Lipidomic Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Macro- and Microalgae Blend

Macro- and microalgae are currently recognized sources of lipids with great nutritional quality and attractive bioactivities for human health promotion and disease prevention. Due to the lipidomic diversity observed among algae species, giving rise to different nutritional and functional characteristics, the mixture of macro- and microalgae has the potential to present important synergistic effects resulting from the complementarity among algae. The aim of this work was to characterize for the first time the lipidome of a blend of macro- and microalgae and evaluate the antioxidant capacity of its lipid fraction. Fatty acids were profiled by GC-MS, the polar lipidome was identified by high resolution LC-MS, and ABTS+• and DPPH• assays were used to assess the antioxidant potential. The most abundant fatty acids were oleic (18:1 n-9), α-linolenic (18:3 n-3), and linoleic (18:2 n-6) acids. The lipid extract presented a beneficial n-6/n-3 ratio (0.98) and low values of atherogenic (0.41) and thrombogenic indices (0.27). The polar lipidome revealed 462 lipid species distributed by glycolipids, phospholipids, and betaine lipids, including some species bearing PUFA and a few with reported bioactivities. The lipid extract also showed antioxidant activity. Overall, the results are promising for the valorization of this blend for food, nutraceutical, and biotechnological applications.


Introduction
A trend towards algae (macroalgae and microalgae) has been experienced in recent years by western countries, which is mirrored in the increase in the number of companies producing algae, particularly in Europe [1]. Algae are one of the most important marine and fresh water resources, with the potential to support carbon neutrality, the transition fostered by innovation towards healthy and sustainable food systems, and the green circular bioeconomy [2][3][4]. In this context, algae and algae-based products are progressively being used as food and food ingredients, and also the integral use and valorization of algae have been boosted, which presupposes the stepwise separation of relevant algae components for high-value applications, including functional food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics [5]. Among its different components, algae have earned rising interest as sources of lipids, not only for biodiesel production, but also as a sustainable alternative to fish lipids, with great nutritional quality and attractive bioactivities [6,7].
The lipid fraction of macroalgae, also known as seaweeds, accounts for 1 to 8% of dry matter [8][9][10], while in microalgae, the lipid content varies within 10 to 50% of dry matter, but it can reach higher values (≥70%), depending on the growth conditions [11]. Several works have already targeted the lipid signatures of diverse algae species, including the macroalgae Ulva rigida [9,12] and Fucus vesiculosus [13], and the microalgae Chlorella Life 2023, 13, 231 3 of 35 in a vortex for 2 min and ultrasonication in an ultrasound bath for 1 min. After ice incubation on a rocking platform shaker (Stuart equipment, Cole-Parmer Ltd, UK) for 2 h, the suspension was centrifuged (Selecta JP Mixtasel, Abrera, Barcelona, Spain) for 10 min at 2000 rpm, and the organic phase was collected. To promote phase separation and wash the lipid extract, 1.25 mL of dichloromethane and 2.25 mL of Milli-Q water were added to the collected organic phase, centrifuged for 10 min at 2000 rpm, and the lower organic phase was recovered. Re-extraction steps using the same solvent proportions were repeated two more times. The organic phases collected were dried under a stream of nitrogen. Extracts were weighed to determine lipid content and stored at −20 • C. The results were expressed in g 100 −1 of dry weight of sample (DW).

Fatty Acids Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Fatty acid profiling was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). For that, FAMEs were prepared from the BLEND total lipid extract by alkaline transmethylation reaction using a methanolic solution of potassium hydroxide (2.0 M), according to the procedure previously detailed by Rey et al. [7]. A volume of 2.0 µL of a hexane solution containing FAMEs (n = 5) was injected in a GC-MS (Agilent Technologies 6890 N Network, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a DB-FFAP column with the following specifications: 30 m long, 0.32 mm internal diameter, and 0.25 µm film thickness (J & W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA). The GC equipment was connected to an Agilent 5977B Mass Selective Detector operating with an electron impact mode at 70 eV and scanning range of 50-550 m/z in a one-second cycle in full scan mode acquisition. Helium was the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.4 mL min −1 . The injector and detector temperatures were 220 • C and 230 • C, respectively. The oven temperature was programmed as follows: 58 • C for 2 min, 25 • C min −1 to 160 • C, 2 • C min −1 to 210 • C, and 30 • C min −1 to 225 • C, and held for 20 min. Data acquisition was performed using GCMS5977B/Enhanced MassHunter. Data were analyzed using Agilent MassHunter Qualitative Analysis 10.0 software, and fatty acid identification was conducted by the retention time and MS spectrum comparison with the NIST chemical database library and confirmed with literature reports. The relative amount of each fatty acid was calculated by the percent relative area method, with proper normalization using internal standard methyl nonadecanoate (C19:0, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), considering the sum of all relative areas of identified fatty acids.
