Asymptotic and Pseudoholomorphic Solutions of Singularly Perturbed Differential and Integral Equations in the Lomov’s Regularization Method

: We consider a singularly perturbed integral equation with weakly and rapidly varying kernels. The work is a continuation of the studies carried out previously, but these were focused solely on rapidly changing kernels. A generalization for the case of two kernels, one of which is weakly, and the other rapidly varying, has not previously been carried out. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects introduced into the asymptotics of the solution of the problem by a weakly varying integral kernel. In the second part of the work, the problem of constructing exact (more precise, pseudo-analytic) solutions of singularly perturbed problems is considered on the basis of the method of holomorphic regularization developed by one of the authors of this paper. The power series obtained with the help of this method for the solutions of singularly perturbed problems (in contrast to the asymptotic series constructed in the ﬁrst part of this paper) converge in the usual sense.


Introduction
In the first part of this work, we consider a singularly perturbed equation in which integral operators contain both weakly and rapidly changing kernels.The problem of constructing a regularized asymptotic solution for this problem, uniformly applicable over the entire time interval under consideration, was previously solved but only for rapidly varying kernels (see, for example References [1][2][3][4]).A generalization for the case of two kernels, one of which is weakly, and the other rapidly varying, has not previously been carried out.The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects introduced into the asymptotics of the solution by a weakly varying kernel.Notice that this problem was not considered from the point of view of other methods of asymptotic integration (for example, using the methods of References [5][6][7]).
The second part of our paper is devoted to the construction of approximate solutions of singularly perturbed problems using the method of holomorphic regularization [8,9].The analysis of asymptotic methods for solving singularly perturbed problems shows that the solutions of such problems depend in two ways on a small parameter: regularly and singularly.This dependence is especially vividly demonstrated by the method of regularization of Lomov.Moreover, regularized series representing solutions of singularly perturbed problems can converge in the usual sense.In this connection, it became necessary to study a special class of functions-pseudoholomorphic functions.This very important part of the complex analysis is designed to substantiate the main provisions of the so-called analytic theory of singular perturbations.On the other hand, the relevance of the theory is also supported by the fact that pseudoholomorphic functions, in contrast to holomorphic functions, are determined when the conditions of the implicit function theorem are violated.
The concept of a pseudoanalytic (pseudoholomorphic) function and the associated concept of an essentially singular manifold are of a general mathematical nature, although they arose in the framework of the regularization method for singular perturbations.First of all, they reflect the new concept of a pseudoholomorphic solution of singularly perturbed problems, i.e., such a solution, which is representable in the form of a series converging in the usual (but not asymptotic) sense in powers of a small parameter.We must also take into account the fact that the modern mathematical theory of the boundary layer [1], along with the Vasilyeva-Butuzov-Nefedov boundary-function method [5] and the method of barrier functions [10], widely uses the notion of a pseudoholomorphic solution.The importance of considering singularly perturbed problems from the standpoint of the method of pseudoholomorphic solutions is illustrated by applications (see, for example, References [11,12]).

