A Comparative Analysis of Multi-Scale and Rayleigh Approaches in Capturing Eigenfrequencies and Mode Shape Evaluation in Planetary Gear Transmission Systems of Medium and Heavy Trucks

: Within planetary gear transmissions (PGTs), mode shapes and eigenfrequencies hold a crucial significance in operational reliability and efficacy. Mode shapes explain the unique motion patterns inherent in PGT systems. Conversely, eigenfrequencies describe the inherent frequencies at which PGT systems undergo vibration or oscillation upon exposure to external forces or disruptions. This research paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the dynamic behavior of a three-stage PGT utilized in medium and heavy trucks. This study introduces the Rayleigh energy method to assess system dynamics, revealing a bounded Rayleigh quotient related to the highest related eigenvalue. Then, this study delves into eigenfrequencies and the mode shape behavior of the adopted PGT model. The eigenfrequencies are identified as encompassing diverse vibrational modes of central components and planet gears. Moreover, a multi-scale analysis of the adopted PGT model is presented by deriving matrices for mass, bearing stiffness, and mesh stiffness. Comparisons with the Rayleigh energy method demonstrate the new approach’s efficiency, exhibiting a low margin of error in the determination of eigenfrequencies. This investigation also highlights the alignment of identified mode shapes with the established literature, detailing the multi-scale approach’s minor deviation in mode shape determination compared to the Rayleigh energy method.


Introduction
PGT systems are crucial components in various mechanical systems, including wind turbines, automobiles, ships, aerospace, and other machinery, due to their compact construction, which enables higher transmission ratios within a smaller space compared to conventional gear systems.This compactness allows efficient space utilization and configurations with numerous planet gears, poses challenges in achieving optimal performance.
Regarding the design of PGT systems, references [2][3][4][5] studied the multi-body dynamic modeling and analysis of PGT systems.Liu et al. [6] studied the dynamic analysis and characterization of a spur gear PGT system featuring journal bearings subjected to the influence of gravitational effects.Concli et al. [7] evaluated the validity of a planar lumped parameter model with 18 Degrees of Freedom (DOF) for the estimation of the system eigenfrequencies.A comprehensive dynamic model for a gear rotor bearing PGT system, integrating lateral and torsional nonlinearities, which encompassed multiple DOF, was also developed by [8][9][10].
Various modal analysis techniques are extensively employed to investigate the dynamic properties of a structure by extracting modal parameters in Mbarek et al. [11], where, in their study, they offer a comparative analysis of an experimental modal analysis test where an Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) test and an Order-based Modal Analysis (OBMA) test are applied to a recirculating energy PGT system.Modal and response harmonic analyses were conducted using ANSYS Workbench in reference [12] to explore the behavior of structures under varying boundary conditions.Their analysis technique provides insights into the eigenfrequencies and mode shape behavior of the structures, as well as their dynamic responses when subjected to harmonic excitations.Xu and Dong [13] investigated a heavy-duty PGT system using a 3D model utilized in trucks.The simulation module is developed for modal analysis of the system by using the Finite Element Method (FEM).Qian et al. [14] studied the inherent frequencies at which a PGT model system is utilized in a coal shearer, along with its corresponding modes of vibration, which provides crucial assistance in the formulation and supervision of the gear system's design and operation.A comparison between frequency amplitude curves corresponding to various resonance modes, as well as an investigation into the impact of specific parameters on vibration amplitude, is presented by Zhang et al. [15].Finally, the precision of their analytical solutions is assessed through numerical integration simulations.
Karray et al. [16] investigated the modal analysis and its characteristics of a two-stage helical PGT system used in a bucket wheel excavator.Tatar et al. [17] studied a six DOF model of a PGT rotor system using lumped parameter and FEM models, leading to the deduction that in the case of spur gear configuration, the vibration modes encompass axial, torsional, and lateral modes and those connected to each individual stage.In their work, Zhang et al. [18] presented a FEM model of PGT housing, considering the main factors affecting its dynamic characteristics through modal analysis.Kumar et al. [19] explored the impact of material mechanical properties on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the PGT system within a heavy-duty vehicle gearbox.Both references [20,21] studied the modal analysis of helical gears.Brassitos and Jalili [22] investigate the vibration properties of planetary robotic PGT systems employing both the analytical method and FEM to extract its natural frequencies and corresponding mode shape behavior.
Berntsen.[23] used the eigenfrequencies obtained from OMA as center frequencies for the filter bands, and they proposed a method that defines which of the resonances most improves the fault.Kumar and Patil [24] constructed a FEM based on a numerical simulation method for a heavy-loaded vehicle truck PGT housing in order to find eigenfrequencies and mode shapes, and they determined the mode shapes for different transmission housing materials.In their paper, Ericson and Parker [25] analyzed the eigenfrequeny patterns of a PGT system where they congregate these eigenfrequency patterns into clusters characterized by similar frequencies.Each of these clusters encompassed a rotational, translational, and planet mode eigenfrequency.Also, It was concluded that these eigenfrequencies continue within their respective clusters even as system parameters undergo changes.Lin and Parker [26] defined the principles governing eigenvalue veering phenomena in PGT systems analytically.The interaction between neighboring eigenvalue loci is estimated using perturbation analysis techniques.Guo and Parker [27] examine the responsiveness of natural frequencies and vibration modes of a compound PGT system to changes in inertia and stiffness parameters.The resonance frequency of the system is determined in reference [28] by analyzing the lock-up oscillation data that occur at the gear shifting.The compliance of the output shaft is computed by evaluating the system's resonance frequency.Reference [29] conducted a parameter analysis to investigate the influence of PGT design parameters on the overall modal behavior of PGT rotor systems.A three-dimensional dynamic model of a PGT rotor system is utilized to perform modal sensitivity analysis.The parameters examined include the number of planet gears, planet mistuning, the mass of planet gears, and planet gear speed.It was found that these parameters exhibit diverse effects on both the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system.Stringer, Sheth, and Allaire [30] introduce a methodology for performing modal reduction on a dynamic system with a geared rotor, considering the influence of general damping and gyroscopic effects.
Based on the previous literature, this study investigates the dynamic behavior of a three-stage PGT model system employed in medium and heavy trucks, employing a lumped parameter model.Utilizing the Rayleigh energy method, the research examines the system's dynamics, showing a constrained Rayleigh quotient associated with the highest eigenvalue, elucidating both natural frequencies and mode shape behavior.The identification of 63 natural frequencies provides complex insights into the vibrational characteristics of the PGT model system, encompassing a diverse spectrum of vibrational modes exhibited by central components and planet gears.Comparative assessments with the Rayleigh energy method show the multi-scale approach's efficacy in capturing resonant characteristics.