Nutritional quality of the lipid fraction was assessed based on the fatty acid profile, through the PUFA/SFA and PUFA n-6/n-3 ratios, and by the atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) indices, which were calculated according to the equations listed below.
The identification was performed based on the approach previously described [27]. Briefly, lipid species was assigned according to the retention time of internal standards and accurate mass measurements (error of <5 ppm), and the interpretation of well-known fragmentation patterns provided structural information and validated the identification of the most lipid species. To assist in the identification, MZmine v2.42 software was used to filter the raw LC-MS data, peak detection (intensity threshold of 1 × 10 4 ), peak processing, and assignment against an in-house database.

ABTS +• Scavenging Assay
The antioxidant scavenging activity against the 2,2 -azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6sulphonic acid radical cation (ABTS +• ) was evaluated as performed in other studies [8,17]. A volume of 150 µL of the lipid extract (31.25-250 µg mL −1 in ethanol, n = 3) or 150 µL of the Trolox standard solution (5-37.5 µmol L −1 in ethanol) were mixed with 150 µL of an ABTS +• working solution in ethanol (3.5 mmol L −1 ; absorbance ≈ 0.9, 734 nm). The mixture was incubated for 120 min, and the absorbance was measured at 734 nm every 5 min (Multiskan GO 1.00.38, Thermo Scientific, Hudson, NH, USA). Control lipid extracts were prepared by replacing the ABTS +• solution with ethanol. The antioxidant activity, expressed as a percentage of inhibition of the ABTS +• , was determined according to Equation (3), where Abs ABTS +• is the absorbance of the ABTS +• and Abs sample−control is the difference between the absorbance of the sample and the absorbance of the control.
The lipid extract concentration capable of scavenging 50% (IC 50 ) of ABTS +• after 120 min of reaction was calculated by linear regression plotting of the concentration of lipid extract versus the percentage of the inhibition curve. The activity was expressed as Trolox Equivalents (TE, µmol Trolox g −1 of sample), according to Equation (4).
Calibration curve for ABTS test is provided in Supplementary Figure S1.

DPPH • Scavenging Assay
The antioxidant scavenging activity against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH • ) was determined using a previously described method [8,17]. A volume of 150 µL of the lipid extracts (31.25-250 µg mL −1 in ethanol, n = 3) or 150 µL of the Trolox standard solution (5-37.5 µmol L −1 in ethanol) were mixed with 150 µL of a DPPH • working solution in ethanol (250 µmol L −1 ; absorbance ≈ 0.9, 517 nm). After incubating the mixture for 120 min, the absorbance was measured at 517 nm every 5 min (Multiskan GO 1.00.38, Thermo Scientific, Hudson, NH, USA). Control lipid extracts were prepared by replacing the DPPH • solution with ethanol. The antioxidant activity, expressed as a percentage of inhibition of the DPPH • , was determined according to Equation (5), where Abs DPPH • is the absorbance of the ABTS +• and Abs sample−control is the difference between the absorbance of the sample and the absorbance of the control.
The lipid extract concentration capable of scavenging 35% (IC 35 ) and 20% (IC 20 ) of DPPH • after 120 min of reaction was calculated by linear regression plotting of the concentration of lipid extract versus the percentage of the inhibition curve. The activity was expressed as Trolox Equivalents (TE, µmol Trolox g −1 of sample), according to Equation (6) for IC 35 and Equation (7) for IC 20 Calibration curve for DPPH test is provided in Supplementary Figure S2.
