∂r = 0 From the above assumptions, the continuity equation can be simplified as: Navier-Stokes Equations ( 3)-( 5) can be simplified into Equation ( 7) can be further simplified into Substituting Equation (11) into Equations ( 8)- (10), According to the simplified equations above, we can know that: (1) The regularities of radial pressure distribution.
According to Equation ( 12), the pressure distribution along the radial direction is closely related to the directional velocity.In hydrostatic support in general, the flow rate cannot be too large, so the value ρv 2 θ /2 is about 10 4 .However, the oil seal angle by the bearing size limit cannot be too large.The value ∂p ∂θ is larger, generally greater than 10 6 Pa/rad, so ∂p ∂θ >> ∂p ∂r and, in the calculation, the pressure gradient along the direction can be ignored, that is, the oil pressure along the oil seal edge does not change along the radial direction.
(2) Distribution of axial pressure According to the above analyses, ∂p ∂θ >> ρv 2 θ tan θ , and Formula (13) can be simplified to: (3) The distribution of circumferential pressure According to Equation ( 14), the pressure gradient along the direction of φ is 0. This means that oil seal edge crack pressure does not change along the circumference.
Substituting the boundary conditions 16), we obtain: Plugging Formula (17) into formula ( 16), we can obtain: Equation (18) shows the relationship between the radius r and the axial flow velocity v θ at an axial pressure gradient ∂p/∂θ in the sealing edge gap.
After calculating axial velocity v θ , we can calculate the oil-sealing side spillage Q.With the axial angle θ, the oil-sealing side spillage Q θ can be expressed as It is known that the pressure at the inlet of the oil seal is the pressure of the highpressure p θ 1 oil chamber, and the pressure at the outlet of the oil seal is zero.After calculating the axial pressure gradient ∂p/∂θ at all angles θ, the pressure at any angle θ can be calculated by integration to obtain the oil pressure distribution of the sealing side.
The bearing capacity of the static spherical hydrostatic bearing consists of the hydraulic bearing capacity of the high-pressure oil chamber F 1 , the hydraulic bearing capacity of the seal oil F 2, and the fluid friction force of the hydraulic oil F 3 .Hydraulic bearing capacity F 1 and F 2 can respectively be expressed as: where S 1 and S 2 are respectively high-pressure oil chamber projected areas and sealing edge projection areas.Internal friction exists in the process of hydraulic oil flow; the resistance can be calculated by Newton's internal friction law: On the bearing, the viscous resistance caused by the axial flow of hydraulic oil played an important role.The axial flow friction load F 3 of hydraulic oil can be expressed as: Therefore, the bearing capacity F of the static pressure spherical bearing can be expressed as

The Calculation for a Mathematical Model of Hydrostatic Spherical Bearing
Using a numerical method to solve the oil seal model of a spherical bearing, the physical model needs to be divided into finite units.The circumferential angle 0~2π of the oil seal is divided into m units.The circumferential step is dφ = 2π/m, node numbers are 1~m.The axial angle θ 1 ∼ θ 1 + θ 2 is split into n units, the axial step is dθ = θ 2 /n, node number is 1 ∼ n + 1. Seal gap thickness h of oil seal is in k discrete units.The thickness Equation (18) shows the distribution of the axial flow velocity v θ at one axial pressure gradient dp/dθ in the gap of the oil seal.Equation (19) indicates the oil spill rate Q θ .Equations ( 18) and ( 19) contain unknown axial pressure gradients dp/dθ, so the key to solving the differential equations of fluid flow is to solve the axial pressure gradient.According to the characteristics of the model, the axial pressure gradient has two constraints.
(1) The flow constraints Hydraulic oil is regarded as an incompressible fluid, so at different θ, the oil flow rates Q θ calculated by the integration must be equal.
(2) Boundary constraints for pressure distribution The axial pressure distribution can be determined by integrating the pressure gradient.This presents a boundary value problem, as the pressure at the oil seal inlet must equal the pressure of the high-pressure oil chamber, while the pressure must be zero in the external environment.Consequently, the resulting pressure distribution must satisfy both boundary conditions.
First, spherical size parameters and hydraulic oil parameters were input to determine the high-pressure oil chamber pressure p θ 1 .After the discrete oil seal model was established, the axial pressure gradient (dp/dθ)| θ 1 at the inlet side of the oil seal was estimated, the axial velocity θ 1 was calculated, and the inlet flow rate Q θ 1 was calculated with the entrance flow.The inlet flow Q θ 1 as the spherical bearing oil flow is used to calculate the pressure gradient dp dθ θ 2 , dp dθ θ 3 , . .., dp dθ θ n+1 at other angles.The high-pressure oil chamber pressure p θ 1 can be considered equal to the inlet pressure p 1 .The dp dθ integral is calculated to calculate the pressure p n+1 at the oil outlet.According to the pressure distribution boundary value constraint, the outlet pressure p n+1 should be equal to zero.If p n+1 is not equal to zero, it is necessary to correct the value of the axial pressure gradient dp dθ θ 1 at the inlet of the oil seal and recalculate the pressure distribution as the initial condition.The above procedure is repeated until the outlet pressure equals zero or less than the allowable error and the output axial pressure distribution after the calculation is expected to be completed.Through the above calculation, according to Equation ( 24), we can calculate the corresponding spherical bearing capacity.
Based on the analysis presented above, the numerical solution flowchart of the differential fluid flow equation of the oil-sealing edge is shown in Figure 5.
The above procedure is repeated until the outlet pressure equals zero or less than the allowable error and the output axial pressure distribution after the calculation is expected to be completed.Through the above calculation, according to Equation ( 24), we can calculate the corresponding spherical bearing capacity.
Based on the analysis presented above, the numerical solution flowchart of the differential fluid flow equation of the oil-sealing edge is shown in Figure 5.

