Effect of Dietary Microalgae (Spirulina platensis) on Growth Performance, Ingestive Behavior, Hemato-Biochemical Parameters, and Economic Efficiency of Fayoumi Broilers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Birds, Experimental Design and Husbandry
2.3. Spirulina platensis
2.4. Bird Performance
2.5. Hemato-Biochemical Analysis
2.6. Behavioral Observations
2.7. Carcass Evaluation
2.8. Economical Assessment
2.9. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance Finding
3.2. Hemato-Biochemical Indices
3.3. Behavioral Findings
3.4. Carcass Characteristics
3.5. Economic Impact
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of Dietary Spirulina platensis on Performance and Ingestive Behavior of Broilers
4.2. Influence of Dietary Spirulina platensis on Carcass Traits
4.3. Influence of Dietary Spirulina platensis on the Biochemical Parameters of Fayoumi Broilers
4.4. Influence of Dietary Spirulina platensis on the Physiological Parameters of Fayoumi Broilers
4.5. Influence of Dietary Spirulina platensis on the Economics of Fayoumi Broiler Farm
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Starter | Grower–Finisher |
---|---|---|
Yellow corn | 58.8 | 66.2 |
Soybean meal, 48% CP | 32.1 | 26.4 |
Sunflower oil | 3.8 | 4.18 |
Corn gluten | 1.32 | 0.00 |
Di-calcium phosphate | 1.78 | 1.02 |
Limestone, ground | 1.35 | 1.56 |
Methionine | 0.15 | 0.02 |
Lysine | 0.1 | 0.02 |
Salt | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Premix * | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Total (%) Calculated Analysis | 100 | 100 |
Crude protein | 22 | 19 |
Ether extract | 6.58 | 7.07 |
Crude fiber | 3.36 | 3.13 |
Calcium | 1.0 | 0.9 |
Available phosphorus | 0.45 | 0.3 |
Lysine | 1.13 | 0.9 |
Methionine | 0.5 | 0.32 |
Energy content: | ||
ME (kcal/kg diet) | 3071 | 3150 |
Item | Dietary Treatments | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | SEM | p-Value | |
Body weight (g/bird) | ||||||
Initial | 35.42 | 35.17 | 35.17 | 35.25 | 0.565 | 0.988 |
2 weeks | 141.58 | 149.75 | 138.5 | 140 | 4.21 | 0.248 |
4 weeks | 342.08 | 356.67 | 360 | 351.67 | 11.59 | 0.716 |
6 weeks | 585 | 614.17 | 629.25 | 608.42 | 25.31 | 0.666 |
8 weeks | 866.67 b | 925.83 ab | 932.08 ab | 976.08 a | 33.58 | 0.163 |
Body weight gain (g/bird) | ||||||
0–2 weeks | 106.17 | 114.58 | 103.33 | 104.75 | 3.849 | 0.176 |
2–4 weeks | 200.5 | 206.92 | 221.5 | 2.1167 | 8.238 | 0.339 |
4–6 weeks | 242.92 | 257.5 | 269.25 | 258 | 15.247 | 0.683 |
6–8 weeks | 281.67 b | 311.67 b | 302.83 b | 366.42 a | 12.606 | 0 |
Overall | 831.25 b | 890.67 ab | 896.92 ab | 940.83 a | 33.153 | 0.153 |
Feed intake (g/bird) | ||||||
0–2 weeks | 106 | 106.67 | 113.33 | 102 | 3.613 | 0.246 |
2–4 weeks | 297 | 292.66 | 308.67 | 291 | 8.36 | 0.479 |
4–6 weeks | 636.66 a | 635.00 a | 599.00 b | 590.00 b | 7.63 | 0.005 |
6–8weeks | 800.00 a | 797.66 a | 809.83 a | 675.67 b | 6.857 | 0 |
Overall | 1840 a | 1832 a | 1831 a | 1659 b | 26.01 | 0.003 |
Feed conversion% (g/g) | ||||||
0–2 weeks | 1.01 ab | 0.93 b | 1.08 a | 0.98 ab | 0.035 | 0.034 |
2–4 weeks | 1.48 | 1.42 | 1.37 | 1.39 | 0.05 | 0.419 |
4–6 weeks | 2.67 | 2.56 | 2.24 | 2.45 | 0.147 | 0.215 |
6–8 weeks | 2.88 a | 2.61 b | 2.63 ab | 1.86 c | 0.092 | 0 |
Overall | 2.23 a | 2.08 ab | 2.02 b | 1.79 c | 0.072 | 0.001 |