An Equivalent Integro-Differential System and Its Regularization
We consider the singularly perturbed equation Differentiating Equation ( 1) with respect to t, will have ε where z (t, ε) = K 2 (t, s) y (s, ε) ds.By differentiating this function with respect to t, we also obtain Finally, denoting by εy = v, rewriting Equations ( 2) and (3) in the form We have obtained an integro-differential system of equations where w = {v, z}, matrixes A(t), A 1 (t), B (t, s) , G(t, s), and the vector function H (t) have the form The roots of the characteristic equation of matrix A (t) : . We assume that the following conditions hold: We denote by λ 3 (t) ≡ µ (t) and (according to the method [13] of Lomov) we introduce regularizing variables For the extension w = {v(t, τ, ε), z(t, τ, ε)}, we get the following system: where τ = (τ 1 , τ 2 , τ 3 ) , ψ = (ψ 1 , ψ 2 , ψ 3 ) .However, Equation ( 6) cannot be considered completely regularized, since the integral operator has not been regularized.To regularize the operator J w, we introduce a class , asymptotically invariant with respect to the operator J (see Reference [13], p. 62).In this case, we take as the space U the vector-valued functions representable by the sums of the form We must show that the image Jw(t, τ) of the functions of the form of Equation ( 7) can be represented in the form of a series , converging asymptotically to Jw (as ε → +0) and that this convergence is uniform with respect to t ∈ [0, T].Substituting Equation (7) into Jw(t, τ), we obtain

(7a)
Applying the operation of integration by parts, we find that where operators are introduced: Consequently, for the operator Jw (t, τ) there is a decomposition It is not hard to show (see Reference [14]) that the series on the right-hand side of Equation ( 9) converges to Jw(t, ε) (as ε → +0) uniformly with respect to t ∈ [0, T].We introduce operators of order (on ε ) R ν : U → U: R 0 w (t, τ) ≡ t 0 B (t, s) w 0 (s)ds + e τ 3 t 0 G (t, s) w 3 (s)ds, R 1 w (t, τ) = G(t,0)w 0 (0) ε .Then, the image Jw(t, τ) can be written in the form where τ = ψ(t) ε .We now extend the operator J on the series of the form with coefficients w k (t, τ) ∈ U, k ≥ 0. The formal extension J of the operator J on the series of the form of Equation ( 12) is called the operator J w(t, τ, ε) In spite of the fact that the extension in Equation ( 13) of the operator J is defined formally, it is quite possible to use it (see Theorem 3 below) in constructing an asymptotic solution of a finite order in ε.Now, it is easy to write out the regularized (with respect to Equation (1)) problem:

The Solvability of Iterative Problems and the Asymptotic Convergence of Formal Solutions to the Exact Ones
Substituting the series of Equation (12) into Equation ( 14) and equating the coefficients for the same powers of ε, we obtain the following iteration problems: where Turning to the formulation of theorems on the normal and unique solvability of the iterative problems of Equations ( 15a)-(15d), we denote by the eigenvectors of the matrix A(t).As the eigenvectors χ j (t) of the matrix A * (t) we take the columns of the matrix Φ −1 (t) * ≡ (χ 1 (t) , χ 2 (t)) , where Φ (t) = (ϕ 1 (t) , ϕ 2 (t)) is the matrix whose columns are the eigenvectors of the matrix A(t).Therefore, if ϕ j (t) is λ j (t)-eigenvector of the matrix A(t), then χ j (t) is an λj (t)-eigenvector of the matrix A * (t), and the systems ϕ j (t) and {χ k (t)} are biorthonormal (see Reference [14], pp.81-83), that is, Each of the iterative systems of Equation (15d) has the form where P(t, τ) = ∑ 3 j=1 P j (t)e τ j + P 0 (t) ∈ U. We prove the following assertion.
Theorem 1. Suppose that the conditions (1) -( 2) are satisfied and P(t, τ) ∈ U.Then, the system of Equation ( 16) is solvable in the space U if and only if Proof.We will determine the solution of the system of Equation ( 16) as the sum of Equation (7).Substituting Equation (7) into Equation ( 16) and equating separately the coefficients of e τ j and the free terms, we have For the systems of Equation (18a) to be solvable in space C ∞ [0, T] , C 2 , it is necessary and sufficient that the identities of Equation ( 17) hold (see, for example, Reference [14], p. 84).Moreover, these systems have a solution in the form of vector functions where ), the systems of Equations (18b) and (18c) can also be rewritten in the form These Volterra integral systems have kernels belonging to the class C ∞ [0, T] , C 2×2 , so they have unique solutions in the space C ∞ [0, T] , C 2 .The theorem is proved.
Remark 1.It follows from the proof of Theorem 1 that if the conditions of Equation ( 17) are satisfied, then the system of Equation ( 17) has the following solution in the space U : where C 1 are arbitrary functions, and vector-valued functions w 3 (t) , w 0 (t) are solutions of the integral systems of Equation ( 19).
We now consider the system of Equation ( 16) under additional conditions where Q(t, τ) = ∑ 3 j=1 Q j (t)e τ j + Q 0 (t) are known functions of class U, w * ∈ C 2 is a known constant vector, the operator R 1 is defined by the equality of Equation (10), and by the <, > we denote the inner product (for each t ∈ [0, T]) in space U : where ( , ) is an ordinary inner product in C 2 .The following assertion holds true.Theorem 2. Suppose that the conditions (1)-(2) hold and the vector function P(t, τ) ∈ U satisfies the conditions of Equation (17).Then, the system of Equation ( 16) under additional conditions of Equation ( 21) is uniquely solvable in U.