The determined fatty acid profile of the BLEND has a particular composition when compared to those reported in the literature for the individual algae species that compose the mixture, i.e., Chlorella vulgaris, Fucus vesiculosus, and Ulva rigida. The FA 18:1 n-9 (oleic acid, OA) was described as the main fatty acid in F. vesiculosus (20-28%) [13,17,28], while in U. rigida, it can be presented only in relevant amounts (≈9%) [9,28]. The FA 16:0 was the most abundant SFA in all species [7,9,13,17,29,30], but some studies reported that it was the major fatty acid in U. rigida, reaching 42% [28,29,31]. Lastly, the essential fatty acids FA 18:3 n-3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) and FA 18:2 n-6 (linoleic acid, LA) were identified at high levels in C. vulgaris (ALA: 24-26% and LA: 15-18%) [7,30], in contrast to the minor abundances reported for the seaweeds F. vesiculosus (ALA: 4-7% and LA: 7-9%) and U. rigida (ALA: 5-11% and LA: 1-2%). Thus, in the BLEND, we were able to obtain a fatty acid profile characterized by a high content of OA, complemented by the presence of both essential fatty acids ALA and LA in interesting contents, therefore, a specific composition that was not achieved in the isolated algae species. OA, which is the main fatty acid in olive oil (>70% of the total fatty acids), has exhibited different health-promoting properties for the management and prevention of NCDs [32]. LA and ALA are essential fatty acids that need to be obtained through diet, as the human body is unable to synthesize them [33]. From LA and ALA, humans can synthesize, respectively, n-6 long chain PUFA, as 20:4 n-6 (arachidonic acid, AA), and n-3 long chain PUFA, as 20:5 n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and 22:6 n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) [33]. These fatty acids are valuable structural components of lipids in membranes and can have a substantial biological role because they are precursors of lipid mediators. Generally, AA is metabolized to lipid pro-inflammatory mediators, and EPA and DHA are precursors of anti-inflammatory signaling lipids, making these PUFA that play a crucial role in an extensive spectrum of biological processes, including inflammation and blood clotting [34].
To give new insight into the beneficial impact on health and assess the nutritional lipid quality of the BLEND, the PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios, as well as the atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) indices, were calculated ( Table 2). The PUFA/SFA ratio was 1.63 ± 0.05 and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was 0.98 ± 0.02, while the AI and TI were 0.41 ± 0.01 and 0.27 ± 0.01, respectively. The ratio PUFA/SFA is the elementary index to estimate the impact of diet on cardiovascular health, and the higher this ratio, the more beneficial the effect [35]. The n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio is suggested as a relevant factor for brain development and decreasing the risk of developing non-communicable diseases, including autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases [33]. The recommendations for healthy diets prioritize the ingestion of foods with n-6/n-3 PUFA ≤ 1; however, this recommended value is still controversial, and the absolute amounts of the fatty acids must be taken into account, too [33]. In addition, the indices AI and TI are the most commonly used theoretical calculations to measure the probability of reducing the risk of atherogenic plaques and blood clot formation, respectively [35]. The lower the AI and TI of a product, the higher the nutritional quality and the greater the potential to contribute to mitigating the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. Our results are within the range described in the literature for the individual algae species (Table 2), other algae, fish, and shellfish [35]. Remarkably, some of the calculated values showed better results than those reported for seaweed blends [25]. Overall, the profitable values found support the nutritional potential of the BLEND total lipid extract, which could be useful to improve human diet quality and sustainability, and also to help prevent inflammatory, cardiovascular, and brain disorders.