Results and Discussion
The carrying capacity of the spherical hydrostatic bearing, specifically the one used in the self-aligning ball bearing of a hydrofoil, is evaluated as an example model [32].The calculation method described earlier is applied to determine the carrying capacity, and the results are compared with empirical values.The basic design parameters for the static pressure spherical bearing are listed in Table 1.Under typical operating conditions, the average oil film thickness (h) of the spherical hydrostatic bearing is 0.2 mm, with a vertical eccentricity (e) of approximately 0.25 mm.These specific parameters were utilized as inputs in the fluid flow differential equationsolving program.The program divided the system into 360 circumferential meshes, 64 axial meshes, and 20 radial meshes.The outlet pressure error was set at 1 Pa to solve the differential equation.The resulting convergence curve of the outlet pressure is illustrated in Figure 6.
The carrying capacity of the spherical hydrostatic bearing, specifically the one used in the self-aligning ball bearing of a hydrofoil, is evaluated as an example model [32].The calculation method described earlier is applied to determine the carrying capacity, and the results are compared with empirical values.The basic design parameters for the static pressure spherical bearing are listed in Table 1.The total bearing capacity of the hydrostatic bearing is calculated in this paper as F = 509 kN.According to the literature [32], the hydrostatic spherical bearing capacity is F = 500 kN.A comparison of the results obtained from these two calculation methods reveals that the bearing capacity calculated by both methods is identical, with a relative error of 1.80%.This demonstrates the effectiveness and rationality of the calculation method and the resulting conclusions.The total bearing capacity of the hydrostatic bearing is calculated in this paper as F = 509 kN.According to the literature [32], the hydrostatic spherical bearing capacity is F = 500 kN.A comparison of the results obtained from these two calculation methods reveals that the bearing capacity calculated by both methods is identical, with a relative error of 1.80%.This demonstrates the effectiveness and rationality of the calculation method and the resulting conclusions.