Proof.Since the conditions of Equation (17) are satisfied, the system of Equation ( 16) has a solution for Equation (20) in the space U, where α j (t) are arbitrary functions for now.Subordinating Equation (18) to the initial condition w(0, 0) = w * , we obtain the equality where w * = w * − w 3 (0) − w 0 (0) .Multiplying both sides of this equation scalarly in turn by χ 1 (0) and χ 2 (0), taking into account the biorthonormality of the eigenvector systems ϕ j (t) ,{χ k (t)}, we have We now calculate the expression − ∂w ∂t + R 1 w + Q(t, τ).Taking into account Equation ( 21) and the form of the operator R 1 w (t, τ) , we have (here and everywhere below, a fatty dot denotes differentiation with respect to t.) When writing the conditions of Equation ( 21) in this expression, it is necessary to preserve only terms containing exponentials e τ 1 and e τ 2 , that is, Equation ( 21) is equivalent to the conditions Performing inner multiplication here, we obtain differential equations where g j (t) are known scalar functions, j = 1, 2. Adding the initial conditions of Equation (22) to these equations, we find uniquely the functions α j (t) in the solution of Equation (20) of the system of Equation ( 16), and therefore, we construct a solution of this system in the space U in a unique way.The theorem is proved.
Applying Theorems 1 and 2 to iterative problems, we uniquely determine their solutions in space U and construct the series of Equation (12).As in Reference [2], we prove the following assertion.Theorem 3. Assume that the conditions (1)-( 2) are satisfied for the system of Equation (2).Then, for ε ∈ (0, ε 0 ] (ε 0 > 0 is sufficiently small) the system of Equation ( 2) has a unique solution w(t, ε) ∈ C 1 ([0, T], C 2 ); and here we have the estimate where w εN (t) is the restriction (for τ = ψ(t) ε ) N-partial sum of the series of Equation ( 12) (with coefficients w k (t, τ) ∈ U, satisfying the iterative problems of Equation (15d)), the constant c N > 0 does not depend on ε at ε ∈ (0, is an asymptotic solution (for ε → +0 ) of the original problem of Equation (1), that is, the estimate is correct, where the constant C N > 0 does not depend on ε ∈ (0, ε 0 ].

Conclusion 1.
The influence of the weakly varying integral kernel K 0 (t, s) on the asymptotic of the solution of the problem of Equation ( 1) consists of two factors: Firstly, the kernel K 0 (t, s) participates in the formation of the matrix A(t) and its eigenvectors and eigenvalues, secondly, it participates in the construction of the limit operator L 0 , which leads to an additional integral system w 0 (t) + in the solvability of conditions Equation (17) of iterative problems.