Non-Linear Dynamic Modeling of a Three-Stage Planetary Gear Transmission System
The research object of this paper is a PGT model system utilized in medium and heavy-duty diesel trucks, its structure diagram is shown in Figure 1.The system has three stages.In the first stage, the ring gear  1 is fixed to the gearbox housing, and each stage includes a sun gear   , a ring gear   , a planet carrier   , and four planetary gears   where  is the number of the planets  = 1, 2, … , , four planets are carried in each stage where  = 4.The planetary stage number is  = 1, 2, or 3. Power is applied on the first stage sun gear  1 .The first-stage carrier  1 is connected to the second-stage ring  2 .In addition, the second-stage carrier  2 is connected to the third-stage ring  3 .The third-stage carrier  3 is connected to the output shaft.The PGT system employed in this study offers sixspeed speed ratios utilized for medium and heavy trucks and these speed ratios could be achieved through adjustments to the fixed components.This investigation only focuses on a specific speed ratio, where the first-stage ring is fixed by being coupled to the gearbox body, as shown in Figure 1.The PGT model system parameters are provided in Table 1.  Figure 2 represents the mathematical model of the adopted PGT system.The timevarying mesh stiffness (TVMS) represented by K  and K  , between sun-planet mesh connection and ring-planet mesh connection, are both presented in Equation (39), respectively.Bearing stiffness for sun gear, ring gear, planet carrier and planet gears along the x -axis, y -axis, and torsional axis are represented by   /  /  /  ,   /  /  /   , and   /  /  /  , respectively, where , , and  signify small translational displacements along the horizontal, vertical, and angular displacements around the coordinate origin in their respective coordinate systems, as shown in Figure 2 are set to null.This deliberate adjustment is employed to equalize the distribution of load among the planets, ensuring balanced load sharing.Moreover, it results in the elimination of net forces transmitted from the planet gears to their respective supports, as elucidated by Parker [31].This equilibrium in load distribution and force elimination within the system shows the interdependent relationships between gear parameters and their resultant effects on force transmission and distribution across PGT systems, as explained by Hu et al. [1].
where  signifies the kinetic energy,  represents the elastic potential energy function,  is the generalized coordinate, ̇ is the generalized velocity of the  , and  is the generalized force vector;  = (, , or ).The kinetic energy function  of the entire PGT model system can be calculated from Equation (2): where   ,   , and   represent the kinetic energy functions of the th-stage sun gear, ring gear, and planet carrier, respectively.The kinetic energy function   of the  -thstage sun gear can be mathematically expressed as follows: In the previous equations, ̇  , ̇  , and  ̇ are the translational and torsional direction coordinates' vibration velocities respectively, r  denotes the radius of the component .In this study, the connecting intermediate shaft, the connection between  1 and  2 , and the connection between  2 and  3 are simplified as springs with combined bending and torsional elasticities, as mathematically depicted in Equation (7).Consequently, the total elastic potential energy  of the PGT system encompasses both the elastic potential energy of the bearings and PGT components   and PGT system connections   . =   +   (7) The bearing elastic potential energy function   is identified as follows: The elastic potential energy function   can be mathematically represented as where  ∀12 ,  ∀23 , and  ∀23 represent the stiffness of the connecting shaft between the mentioned components, and ∀ represents the coordinate system, where ∀= , , or .In order to employ the Rayleigh energy approach, the system, after solving Equations ( 1)-( 9) using the lumped parameter model as demonstrated in references [33][34][35], is transformed into the matrix form where the PGT model system can be expressed as follows: From the previous equation,  represents the generalized coordinate expressed in Equation (11), while ̈ signifies the generalized acceleration.The matrices [], [], and [] are the generalized external forces, generalized mass, generalized stiffness matrices presented in Equations ( 12), (13), and ( 15) respectively.Superscript T denotes to matrix transpose. = [  ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,  1 ,  1 ,  1 , … ,  4 ,  4 ,  4 ] T , for  = 1, 2, and 3 ( 11) where  I/p ,  Brake , and  O/P denotes the input torque to the PGT system, brake forces sybjected to  1 , and  O/P represent the delivered torque from the PGT system.Equation ( 13) provides the total mass matrix formulation representing the entire PGT model system.Within this formulation,   signifies the individual mass matrices of the first, second, and third stages of the system, describing the specific mass properties attributed to each stage.
Considering the homogeneity of each stage within the PGT model system, the equations presented will focus on the th stage.Equation ( 14) Reveals the components constituting the mass matrix terms, which are to be integrated into Equation (13).
Equation ( 15) displays the mathematical terms constituting the stiffness matrix.The unknowns of Equation ( 15) are shown in Appendix A.