Calculation of Elastic Deformation of Bearing Surface
Under light load conditions, the elastic deformation of bearing surfaces is negligible [38].However, under heavy load conditions, the pressure at the inlet of the highpressure oil chamber and the oil seal inlet increases, leading to a significant influence of the elastic deformation on the width of the gap.In such cases, the rigidity assumption cannot ignore the width of the gap.Therefore, it is necessary to consider the impact of surface elastic deformation on the bearing's carrying capacity [39].
The fluid pressure for sealing the oil edge gap is caused by the elastic deformation of the bearing surface.Consequently, the sealing of the gap edge changes, affecting the fluid flow and pressure distribution within the oil seal gap.This presents a coupling problem of fluid-solid interaction for sealing the oil gap [40,41].Due to the complexity of elastic deformation calculations, a simplified model is required to obtain the equation for elastic deformation calculation.
In the cylindrical coordinate system, there exists a half-space body with its origin subjected to a normal concentrated force F. The point P on the boundary surface is at a distance ρ from the origin, and the deformation occurs in the direction of the body at point P.This is illustrated in Figure 7.
deformation on the width of the gap.In such cases, the rigidity assumption cannot ignore the width of the gap.Therefore, it is necessary to consider the impact of surface elastic deformation on the bearing's carrying capacity [39].
The fluid pressure for sealing the oil edge gap is caused by the elastic deformation of the bearing surface.Consequently, the sealing of the gap edge changes, affecting the fluid flow and pressure distribution within the oil seal gap.This presents a coupling problem of fluid-solid interaction for sealing the oil gap [40,41].Due to the complexity of elastic deformation calculations, a simplified model is required to obtain the equation for elastic deformation calculation.
In the cylindrical coordinate system, there exists a half-space body with its origin subjected to a normal concentrated force F. The point P on the boundary surface is at a distance ρ from the origin, and the deformation occurs in the direction of the body at point P.This is illustrated in Figure 7.The deformation at any point, except for a hemisphere with a small radius, can be expressed using the elastic mechanics formula.
where:  -Poisson's ratio; E -elastic modulus, Pa; F-load, N;  -the distance between point P and boundary surface, m.
When the half-space body is subjected to the normal distribution force on the boundary surface, every microarea dS , force dF , and the normal displacement of each point on the interface can be obtained by the superposition method.
The deformation of the force  , at point ,  to point ,  is: where: dS -area of microelement, m 2 ;  -the distance between two points, m.The total elastic deformation at point (k, l) is determined by the linear superposition of all point forces acting on points (k, l).The elastic deformation matrix for all points is computed to obtain a four-dimensional matrix with dimensions (m + 1) × (n + 1) × (m + 1) × (n + 1).The resulting matrix records the total elastic deformation coefficients.Upon calculating the pressure distribution of the sealed oil, the elastic deformation coefficient matrix for each point is multiplied by the coordinates of point (k, l) to obtain the total elastic deformation at that point under the applied pressure.The deformation at any point, except for a hemisphere with a small radius, can be expressed using the elastic mechanics formula.
where: ν-Poisson's ratio; E-elastic modulus, Pa; F-load, N; ρ-the distance between point P and boundary surface, m.When the half-space body is subjected to the normal distribution force on the boundary surface, every microarea dS, force dF, and the normal displacement of each point on the interface can be obtained by the superposition method.
The deformation of the force dF i,j at point (i, j) to point (k, l) is: where: dS-area of microelement, m 2 ; ρ-the distance between two points, m.The total elastic deformation at point (k, l) is determined by the linear superposition of all point forces acting on points (k, l).The elastic deformation matrix for all points is computed to obtain a four-dimensional matrix with dimensions (m + 1) × (n + 1) × (m + 1) × (n + 1).The resulting matrix records the total elastic deformation coefficients.Upon calculating the pressure distribution of the sealed oil, the elastic deformation coefficient matrix for each point is multiplied by the coordinates of point (k, l) to obtain the total elastic deformation at that point under the applied pressure.

Coupling Method for Fluid Flow and Surface Elastic Deformation of Oil Seal
Understanding the flow state of the hydraulic oil film at the oil seal is crucial for studying the carrying capacity of a hydrostatic spherical bearing.Since the length of the oil-sealing gap is smaller than the spherical radius, the curvature has minimal impact on the normal elastic deformation.Hence, when calculating the surface's elastic deformation, the curved surface can be approximated as a plane.
The p area element can be expressed as of e = 0.2 mm. Figure 8 illustrates the convergence curve of the deformation error during the solving process.To examine the impact of surface elastic deformation on bearing performance, the pressure in the high-pressure oil chamber was set at p = 60 MPa, with a vertical eccentricity of e = 0.2 mm. Figure 8 illustrates the convergence curve of the deformation error during the solving process.The limit values of elastic deformation of bearing parts are calculated and shown in Table 3.