Polar Lipidome of the Algae Blend
The polar lipidome of the BLEND total lipid extract was profiled by HILIC-ESI-HR-MS and MS/MS spectra analysis. Lipid species were identified based on the retention time information and accurate mass identification of ions detected in LC-MS data, and the comprehensive interpretation of MS/MS spectra allowed confirmation of the structural features of the polar head and fatty acid composition of lipid species, as described in detail by Rey et al. [27]. A total of 462 polar lipid species, distributed among glycolipids (GL, 118 species), phospholipids (PL, 206 species), and betaine lipids (BL, 138 species), were identified in the BLEND total lipid extract ( Table 3) Previous studies have addressed the polar lipidome of the individual algae species present in the BLEND (e.g., Refs. [13,15,29]). Actually, the BLEND lipid extract showed a greater diversity of lipid species in comparison with C. vulgaris, F. vesiculosus, and U. rigida (Table 3). To describe the relationship between the polar lipid profile of the BLEND and the three algae, the polar lipid species identified in the BLEND and reported until now for C. vulgaris, F. vesiculosus, and U. rigida were plotted on a Venn diagram ( Figure 1). From the total of 462 lipid species identified in the BLEND lipid extract, only 112 were common to the three algae, while 93, 62, and 48 lipids were derived exclusively from C. vulgaris, F. vesiculosus, and U. rigida, respectively. The GL identified included four classes of galactolipids-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol (MGMG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), and digalactosylmonoacylglycerol (DGMG)-identified as [M+NH 4 ] + ions (Table 4,  Supplementary Table S1 (Table 3  8            Seven classes of PL were detected in the BLEND lipid extract: phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) (Figure 3, Table 5, Supplementary Table S2)                           The GL species identified in the BLEND lipid extract were already described in C. vulgaris, F. vesiculosus, and/or U. rigida [13,29,30], with a few exceptions ( Table 4). The PL fraction showed a vast diversity of phosphoglycerol-containing lipid species, mainly in comparison with the individual algae species (Table 3), with a strong contribution of lipid species from C. vulgaris (Table 5). However, we found a considerable number of PL species that were not described in lipidomic studies targeting C. vulgaris, F. vesiculosus, and U. rigida [9,13,15,16,29,30]. Finally, the arrangement of the three algae gave rise to a more complex BL profile, where DGTS and DGTA are present, as well as their lyso forms (Table 3). DGTS and MGTS are characteristically present in green seaweeds, such as U. rigida [16], and in microalgae only is the occurrence of DGTS more prominent [37]. The majority of the DGTS and MGTS species have been identified in at least one of the isolated algae species constituting the BLEND [9,[12][13][14]16,29], mainly U. rigida ( Table 6). The presence of DGTA and MGTA in the BLEND lipid extract is clearly derived from F. vesiculosus (Table 6), as these lipids are found most exclusively in Ochrophyta phylum [13,16]. Contrary to what was observed for the PL profile, the BL fraction benefits from the contribution of macroalgae rather than microalgae. Interestingly, BL are non-phosphorous zwitterionic polar glycerolipids analogous of PC and, together with PL, are considered the major polar lipids of cell membranes contributing to the maintenance of membrane architecture and functions due to the positively charged polar heads [38]. Thus, to conserve the charge and properties of membranes, in algae with lower levels of PL, BL are present in a higher amount (as noticed for F. vesiculosus and U. rigida), and vice-versa (as observed for C. vulgaris) [16,37]. Regarding the most abundant lipid species of each lipid class distinguished in the BLEND lipid extract, Table 3 shows that there is a correlation with what was reported for C. vulgaris, F. vesiculosus, and U. rigida.
In fact, some GL, PL, and BL species undetected in the individual algae were present in the BLEND. These lipid species were detected in very low abundances, which could be below the threshold used for lipid analysis in previous studies that identified the individual algae lipidomes. In addition, this could be related to changes in the lipid composition, namely, in terms of relative abundance, that may occur due to the adaptation of each algae to the growth conditions, as micro-and macroalgae samples analyzed in these other studies were not exactly the same ones used to formulate the blend sample under investigation here [13,30]. This incidence can be corroborated by other studies, as in the case of U. rigida, where minority species are not always likely to be identified [9,16,29]. Bear in mind that fluctuations in the lipidome can be observed in both wild and cultivated algae, in the latter to a lesser extent [16,29]. Another influencing factor was the approach to the analysis of the LC-MS data, because in the first studies that focused on the algae lipidome, which were carried out in our laboratory, lipid species with odd carbon numbers were not considered, such as MGDG 35:6, PC 31:4, and SQDG 31:1 [29,39]. Additionally, in the BLEND lipid extract, it was not possible to detect lipid species belonging to the PL classes phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylserine (PS), and lysophosphatidylnositol (LPI). These classes have been identified before in F. vesiculosus (Table 3), but as lower abundant classes. The non-identification of these classes in the BLEND lipid extract could be due to a dilution effect or a suppression effect [27], which could mean that F. vesiculosus represents a minor percentage in the mixture.