Rayleigh Energy Method
The principle of the conservation of energy for vibrating systems can be stated in Equation (16).
where  is the kinetic energy, and  is the potential energy of an  th DOF discrete system; for the present investigation,  = [1, 2, … , 63].The kinetic and potential energies can be expressed in Equations ( 17) and ( 18) respectively.
where  ⃗  represents the motion vector encompassing translational and rotational directions for each mode defined in Equation (19).The term ⃗  denotes the generalized velocity vector of  ⃗  , while [] and [] stand for the generalized mass and stiffness matrices, respectively.
The vector  ⃗  () is defined as a time-dependent function of vector of amplitudes  ⃗⃗  .In order to determine the natural frequencies, a harmonic motion is assumed for the generalized coordinate  ⃗  , as presented in Equation (20).
where   represents the natural frequency of vibration.By substituting Equation ( 20) into both Equations ( 17) and ( 18), the kinetic and potential energies can then be expressed as a function of natural frequency, as depicted in Equations ( 21) and ( 22) respectively.
Given the PGT system's conservativeness, the equality between the maximum kinetic energy and the maximum potential energy can be inferred from Equation (23): Upon substitution of both Equations ( 21) and ( 22) into Equation ( 23), the eigen frequencies of the system can be obtained in Equation (24): The expression on the right-hand side of Equation ( 24) represents the Rayleigh quotient, mathematically denoted ( ⃗⃗  ).