The Limit Transition in the Problem of Equation (1). Solving the Initialization Problem
It follows from Equation (23) that the exact solution of the problem of Equation ( 1) is represented in the form y (t, ε) = 1 ε v 0 t, therefore, in order to study the passage to the limit (for ε → +0) in the solution of the problem of Equation ( 1), it is necessary to find the solutions of the two iteration problems of Equation (15d) (k = 0, 1) under the conditions of Equation (18) for the solvability of the third problems of Equation (15c).We start with the problem of Equation (15a): Since the right-hand side of the system of Equation (15a) 0 (t) is identically zero, it has (according to Theorem 1) a solution where the vector functions w These equations are homogeneous, and therefore, they have the unique solutions w (0) 0 (t) ≡ 0, and the solution of the system of Equation (15a) is written in the form (25) Subordinating Equation (24) to the initial condition w 0 (0, 0) = w 0 , we find the values For the final computation of the functions α (0) k (t), we pass to the next iteration problem where Keeping, as in Theorem 2, only the terms containing exponentials e τ 1 and e τ 2 , we write down conditions of Equation (17) in the form (see Equation ( 26)): from which we find that where it is denoted: q k (t) ≡ B(t,t)ϕ k (t) Thus, the solution of the problem of Equation (15a) is found in the form of Equation (25), where the functions α (0) k (t) are Equation ( 27).Similarly, we can find the solution of the problem of Equation (15b).However, having in mind to solve the initialization problem in the future, we must put v 0 t, 24).This identity holds if and only if α and see Equation ( 27)), we will therefore carry out further calculations for h (0) = 0.In this case, w 0 (t, τ) ≡ 0, R 1 w 0 ≡ 0, and the problem of Equation (15b) takes the form Since here P (1) (t, τ) = H (t) P (1) ks (t) ϕ s (t) e τ k + w for the solution of the problem of Equation (15b) functions p (1) ks (t) ≡ 0 (k, s = 1, 2) , functions w (1)

(t) and w
(1) 0 (t) are solutions of the integral equations w (1) therefore, the solution of the problem will be as follows: where α (1) k (t), for the time being, are arbitrary functions, k = 1, 2, and the vector-valued function w (1) 0 (t) is a solution of the system of Equation (28).Subordinating Equation (29) to the initial condition w 1 (0, 0) = 0, we obtain For the final calculation of the solution of Equation ( 29) of the problem of Equation (15b), let us pass to the following problem (note that w 0 ≡ 0): Substituting here the function of Equation (29), we obtain the system Keeping here, as in Theorem 2, only terms containing exponentials e τ 1 and e τ 2 , we write the conditions of Equation (17) for the solvability of this system in the form α( 1) from which we uniquely find the functions α and therefore, we uniquely construct the solution of Equation ( 29) of the problem of Equation (15b).
In this case, the equality holds (remember that w 0 (t, τ) ≡ 0) where w (1) 0 (t) is the solution of the integral system It follows from Equation (31) that when Re λ k (t) < 0 (∀t ∈ [0, T] , k = 1, 2) there is a passage to the limit y (t, ε) − v where δ ∈ (0, T) is an arbitrary fixed constant, and w (1) 0 (t) .However, in our case, there can be purely imaginary eigenvalues (Re λ k (t) ≡ 0) , so the indicated limit transition does not hold.The following problem is posed: to find a class Σ = {h (t) , K 1 (t, s) , K 2 (t, s)} of initial data of Equation ( 1) for which the passage to the limit takes place on the whole segment [0, T] , including the boundary layer zone.This task is called the initialization problem. .It is clear from Equation (31) that the limit transition ( * ) occurs if and only if ḣ (0) = 0, therefore, the following result follows from Equation (32a).
Theorem 4. Suppose that the conditions (1)-( 2) are satisfied.Then, the passage to the limit ( * ) holds if and only if h (0) = ḣ (0) = 0 (here, v 0 (t) is the solution of the first equation of the system of Equation (32a)).
Example 1.Consider the equation Using the algorithm developed above, we find that v (1) Since ḣ (0) = 0, the main term of the asymptotic of the solution of our Equation (32b) coincides with v (1) 0 (t) (see Equation ( 31)).By Theorem 4, there is a passage to the limit: We note that the function v (1) which is degenerative with respect to Equation ( 1).If only h (0) = 0, but ḣ (0) = 0, then from Equation (31), we would have obtained that and the function v 1 t, contains exponents e

−2t
ε and e 1) , which prevent uniform convergence of the solution y (t, ε) on the whole interval [0, T] to the limit function.In this case, uniform convergence will occur only outside the boundary layer [δ, T] (δ ∈ (0, T)) .
The analysis of asymptotic methods for solving singularly perturbed problems shows that the solutions of such problems depend in two ways on a small parameter: regularly and singularly.This dependence is especially vividly demonstrated by the method of regularization of Lomov.Moreover, regularized series representing solutions of singularly perturbed problems can converge in the usual sense.In this connection, it became necessary to study a special class of functions-pseudoholomorphic functions.This very important part of the complex analysis is designed to substantiate the main provisions of the so-called analytic theory of singular perturbations.On the other hand, the relevance of the theory is also dictated by the fact that pseudoholomorphic functions, in contrast to holomorphic functions, are determined when the conditions of the implicit function theorem are violated.The concept of a pseudoanalytic (pseudoholomorphic) function and the associated concept of an essentially singular manifold are of a general mathematical nature, although they arose in the framework of the regularization method for singular perturbations.First of all, they reflect the new concept of a pseudoholomorphic solution of singularly perturbed problems, i.e., such a solution, which is representable in the form of a series converging in the usual (but not asymptotic) sense in powers of a small parameter.We must also take into account the fact that the modern mathematical theory of the boundary layer [13], along with the Vasilyeva-Butuzov-Nefedov's boundary-function method [5,6], widely uses the concept of a pseudoholomorphic solution.The following sections of our work are devoted to the construction of exactly such solutions [15].