It Is also important to point out that some polar lipid species found in C. vulgaris, F. vesiculosus, and/or U. rigida were not identified in the BLEND lipid extract. These lipid species were detected in very low abundance in the individual algae species [16]; therefore, in our study, signal suppression may have occurred, and the detection limit may not have been reached [27].
To sum up, the combination of C. vulgaris, F. vesiculosus, and U. rigida provides a single polar lipid profile, with a greater diversity of lipid species. The present identification of the polar lipids contained in the BLEND lipid extract is crucial to suit specific applications, as the numerous combinations of different acyl chains with the polar head give rise to GL, PL, and BL species with distinct properties and functions [26,37].
Marine GL have been exploited and characterized for being natural compounds with an extensive variety of molecular structures and biological activities, such as antiinflammatory, antiproliferative, and antimicrobial [6]. The potential of the BLEND total lipid extract for biotechnological purposes is enhanced by the occurrence of several GL molecular species previously associated with bioactivity and potential health benefits of lipids. For instance, in the case of galactolipids, MGDG 34:4 (18:4_16:0) [ [44], in MGDG 38:9 (18:4_20:5) from Fucus evanescens [45], and in MGDG 36:4 (20:4_16:0) from Hydrolithon reinboldii [46]. MGDG species with LA at the sn-2 position, as MGDG 32:2 (14:0/18:2) and MGDG 34:2 (16:0/18:2), have been suggested to play an important role in the inhibition of triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes [47]. Of particular note are the most abundant species of each sulfolipids class SQDG 34:1 (16:0_18:1) and SQMG 16:0, which have shown great antitumor activity against human carcinomas and antibacterial effect against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli [48]. In addition, a study on Chlorococcum sp. suggested that SQDG bearing the bioactive fatty acid ALA or OA at the sn-2 position of their structure, as SQDG 34:1 (16:0/18:1) and SQDG 32:1 (14:0/18:1), are associated with strong anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties [20]. Meanwhile, SQDG 32:0 (16:0/16:0) isolated from a brown seaweed demonstrated potential as an antiviral agent against human herpesviruses [49]. The GL fraction of the BLEND appears to be a strong contender for a healthy diet, namely, as a more efficient bioavailable carrier of beneficial fatty acids, contributing to functional foods and ingredients, and a promising source of therapeutic agents intended for nutraceutical applications [6,19]. Alternatively, these biobased and biodegradable food-grade compounds may be of interest as biosurfactants to prepare emulsions in food products or to develop drug delivery systems [50].
PL include a variety of versatile lipid species that are required in a wide range of biological processes. Studies on bioactivities of PL from algae are quite scarce [6]. Among the lipid species identified in the BLEND total lipid extract, LPC 16:0 and PG 34:2 (16:0_18:2) have already shown potential anti-inflammatory action [43,51]. Moreover, a body of evidence suggests that dietary marine PL have numerous health benefits, with a positive impact in several diseases-for example, age-related, cardiovascular, cognitive, and neurological disorders-especially PL esterified to n-3 PUFA [26,52]. The PL fraction of the BLEND is enriched in lipid species esterified to healthy fatty acids, such as 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3, and because marine PL products showed remarkably high stability against oxidation and better bioavailability [52,53], the application of this lipid fraction as ingredients for functional food, namely, food fortification, is promising [53]. Effectively, PL have been regularly and extensively used in a large set of industries. In short, the PL of the BLEND could be explored in the food (emulsifiers and fat-replacements), pharmaceutical (drug delivery systems), and cosmetic (emulsifiers and rehydrating agents for skincare) industries [26], as well as in neutron scattering research (mimics cell membranes) [54].