Properties of Rayleigh's Quotient
( ⃗⃗ ) has a static value in the vicinity of any eigenvector  ⃗⃗  .To demonstrate this, the arbitrary vector  ⃗⃗ can be expressed in terms of the normal modes of summation of eigenvectors  ⃗⃗  as follows: where   denotes the coefficient of the mode shape  ⃗⃗  .Then, by substituting from Equation (25) into Equations ( 21) and ( 22), Equations ( 26) and ( 27) are obtained.
From Equations ( 23), (26) From both Equations ( 24) and ( 28), the Rayleigh quotient can be mathematically expressed as follows: When the normal modes are subjected to normalization, then Equation ( 29) transforms into Equation (30), depicting the altered expression of the Rayleigh quotient.
If  ⃗⃗ varies slightly from the eigenvector  ⃗⃗  , then the coefficient   will notably exceed the remaining coefficients of   .Consequently, Equation ( 30) can be reformulated mathematically as follows: Given that (     ⁄ ) is an infinitesimal value, then by considering (     ⁄ ) = , where  ≪ 1 represents an extremely small numerical value for all ( ≠ ) .Consequently, Equation (31) can be formulated as Equation (32) indicates that if the arbitrary vector  ⃗⃗ slightly differs from the eigenvector  ⃗⃗  by a small quantity of the first order, then the Rayleigh quotient ( ⃗⃗ ) differs from the eigenvalue   2 by a small quantity of the second order.This signifies that Rayleigh's quotient exhibits a stationary value in the neighborhood of an eigenvector.This value is petite in the vicinity of the fundamental mode  ⃗⃗ 1 .In order to investigate this further, consider setting  = 1 in Equation ( 31) and refer to Equation (32).Then, Equation ( 33) is concluded.
In view of the fact that  1 2 >  1 2 , then Equation (33) leads to (34).This proves that the Rayleigh quotient is never lower than the first eigenvalue, which establishes a clear boundary.By advancing in a comparable approach, Equation (34) can demonstrate that the Rayleigh quotient is in no way higher than the highest eigenvalue.Thus, the Rayleigh quotient defines both an upper bound of  1 2 and a lower bound of  1 2 .

System Mode Shapes
In this study, the system mode shapes have been thoroughly investigated, encompassing various vibrational modes of the central components and planet gears within the adopted PGT model system.The following investigation illustrates the most distincit five vibration modes of the adopted PGT model obtained based on the characteristics of the vibration shape.The mode shape vector represented as  ⃗⃗ a will be used to allocate each individual vibrational mode.

Central Components' Pure Torsional Vibrational Mode
In this mode shape vector, the vibrational behavior of all central gears are primarily dominated by torsional vibrations with minor translational vibrations.Through the analysis of the mode shape vector, it is evident that the main vibrational motion of the central gears is torsional in nature and can be described as follows: The distribution of gears within the PGT model system during the pure torsional vibrational mode of the central components is depicted in Figure 3.

Central Components' Pure Translational Vibrational Mode
The analysis of this mode shape vector reveals that the PGT central gears exhibit significant translational motion along both x-coordinate and y-coordinate directions, as shown in Figures 4. These translational motions have implications on the PGT system dynamic response, affecting its overall displacement and response to external forces.Furthermore, a minor component of rotational vibration in the θ-coordinate direction is observed in the mode shape vector.θ-coordinate vibrations are less obvious compared to translational vibrations.Hence, torsional vibrations will be disregarded in the mode shape vector analysis, the mode shape vector analysis can be presented as follows: The distribution of gears within the adopted PGT model system during the pure translational vibrational mode of the central components is depicted in Figure 4.