Pseudoholomorphic Functions in the Theory of Singular Perturbations. Basic Concepts and Statements
We consider the set of functions F(z, w, ε), where w = (w 1 , . . ., is said to be pseudoholomorphic at a point of ε = 0 of rank r, if the following conditions are satisfied: 4 0 .w(z, ε) is unbounded in any sufficiently small neighborhood of a point ε = 0 and there exists a set E 0 ⊂ D 0 , for which the point ε = 0 is a limit point and such that it is bounded on a set T z 0 × E 0 , where T z 0 is a compact that belongs D z 0 and contains a point z 0 .
From definition , it follows that and these series converge uniformly on any compact set D z 0 × D w 0 in some neighborhood of the point ε = 0 (depending on the compact).
We compose the following system of equations: which will be used in the future.We shall call Equation (35) the main system.
Let us formulate sufficient conditions for the existence of a pseudoholomorphic function.For this, along with the system of Equation (35), we consider the system Theorem 5.If a functionw = W 0 (z, q) that is a solution of the system of Equation ( 36) is holomorphic on a compact Q = T z 0 × Ω(Ψ, ϕ, T z 0 , E 0 ) and maps it to a polydisk D w 0 , then the function w(z, ε), implicitly defined by Equation (33), is pseudoholomorphic at the point ε = 0.
Proof.We represent the vector of Equation (33) in the form of a system as follows: and calculate the values of the functions Ψ 1 , . . ., Ψ r from the left and right parts of the first r equations: and then in the left-hand sides of these equations we distinguish the main terms: Using the notations introduced earlier, we rewrite the system of Equation (36): When ε = 0, the system of Equation (39) has a solution w = W 0 (z, q), holomorphic on a set Q, that which maps to a compact, belonging to D w 0 , and therefore, in accordance with the implicit function theorem, in some neighborhood σ zq of each point (z, q) ∈ Q this system has a solution w that is holomorphic at the point ε = 0 : W(z, q, ε) = ∑ ∞ n=0 ε n W n (z, q).From the covering {σ zq } of a compact set Q, we choose a finite subcover, then the function W(z, q, ε) will be holomorphic uniformly on Q in a neighborhood |ε| < ε 1 , where ε 1 is the smallest number of the corresponding finite subcoverings.The boundedness of the function w(z, ε) = W(z, Ψ 1 (ϕ 1 (z)/ε), . . ., Ψ r (ϕ r (z)/ε), ε) for ε → 0 (ε ∈ E 0 ) follows from the fact that the point (z, ε) belongs to an extended essentially singular manifold Ω(Ψ, ϕ, T z 0 , E 0 ).The theorem is proved.Remark 2. It follows from Theorem 5 that a pseudoholomorphic function decomposes into a power series with coefficients that depend in a singular way on ε: and this series converges for |ε| < ε 1 (ε ∈ E 0 ) uniformly on T z 0 .
Proof.We fix ε * ∈ E 0 , then choose arbitrarily z ∈ T z 0 , and let q * = Ψ(ϕ(z)/ε * ).It is clear that for the system the conditions of the implicit function theorem are satisfied, and since the set of all such q * compacts (for a fixed ε * and z ∈ T z 0 ), the proof is completed in the same way as in the previous theorem.
Corollary 1.Thus, the solution of the system of Equation (41) can be represented in the form of a series in powers of ε : which converges uniformly on T z 0 at |ε| < ε 1 , where ε 1 > 0 and depends on ε * .In addition, from the proof of Theorem 6, it follows that if ε * = ε (ε is fixed and belongs to the circle of convergence of this series), then uniform convergence will be observed even on a narrower set T z 0 * ⊂ T z 0 (z 0 ∈ T z 0 * ).