Item | Dietary Treatments | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | SEM | p-Value | |
Serum metabolites | ||||||
Total protein, g/dL | 3.35 b | 3.24 b | 4.98 a | 5.44 a | 0.261 | 0.001 |
Albumin, g/dL | 2.32 | 2.38 | 2.09 | 2.07 | 0.119 | 0.17 |
Globulin, g/dL | 0.95 b | 1.04b | 2.88 a | 3.37 a | 0.316 | 0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 61.54 | 60.23 | 67.98 | 63.94 | 6.22 | 0.825 |
Cholesterol, mg/dL | 1.07 a | 1.01 ab | 93.52 b | 90.85 b | 3.99 | 0.07 |
Hematological parameters | ||||||
RBCs (×106/mm3) | 4.47 | 4.33 | 4.26 | 4.56 | 0.13 | 0.416 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 7.9 | 7.8 | 6.51 | 6.93 | 0.573 | 0.318 |
PCV, % | 22.7 | 22.66 | 19.46 | 20.3 | 1.38 | 0.306 |
MCV, fl | 52.66 | 52.33 | 49.66 | 50 | 1.47 | 0.4 |
MCH, pg | 17.23 | 17.33 | 16.33 | 16.33 | 0.869 | 0.757 |
MCHC, % | 34.53 | 34.4 | 34.23 | 34.43 | 0.194 | 0.747 |
WBCs (×103/mm3) | 9.46 b | 9.40 b | 11.75 a | 7.80 b | 0.599 | 0.011 |
Lymphocyte % | 77.00 b | 80.00 a | 81.00 a | 80.00 a | 0.898 | 0.043 |
Monocyte % | 2.33 | 1.33 | 2.33 | 1.67 | 0.3 | 0.111 |
Item | Dietary Treatments | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | SEM | p-Value | |
Carcass traits (%) | ||||||
Dressing | 68.95 | 69.09 | 69.45 | 69.34 | 0.154 | 0.164 |
Proventriculus | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.068 | 0.928 |
Gizzard | 2.29 | 2.29 | 2.4 | 2.42 | 0.059 | 0.309 |
Heart | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.019 | 0.66 |
Liver | 2.14 | 2.18 | 2.19 | 2.22 | 0.029 | 0.317 |
Immune organs (%) | ||||||
Thymus | 0.51 b | 0.51 b | 0.64 a | 0.59 ab | 0.025 | 0.013 |
Bursa | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.005 | 0.119 |
Spleen | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.3 | 0.29 | 0.018 | 0.017 |
Items | Dietary Treatments | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | |
Feed cost/bird (kg) | 9.5 | 10.25 | 11 | 12.5 |
Production cost (LE) | 20.48 | 21.78 | 23.14 | 23.74 |
Gross return (LE) | 41.62 | 44.45 | 44.74 | 46.85 |
Net return (LE) | 21.14 | 22.67 | 21.6 | 23.11 |
Economic efficiency | 103.2 | 104.09 | 93.31 | 97.35 |
Relative economic efficiency | 100 | 100.86 | 90.42 | 94.33 |
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Hassan, R.I.M.; Refaie, M.S.; El-Shoukary, R.D.; Rehan, I.F.; Zigo, F.; Karaffová, V.; Amer, H.Y. Effect of Dietary Microalgae (Spirulina platensis) on Growth Performance, Ingestive Behavior, Hemato-Biochemical Parameters, and Economic Efficiency of Fayoumi Broilers. Life 2022, 12, 1892. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111892
Hassan RIM, Refaie MS, El-Shoukary RD, Rehan IF, Zigo F, Karaffová V, Amer HY. Effect of Dietary Microalgae (Spirulina platensis) on Growth Performance, Ingestive Behavior, Hemato-Biochemical Parameters, and Economic Efficiency of Fayoumi Broilers. Life. 2022; 12(11):1892. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111892
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassan, Rasha I. M., Mohamed S. Refaie, Ramadan D. El-Shoukary, Ibrahim F. Rehan, František Zigo, Viera Karaffová, and Hala Y. Amer. 2022. "Effect of Dietary Microalgae (Spirulina platensis) on Growth Performance, Ingestive Behavior, Hemato-Biochemical Parameters, and Economic Efficiency of Fayoumi Broilers" Life 12, no. 11: 1892. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111892