First stage
Second stage Third stage

First-stage Planet Gear Vibrational Mode
In the mode vector, the vibrational amplitudes of both translational and torsional components for the central components of the second and third stages are negligible.Moreover, the vibrations observed in the first-stage sun gear, ring gear, and planet carrier are relatively minor compared to the vibrations experienced by the planet gears of the same stage.The analysis of the mode shape indicates that the dominant vibrational motion is primarily confined to the planet gears of the first stage.This behavior signifies that the planet gears are more sensitive to vibrational excitations compared to other components of the PGT model system.
The negligible vibrations of the central components in the second and third stages further contribute to the PGT system overall stability and reliable operation.This simplification simplifies the modeling process and can lead to significant computational savings as follows: ⃗⃗ 2 = [0 0 0, 0 0 0, 0 0 0]  ⃗⃗ 3 = [0 0 0, 0 0 0, 0 0 0] The distribution of gears within the adopted PGT model system during the firststage planet gear vibrational mode is depicted in Figure 5.

Second-stage Planet Gear Vibrational Mode
In this mode vector, the translational and torsional vibrations of the central components of the first and third stages are negligible.In the second stage, the sun gear, ring gear, and planet carrier experience minor vibrations, but these vibrations are considerably lower in amplitude when compared to the vibrations observed in the planet gears within the same stage.This phenomenon can be explained by the lack of consideration for the vibrations present within these shafts, where the vibrations triggered by these components are not included in the analysis.Consequently, gear  1 and gear  3 are not externally affected by any source of vibrations, leading to their negligible vibrational amplitudes in the mode vector.
The dominance of the second-stage planet gears in terms of vibrational amplitude can be attributed to the interactions and load-sharing mechanisms within the PGT model system.The planet gears in the second stage are crucial in transmitting torque and absorbing load, making them more prone to vibrations compared to other components.The distribution of gears within the adopted PGT model system during the second-stage planet gear vibrational mode is depicted in Figure 6.The distribution of gears within the adopted PGT model system during the thirdstage planet gears vibrational mode is depicted in Figure 7.

Multi-Scale Analysis of Lateral-Torsion-Coupling Dynamics of Planetary Gear Transmission
This paper provides a comparison between both the Rayleigh energy method and the multiscale approach for calculating eigenfrequencies and determining the mode shapes.In order to acquire the multi-scale analysis of lateral-torsion-coupling dynamics of PGT model system, the following analysis will take place.Equation (35) elucidates the differential equation governing dynamics inherent in the PGT model system.This equation encapsulates the complex relationship between lateral and torsional movements.