The main question that arises in connection with the notion of *-pseudoholomorphy is the following: when can a *-pseudoholomorphic function be extended to the whole compact T z 0 ?The answer to this question will be given in the scalar case, i.e., when n = r = 1.Note that in this case and ∂ w U 1 (z, w) = 0 in the in bidisk D z 0 × D w 0 .Furthermore, we assume that the condition (R) is fulfilled: all the functions participating in the analysis take real values, when their arguments are real.
Let A(D z 0 ) and A(D z 0 × D w 0 ), where D w 0 = {w : |w − w 0 | < R} be the algebras of holomorphic functions, respectively, in the domains D z 0 and D z 0 × D w 0 .In connection with the condition (R), we will assume that z 0 and w 0 are real.Theorem 7. If {H ε } is a holomorphic at the point ε = 0 family of homomorphisms of an algebra A(D z 0 ) into an algebra A(D z 0 × D w 0 ) such that H 0 = I and the functions ϕ(z), F (z, w, ε) ≡ H ε [ϕ(z)] satisfy the condition (R), and the conditions of Theorem 6 on the compact set T z 0 = [z 0 , z 0 + ∆] ⊂ D z 0 hold true, then the function w(z, ε), implicitly defined by the equation F (z, w, ε) = 0, admits a pseudoholomorphic extension to T z 0 .
We preface the proof of Theorem 7 with the following lemma.
Proof of Theorem 7. We differentiate Equation ( 12) with respect to z and w: from which, it follows that where is a holomorphic function at the point ε = 0, which differs from zero in the domain D z 0 × D w 0 for a sufficiently small ε.Equation ( 45) is the equation of integrals of the differential equation and we seek its solution in the form of a series in powers of ε , assuming the operator ∂ z to be a subordinate operator f ∂ w .We have [8], for an arbitrary function ϕ(z) ∈ A z 0 , that By uniqueness, the solution of the equation F (z, w, ε) = 0 is the solution w1 (z, ε) of the Cauchy problem for the differential Equation (46) with the initial condition w1 (z 0 , ε) = w 0 , which, in accordance with Theorem 7, is a *-pseudoholomorphic function in a neighborhood |ε| < ε 1 (see Corollary 1) and is defined on some interval [z 0 , z 0 + ∆ 1 ] ⊂ [z 0 , z 0 + ∆] (recall that Equation (46) is considered in the real domain).We will assume that the small parameter in Equation (46) satisfies the inequality 0 < ε < ε 1 , ϕ (z) < 0 ∀z ∈ [z 0 , z 0 + ∆].We show how in the real case we can find ∆ 1 .Thus, the series where Ψ is an entire function, that satisfies Theorem 6, in the scalar case, converges uniformly on the interval T z 0 = [z 0 , z 0 + ∆] (ε * and ε are fixed!).Suppose also (without loss of generality) that an essentially singular manifold is a half-open interval (p, Ψ(0)), where p is the asymptotic value of the function Ψ, and hence the set where z ∈ [z 0 , z 0 + ∆ 1 ] and ∆ 1 is found from the equation ϕ(z 0 + ∆ 1 )/ε = ϕ(z 0 + ∆ 1 )/ε * .We now consider the Cauchy problem where z 1 = z 0 + ∆ 1 , v 1 = w1 (z 1 , ε).The general integral of this equation can be represented in the form The solution w2 (z, ε), obtained from it, is defined on the interval [z 1 , z 2 ], where z 2 = z 1 + ∆ 2 and ∆ 2 is determined from the equation . If |ϕ (z)| ≤ l ∀z ∈ T z 0 , then in accordance with the Lagrange theorem we have Then, Equation ( 46) is considered with the initial condition w(z 2 , ε) = v 2 , when v 2 = w2 (z 2 , ε).A general integral analogous to Equation (50) is constructed, and so on.Since the estimate of Equation ( 51) is constant on an interval T z 0 , then in a finite number of steps the solution will be constructed on it.The Theorem is proved.
We give two examples of constructing pseudoholomorphic solutions in the real domain.