Components
The Maximum Amount of Elastic Deformation max u The .The effect of the surface elastic deformation of the spherical bearing on the gap width of the oil seal is shown in Figure 9.The limit values of elastic deformation of bearing parts are calculated and shown in Table 3.Therefore, the maximum width of the oil seal edge increases, u max = u 1,max + u 2,max = 1.99 × 10 −2 mm.The minimum increase in the width of the gap at the oil seal is u min = u 1,min + u 2,min = 1.49× 10 −3 mm.
The effect of the surface elastic deformation of the spherical bearing on the gap width of the oil seal is shown in Figure 9.The findings indicate a non-linear decrease in the amount of elastic deformation along the oil seal surface in the direction of hydraulic oil flow [39].This can be attributed to the higher hydraulic pressure at the inlet of the oil seal, resulting in a greater amount of elastic deformation.Conversely, the hydraulic pressure at the oil seal exit approaches zero, leading to minimal elastic deformation on the bearing surface.
In this study, the load-carrying capacity of the bearing with surface elastic deformation is defined as the percentage increase in the load-bearing characteristic, excluding the effects of surface elastic deformation.A dimensionless quantity is employed to measure the change in bearing carrying capacity after surface elastic deformation.Positive values indicate a relative increase in the capacity, while negative values indicate a relative decrease.The results are presented in Table 4.The findings indicate a non-linear decrease in the amount of elastic deformation along the oil seal surface in the direction of hydraulic oil flow [39].This can be attributed to the higher hydraulic pressure at the inlet of the oil seal, resulting in a greater amount of elastic deformation.Conversely, the hydraulic pressure at the oil seal exit approaches zero, leading to minimal elastic deformation on the bearing surface.
In this study, the load-carrying capacity of the bearing with surface elastic deformation is defined as the percentage increase in the load-bearing characteristic, excluding the effects of surface elastic deformation.A dimensionless quantity is employed to measure the change in bearing carrying capacity after surface elastic deformation.Positive values indicate a relative increase in the capacity, while negative values indicate a relative decrease.The results are presented in Table 4.  4 reveals that considering the elastic deformation of the bearing surface leads to an increase in the bearing capacity of the bearing sealer.However, the bearing capacity of the high-pressure oil chamber remains unchanged, resulting in only a slight overall increase in bearing capacity.Considering the elastic deformation of the bearing surface, the width of the oil seal edge expands, resulting in a noticeable increase in oil flux through the oil seal side and an elevated average flow velocity at the outlet.The increased width of the oil seal edge reduces the rotational friction torque by decreasing the rotation of the bearing body caused by the circumferential velocity gradient of hydraulic oil.
The control program incorporates the pressure of the high-pressure oil chamber and the vertical eccentricity as input variables to calculate the bearing characteristic parameters for various parameter combinations.The calculations include determining the increase in bearing capacity and the increase in oil spill flow.This study considers a vertical eccentricity range of 0.1 < e < 0.3 mm, 0.01 mm between two adjacent data, that is, e = 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, . .., 0.29, 0.30 mm.There is a high-pressure oil chamber pressure range of 1 < p < 60 MPa, 2.5 MPa between two adjacent data, except for the first and second data points, that is, p = 1.0, 2.5, 5.0,. .., 57.5, 60.0 MPa.The resulting increase in bearing capacity is depicted in Figure 10, while the increase in oil spill flow is illustrated in Figure 11.The analysis of Figures 10 and 11 reveals that the increase in bearing capacity is below 2.5%.The bearing capacity rises with increasing pressure, while it decreases with increasing vertical eccentricity.Notably, when the vertical eccentricity is small and the pressure is large, the bearing capacity experiences a rapid increase.The increase in oil spillage is approximately 50%, and it closely follows the patterns of vertical displacement and pressure.However, in cases where the vertical eccentricity is small and the pressure is large, the increase is more pronounced.This can be attributed to the smaller width of the oil gap at the sealing edge when the vertical eccentric distance is small.Additionally, the relationship between surface elastic deformation and pressure causes a greater pressure-induced deformation, resulting in a significant increase in the gap width at the oil seal edge and, consequently, a rapid growth in oil spill flow.The analysis of Figures 10 and 11 reveals that the increase in bearing capacity is below 2.5%.The bearing capacity rises with increasing pressure, while it decreases with increasing vertical eccentricity.Notably, when the vertical eccentricity is small and the pressure is large, the bearing capacity experiences a rapid increase.The increase in oil spillage is approximately 50%, and it closely follows the patterns of vertical displacement and pressure.However, in cases where the vertical eccentricity is small and the pressure is large, the increase is more pronounced.This can be attributed to the smaller width of the oil gap at the sealing edge when the vertical eccentric distance is small.Additionally, the relationship between surface elastic deformation and pressure causes a greater pressureinduced deformation, resulting in a significant increase in the gap width at the oil seal edge and, consequently, a rapid growth in oil spill flow.