[𝑴 (𝑞,𝑡)𝑗 ]𝑞̈+ [𝑲 𝑏(𝑞,𝑡)𝑗 ]𝑞 + [𝑲 𝑚(𝑞,𝑡)𝑗 ]𝑞 = [𝑭]
where [ (,) ] corresponds to the mass matrix encapsulating the adopted PGT  (37) In the preceding two equations,   and   represent the overlap degrees. ̿  and  ̿  are the peak-to-peak values of sun-planet meshing stiffness and ring-planet meshing stiffness, respectively.  and   represent the degree of coincidence, as shown in Figure 8.   is the meshing period.To justify this, the sun-planet mesh stiffness and ring-planet mesh stiffness of the PGT model are then expressed in the form of Fourier series by assuming Equations (38).where ∆ is an infinitesimal parameter.By substituting both Equations (38) into Equations (36), TVMS between sun-planet mesh and ring-planet mesh connections can be found in Equation (39), respectively.  define the respective modal deformations for the sun-planet mesh and ring-planet mesh connections, respectively.[ (,) ] and [ (,) ] denotes the mesh stiffness of the connection between sun-planet mesh and ring-planet mesh respectively where they are the constitution matricies of [ (,) ] and their detailed formulations are provided in Appendix B.
Upon converting Equation (40) from cartesian coordinates to modal coordinates and by considering  = θ, Equation (41) emerges as a result.This transformation allows for the representation of gear meshing characteristics in a modal domain, facilitating a more comprehensive analysis of the PGT model system dynamic behavior and responses. .Furthermore, the periodic vibration frequency of the system can be expanded as a power series of a small amount ∆, as provided in Equation (42).
By introducing a series of time scales  0 ,  1 , …  ∞ , then the system  th-order response can be approximated, as depicted in Equation ( 43).This methodology enables the PGT model system behavior to be analyzed across different time frames, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of its responses and dynamics at varying temporal intervals.These time scales refer to different frequencies within the adopted PGT model system.For eigenfrequency analysis, different modes of vibration or eigenfrequencies occur at different temporal scales, representing the PGT system dynamic behaviour.
The analysis now is focused on the first-order approximation solution of the system of the system, requiring the addition of only two time scales.Equation (44) represents the th order of the modal response solution of the system, capturing the system's behavior and response in relation to its modal characteristics within this approximation.
where  q and  q are elements of the q th row and  th column of matrices   and   , respectively. q is the order harmonic amplitude and initial phase.Both expressions  ̂θ and  ̂θ are provided in the following Equations ( 46) and ( 47) respectively: () +   + . (46) Then, the partial derivative operator of the multi-scale method is defined in Equations ( 48) and (49) as follows: In the previous two equations,  and  are being used as counters.By substituting Equations ( 44), (48), and (49) into Equation (45), then comparing the same power of ∆ the subsequent partial differential Equation (50) can be achieved: By considering the main resonance as the analysis object, Equation (51) can be introduced.
The frequency relationship of the main resonance can be expressed as  q =   + ∆, where  is a small misalignment offset parameter, assuming  q is not an integer multiple of   .Then, Equation ( 52) can be concluded.{ θ 0 ( 0 ,  1 ) =   ( 1 ) (  −∆) 0 +     2 + . θ 0 ( 0 ,  1 ) =   ( 1 )    0  ∆ 0 +     2 + . (52) As evidenced by both equations expressed in (52), the primary resonant reaction of the system aligns with an excitation characterized by a corresponding period.Moreover, the magnitude of this primary resonant response is influenced by simultaneous disturbance frequencies within the PGT model system, resulting in a modulatory relationship with the primary excitation frequency.Building upon the preceding analysis and recognizing that the PGT system meshing frequency holds greater potential for exciting system resonance, the investigation into the principal resonance phenomenon of the system is conducted on the foundation of the PGT system meshing excitation.
The term   ( 1 ) in Equation ( 52) represents the meshing frequency that affects the vibration response of the system.With the intention of further characterizing the influence of the meshing phenomenon on the vibration response of the system, the expression   ( 1 ) can be expanded mathematically, as shown in Equation (53).
By substituting Equations ( 50) and (51) into Equation (49) and considering the condition of eliminating the infinite terms, Equation (54) can be derived for the -th order mode.
Upon delving into the first-order harmonic assessment, the  -th order modal vibration response introduces the first-order ordinary differential equations, as demonstrated in Equation (56).These equations encapsulate the determination of the amplitude   ( 1 ) and phase of   ( 1 ) =  0 −    1 where   is an infinesmal parameter for the  ℎ −order modal vibration response.
Upon additional elaborating on equation (56); then equations (57) is acquired in mode shapes  ⃗⃗  .This derived equation offers insights into the system mode shape dynamics described by  ⃗⃗  .
By taking into consideration the arithmetic expression  =   + ∆ for  parameter then, Equation (58) is attained.

System Natural Frequency
By comparing both of the eigenfrequencies obtained from both the Rayleigh energy approach obtained in Equation ( 24) and the multi-scale approach from Equation (58), Figure 9 is plotted, which presents a comprehensive comparative analysis between them.The focal point of this investigation is the precision in detecting the eigenfrequencies   by the multi-scale method.Upon particular examination of the obtained results, it becomes evident that the proposed method exhibits an error margin of approximately 2.5% deviation from the Rayleigh energy method in accurately identifying the eigenfrequencies.This inconsistency highlights the efficacy and potential of the multiscale method in enhancing the precision of angular frequency detection when compared to the Rayleigh energy method.
Figure 9 shows the allocation of the 63 eigenfrequencies in correlation with the DOF.The x-axis represents the eigenfrequency number  ⃗⃗  , mirroring the corresponding number of DOF.Each point along the x-axis correlates to a distinct mode shape, linking it to the rotational speed at which the particular eigenfrequency occurs.This presentation offers a comprehensive mapping of eigenfrequencies to the adopted PGT system's DOF, providing insights into specific mode shapes and their association with rotational speeds.

