Deep MOS Spectroscopy of NGC 1316 Globular Clusters

The giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1316 is the brightest galaxy in the Fornax cluster, and displays a number of morphological features that might be interpreted as an intermediate age merger remanent ($\sim$3 Gyr). Based on the idea that globular clusters systems (GCS) constitute genuine tracers of the formation and evolution of their host galaxies, we conducted a spectroscopic study of approximately 40 globular clusters (GCs) candidates associated with this interesting galaxy. We determined ages, metallicities, and $\alpha$-element abundances for each GC present in the sample, through the measurement of different Lick indices and their subsequent comparison with simple stellar populations models (SSPs).


Introduction
The giant elliptical galaxy and strong radio source NGC 1316 displays a number of morphological features that might be interpreted as a merger remnant of approximately 3 Gyr ( [1]). Among them, we can emphasise shells, ripples, and an unusual pattern of dust, formed by large filaments and dark structures. This galaxy is located at a distance of 20.8 Mpc ( [2]), and belongs to Fornax, one of the closest and most studied galaxy clusters of the southern hemisphere.
In a previous photometric work, we detected the presence of different globular clusters (GCs) sub-populations likely associated with different merger events ( [3]). In this context, we conducted a spectroscopic study of 40 globular clusters candidates belonging to NGC 1316 using the multi-object mode of the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS), mounted on the Gemini South telescope ( Figure 1). As a result of good quality data and a detailed reduction, we have obtained spectra with excellent signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) (some of them with S/N >50). This allowed us to determine radial velocities, ages, metallicities, and α-element abundances for each GC present in the sample (Sesto et al., in preparation).

Observations and Data Reduction
The data were obtained between August 2013 and January 2014 as part of the Gemini program GS-2013B-Q-24 (PI: Leandro Sesto). The MOS mask consisted of 40 slits of 1 arcsec width and 4-6 arcsec length. We used the B600-G5303 grating centered at 5000 and 5100 Å (to cover the CCD chip gaps), with 2 × 2 binning, and we considered exposure times of 16 × 1800 s, yielding 8 hours of on-source integration time. The obtained MOS spectra typically covers the range 3500-6500 Å, with a dispersion of 0.90 Å/pix and a spectral resolution of approximately 4.7 Å. The images were processed using the GEMINI-GMOS routines in IRAF. This process was carried out in different stages, which included corrections by bias and flat field, calibration in wavelength, and the extraction and subsequent combination of individual spectra. Finally, spectroscopic standard star observations were used to transform our instrumental spectra into flux-calibrated spectra.

Confirmation of GCs
The radial velocities (RVs) of the sample objects were determined through cross-correlation with different synthetic models of simple stellar populations (SSPs) using the method of [4], incorporated in the FXCOR task within IRAF. As template spectra we used stellar population synthesis models obtained from MILES libraries ( [5]). A total of 19 SSP models were considered, covering a wide range of ages (2.5, 5, and 12. Thirty-five genuine globular clusters were confirmed, which present radial velocities close to 1760 km/s, adopted as the systemic velocity of NGC 1316 ( [6]). Only five objects presented in the sample were field stars with heliocentric radial velocities lower than 60 km/s.

Lick/IDS Indices
In order to determine the age, metallicity, and α-element abundances of the GCs, the χ 2 minimization method of [7] and [8] was used. This technique simultaneously compares the different observed Lick/IDS indices with those obtained from simple stellar population models, selecting the combination that minimizes the residuals through a χ 2 fitting. In this particular case, we used the SSP models of [9,10], which have a spectral coverage between 4000 and 6500 Å, ages from 1 to 15 Gyr, and metallicities of [Z/H] = −2.25 to 0.67 dex. One of the most outstanding features of these models is the fact that they include the effects produced by the abundance relations of α-element. These models consider [α/Fe] = 0.0, 0.3, 0.5 dex.
To estimate the integrated properties of each GC, we used those spectral indexes that presented the smallest errors. These were selected from the group conformed by Hδ A , Hδ F , Hγ A , G4300, Fe4383, Hβ, Fe5015, Mgb, Fe5270, Fe5335 and Fe5406, since they provide acceptable results for the study of extragalactic GCs ( [11]). The ages of some GCs associated with NGC 1316 were previously established by [1]. These authors obtained spectra for three GCs with S/N good enough to determine ages and metallicities. Only one of them was present in our spectroscopic sample. A significant discrepancy was observed with respect to the age of this object, as these authors estimated in ∼3±0.5 Gyr, whereas in this work we measured an age of 7.1±0.4 Gyr. It is important to note that the spectrum used in this work presents a considerably higher S/N value, which allowed us to measure many more spectral indicators than those used by [1]. This result is particularly interesting, since it could be indicating that this GC was not formed in the last merger event experienced by NGC 1316. Figure 3 shows the color-magnitude diagram of the photometric and spectroscopic data, where colors indicate the different metallicities ([Z/H] measured in dex) of the 35 spectroscopically confirmed GCs. In the particular case of objects with S/N >25, the sample is dominated by objects with relatively high metallicities; i.e., −0.5 < [Z/H] < 0.5 dex. ). The grey dots correspond to the GCs candidates brighter than g 0 = 25 mag. The colors indicate the different metallicities of the 35 spectroscopically confirmed GCs. We distinguish between GCs with spectra with S/N <25 (stars) and S/N >25 (circles).

Conclusions
The spectroscopic results have confirmed the presence of multiple GC populations associated with NGC 1316, among which stands out the presence of a population of young GCs with an average age of 1.7 Gyr and metallicities between −0.5 < [Z/H] < 0.5 dex. These results will be analyzed in a future work with the aim of describing the different episodes of star formation, and thus at obtaining a more complete picture about the evolutionary history of the galaxy.
Author Contributions: All authors contributed equally to this work.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.