Although little is known about the BL bioactive potential, the molecular species MGTS 20:5 and DGTS 40:10 (20:5/20:5), detected in the BLEND lipid extract, were respectively described with antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory activity [55,56]. More studies are needed to understand the bioactive potential of these abundant algae lipids.

Antioxidant Activity of the Algae Blend Total Lipid Extract
The antioxidant activity of the BLEND total lipid extract was evaluated using the ABTS •+ and DPPH • scavenging assays ( Table 7). The percentage of radical inhibition in the presence of the lipid extract was calculated after 120 min. An inhibition of 87.64 ± 2.29% of ABTS •+ and 37.98 ± 0.65% of DPPH • was reached with the maximum tested concentration (250 µg mL −1 ). The concentration that provided 50% of ABTS •+ inhibition (IC 50 ) was 140.01 ± 4.40 µg mL −1 with a TE of 126.56 ± 3.91 µmol Trolox g −1 , while for DPPH • assay, 35% of inhibition (IC 35 ) was attained at a concentration of 230.62 ± 3.30 µg mL −1 , representing a TE of 74.09 ± 1.07 µmol Trolox g −1 . Table 7. Lipid extract concentration (µg mL −1 ) of the algae blend (BLEND) that provided 50% (IC 50 ) inhibition of the ABTS •+ , and 35% (IC 35 ) and 20% (IC 20 ) inhibition of the DPPH • , in comparison with the values reported in the literature for the individual algae species-Chlorella vulgaris, Fucus vesiculosus, and Ulva rigida. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3). Natural compounds with antioxidant activity are currently of interest mainly in the food and pharmaceutical industries [22]. Algae total lipid extracts contain lipids that have already been described as powerful antioxidants, such as GL, PL, pigments, and PUFA [15,57,58]. Therefore, recent studies have been focused on the antioxidant potential of total lipid extracts from different algae species [7,8,17,59,60]. The ABTS •+ and DPPH • scavenging assays are chemical methods widely used to measure the antioxidant capacity of natural extracts, including algae and derived compounds, due to their low cost, operational simplicity, and radical stability, in spite of their biological irrelevance [60][61][62]. In our work, the BLEND lipid extract showed higher ability to scavenge the ABTS •+ than the DPPH • , as reported for natural extracts from fruits, vegetables, and algae [17,61], including C. vulgaris, F. vesiculosus, and U. rigida (Table 6). Effectively, our results are in agreement with those obtained for the individual algae species and with previous studies on other algae [7,59,60]. Overall, the BLEND total lipid extract showed antioxidant activity and can be used as a natural antioxidant, valued for promoting environmental and economic sustainability [2].

Conclusions
In this study, the fatty acid profile and the polar lipidome of an innovative blend of macro-and microalgae (BLEND) were determined for the first time. The essential fatty acids LA (18:2 n-6) and ALA (18:3 n-3) were among the most abundant fatty acids in the lipid pool, and the calculated lipid indicators included a well-balanced n-6/n-3 ratio and low AI and TI, which betoken a great nutritional value. Through a HILIC-ESI-MS/MS lipidomic approach, we identified 462 species of polar lipids, including glycolipids, phospholipids, and betaine lipids, some of which have already been recognized for their bioactive potential. The mixture of different macro-and microalgae species resulted in a blend characterized by a unique lipid profile, which could not be achieved by a single algae species. In addition, the BLEND total lipid extract displayed antioxidant activity. Ultimately, the mixture of different algae species can be an approach to achieve products that comprise more benefits privileging health, nutrition, and environmental sustainability. However, further studies are required. Nonetheless, this study acknowledges the BLEND as a promising sustainable source of natural bioactive lipid compounds with potential application, namely, in the food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries.
Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/life13010231/s1, Figure S1. Calibration curve for the ABTS •+ scavenging assay as generated by measuring the absorbance of the reaction medium at 734 nm after 120 min. Trolox was used as standard. Figure S2. Calibration curve for the DPPH • scavenging assay as generated by measuring the absorbance of the reaction medium at 517 nm after 120 min. Trolox was used as standard. Table S1