Mode Shapes
Figure 10 illustrates the torsional vibration vectors of the central components, depicting the pure torsional vibrational mode present in each stage.By referring to Section 3.2.1, the analysis of this mode shape vector extends to identify significant torsional motion along the -coordinate direction in the PGT central gears.Further analysis shows the presence of torsional vibrations within planet gears as well.The analysis of the mode shapes reveals that gears occupying similar positions within their respective stages share nearly identical vibrational patterns.This phenomenon is evident across the stages, indicating a consistent and repetitive vibrational behavior among gears within the same stage as follows: Figure 11 display the vibration vectors of the central components for the pure translational vibrational mode in each stage.By referring to Section 3.2.2, the analysis of this mode shape vector extends to reveal substantial translational motion along both the x-coordinate and y-coordinate directions in the PGT central gears.In this mode shape, it cannot be guaranteed that the displacement of the central parts of the th stage is equal in magnitude to  ± 1 stage.However, certain patterns in the displacements can be observed among stages.Specifically, it is observed that the displacements of the first and third stages are in the same direction, indicating a coherent behavior between these stages.In contrast, the displacement of the second stage is 180° out of phase with the first and third stages, signifying an opposite vibrational response.
Furthermore, based on the analysis of the presented mode shape, it can be concluded that the mode shape of the planet gears within the same stage but positioned 180 degrees apart exhibit a remarkable similarity in magnitude while being opposite in direction.The examination of the mode shape of the planet gears within the same stage reveals a symmetrical vibrational pattern.Specifically, when comparing the mode shapes of two planet gears positioned 180 degrees apart from each other within the same stage, their magnitudes are approximately equivalent.However, the direction of their vibrational motion is opposite as follows: For the first stage,  Figure 13 demonstrate the mode shape behavior specific to the second stage planetary gear vibrational modes, respectively.Figure 13 exclusively showcase significant vibrations within the second stage while omitting other first and third due to their minimal vibration levels, ensuring clarity in presentation.Furthermore, by referring to Section 3.2.4 and based on the analysis of the presented mode shape, the following can be observed:      a comprehensive comparative analysis between the established Rayleigh energy approach and the recently introduced multi-scale approach, specifically focusing on the entirety of mode shape vectors.This investigation is aimed at understanding the inconsistencies in performance between the two approaches across various modes of vibration.The error magnitudes, expressed as percentages, stand at 5.1%, 3.1%, 6.2%, 6.8%, and 10.05% for the pure torsional vibrational mode, pure translational vibrational mode with central components, first-stage planet gear vibrational mode, second-stage planet gear vibrational mode, and third-stage planet gear vibrational mode, respectively.These quantified inconsistencies provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of the multi-scale approach in capturing the complex characteristics of different vibrational modes.

Conclusions
This paper starts with establishing the lumped parameter model of a three-stage PGT utilized in medium and heavy trucks by introducing the potential and kinetic energies inherent in the system.Subsequently, it delves into the theory of the Rayleigh energy method, a robust tool for assessing the dynamic behavior of the system by deriving matrices for mass, bearing stiffness, and mesh stiffness.Afterward, the Rayleigh quotient for the PGT model system was derived, and it was proved that the Rayleigh quotient is bounded by the highest eigenvalue, shedding light on the PGT model system inherent natural frequencies and mode shapes.
Furthermore, this investigation proceeds to discuss the natural frequencies of the entire system, revealing a total of 63 eigenfrequencies, offering a comprehensive analysis that elucidates the vibrational characteristics of the PGT model system.Examining the adopted PGT model mode shapes, this study encompasses diverse vibrational modes of both central components and planet gears.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Structure diagram of the adopted PGT model system.