Conclusions
This study simplifies the physical model of the spherical hydrostatic bearing and deduces the differential equation for its bearing capacity using the Navier-Stokes equation.Numerical calculations are performed using an example, resulting in a relative error of 1.80% between the calculated value and the empirical value.
The findings highlight the significant impact of surface elastic deformation on the bearing parameters of the hydrostatic spherical bearing, particularly when there is a smaller vertical offset (resulting in a narrower edge seal gap) and a higher pressure in the highpressure oil cavities.The influence of surface elastic deformation on liquid hydrostatic spherical bearings is mainly reflected in the influence on the oil spill flow.When the vertical eccentricity of the bearing body is small and the pressure of the high-pressure oil chamber is large, the calculated oil relief flow rate increases relatively rapidly.Considering the amount of surface elastic deformation, the bearing capacity of the hydrostatic spherical bearings experiences a slight increase, while the oil spill flow exhibits a rapid increase.Therefore, when calculating the bearing characteristic parameters of the hydrostatic bearing, it is essential to account for the influence of surface elastic deformation on the spherical hydrostatic bearing.

WFigure 1 .
Figure 1.The structure of hydrostatic spherical bearing.1-the body of the spherical bearing; 2the gap of the oil spill; 3-spherical bearing housing; 4-high-pressure oil cavity; 5-oil supply hole.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The structure of hydrostatic spherical bearing.1-the body of the spherical bearing; 2-the gap of the oil spill; 3-spherical bearing housing; 4-high-pressure oil cavity; 5-oil supply hole. 2θ1

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The simplified model of spherical bearing oil-sealing edge.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The simplified model of spherical bearing oil-sealing edge. 2θ1

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The simplified model of spherical bearing oil-sealing edge.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Discrete model of spherical bearing and parameter definition.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Discrete model of spherical bearing and parameter definition.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Numerical solution flowchart of differential fluid flow equation of oil-sealing edge.
conditions, the average oil film thickness (h) of the spherical hydrostatic bearing is 0.2 mm, with a vertical eccentricity (e) of approximately 0.25 mm.These specific parameters were utilized as inputs in the fluid flow differential equationsolving program.The program divided the system into 360 circumferential meshes, 64 axial meshes, and 20 radial meshes.The outlet pressure error was set at 1 Pa to solve the differential equation.The resulting convergence curve of the outlet pressure is illustrated in Figure6.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Shape schematic diagram of half-space body.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Shape schematic diagram of half-space body.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Convergence curve errors of the surface of the elastic deformation.

4 .
Therefore, the maximum width of the oil seal edge increases, The minimum increase in the width of the gap at the oil seal is

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Convergence curve errors of the surface of the elastic deformation.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.The curve of sealing edge crack width.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.The curve of sealing edge crack width.

Lubricants 2024 ,
12,  x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 17 that is, p = 1.0, 2.5, 5.0,…, 57.5, 60.0 MPa.The resulting increase in bearing capacity is depicted in Figure10, while the increase in oil spill flow is illustrated in Figure11.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Percentage increase in carrying capacity under different vertical eccentricities and chamber pressures.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Percentage increase in carrying capacity under different vertical eccentricities and chamber pressures.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Percentage increase in carrying capacity under different vertical eccentricities and chamber pressures.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Percentage increase in oil spill flow at different vertical eccentricities and chamber pressures.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Percentage increase in oil spill flow at different vertical eccentricities and chamber pressures.

Table 1 .
Basic design parameters of spherical hydrostatic bearings.

Table 1 .
Basic design parameters of spherical hydrostatic bearings.

Table 3 .
The limit values of the surface of elastic deformation (mm).

Table 3 .
The limit values of the surface of elastic deformation (mm).

Table 4 .
The influence of surface of elastic deformation on loading characteristics.

Table 4 .
The influence of surface of elastic deformation on loading characteristics.