19 .
Figure2represents the mathematical model of the adopted PGT system.The timevarying mesh stiffness (TVMS) represented by K  and K  , between sun-planet mesh connection and ring-planet mesh connection, are both presented in Equation (39), respectively.Bearing stiffness for sun gear, ring gear, planet carrier and planet gears along the x -axis, y -axis, and torsional axis are represented by   /  /  /  ,   /  /  /   , and   /  /  /  , respectively, where , , and  signify small translational displacements along the horizontal, vertical, and angular displacements around the coordinate origin in their respective coordinate systems, as shown in Figure2.The circumferential orientation of each planet is represented by   , where   = 2(−1)  .

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Component allocations of the central components' pure torsional vibrational mode.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Component allocations of the central components' pure translational vibrational mode.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Component allocations of the first-stage planet gear vibrational mode.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Component allocations of the second-stage planet gear vibrational mode.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Component allocations of the third-stage planet gear vibrational mode.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.Comparison between eigenfrequency allocation using both approaches: Rayleigh energy and multi-scale.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Mode shape vector for central components' pure torsional vibrational mode.(a), (b), and (c) referes to first, second, and third stages respectively.

{Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Mode shape vector for central components' pure translational vibrational mode.(a), (b), and (c) referes to first, second, and third stages respectively.

Figure 12 Figure 12 .
Figure12demonstrate the mode shape behavior specific to the first stage planetary gear vibrational mode.Figure12exclusively showcase significant vibrations within the first stage while omitting other stages due to their minimal vibration levels, ensuring clarity in presentation.Furthermore, by referring to Section 3.2.3 and based on the analysis of the presented mode shape, it can be concluded that the mode shape of the planet gears within the first stage but positioned 180 degrees apart exhibit a remarkable similarity in magnitude and direction as follows:For 11 and  31 : { − 11 ≈ − 31 − 11 ≈ − 31 − 11 ≈ − 31 and for  21 and  41 :{  21 ≈  41  21 ≈  41  21 ≈  41

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Mode shape vector for second-stage planet gear vibrational mode.

Figure 14
Figure14demonstrate the mode shape behavior specific to the third stage planetary gear vibrational modes.Figure14exclusively showcase significant vibrations within the third stage while omitting other stages due to their minimal vibration levels, ensuring clarity in presentation.Furthermore, by referring to Section 3.2.5 and based on the analysis of the presented mode shape, the following can be observed: Figure14demonstrate the mode shape behavior specific to the third stage planetary gear vibrational modes.Figure14exclusively showcase significant vibrations within the third stage while omitting other stages due to their minimal vibration levels, ensuring clarity in presentation.Furthermore, by referring to Section 3.2.5 and based on the analysis of the presented mode shape, the following can be observed:{  23 ≈  43 ≈ − 13 ≈ − 33  23 ≈  43 ≈ − 13 ≈ − 33  23 ≈  43 ≈ − 13 ≈ − 33

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Mode shape vector for third-stage planet gear vibrational mode.

Figures 10- 14
Figures 10-14 provide a comprehensive comparative analysis between the established Rayleigh energy approach and the recently introduced multi-scale approach, specifically focusing on the entirety of mode shape vectors.This investigation is aimed at understanding the inconsistencies in performance between the two approaches across various modes of vibration.The error magnitudes, expressed as percentages, stand at 5.1%, 3.1%, 6.2%, 6.8%, and 10.05% for the pure torsional vibrational mode, pure translational vibrational mode with central components, first-stage planet gear vibrational mode, second-stage planet gear vibrational mode, and third-stage planet gear vibrational mode, respectively.These quantified inconsistencies provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of the multi-scale approach in capturing the complex characteristics of different vibrational modes.
Figures 10-14 provide a comprehensive comparative analysis between the established Rayleigh energy approach and the recently introduced multi-scale approach, specifically focusing on the entirety of mode shape vectors.This investigation is aimed at understanding the inconsistencies in performance between the two approaches across various modes of vibration.The error magnitudes, expressed as percentages, stand at 5.1%, 3.1%, 6.2%, 6.8%, and 10.05% for the pure torsional vibrational mode, pure translational vibrational mode with central components, first-stage planet gear vibrational mode, second-stage planet gear vibrational mode, and third-stage planet gear vibrational mode, respectively.These quantified inconsistencies provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of the multi-scale approach in capturing the complex characteristics of different vibrational modes.