Revision of the Kosiński ’ s Theory of Ordered Fuzzy Numbers

Ordered fuzzy numbers are defined by Kosiński. In this way, he was going to supplement a fuzzy number by orientation. A significant drawback of Kosiński’s theory is that there exist such ordered fuzzy numbers which, in fact, are not fuzzy numbers. For this reason, a fully formalized correct definition of ordered fuzzy numbers is proposed here. Also, the arithmetic proposed by Kosiński has a significant disadvantage. The space of ordered fuzzy numbers is not closed under Kosiński’s addition. On the other hand, many mathematical applications require the considered space be closed under used arithmetic operations. Therefore, the Kosinski’s theory is modified in this way that the space of ordered fuzzy numbers is closed under revised arithmetic operations. In addition, it is shown that the multiple revised sum of finite sequence of ordered fuzzy numbers depends on its summands ordering.


Introduction
The ordered fuzzy numbers (OFNs) were introduced by Kosi ński and his associates in a series of papers [1][2][3][4] as an extension of the notion of fuzzy numbers (FNs).For this reason, ordered fuzzy numbers are increasingly called Kosinski's numbers [5,6].The monograph [7] is a competent source of information about the contemporary state of knowledge on OFN.
OFNs have already begun to find their use in operations research applied in economics and finance.Examples of such applications can already be found in the works [8][9][10][11][12].
It is a common view that the theory of fuzzy sets is very extensive and very helpful in many applications.On the other hand, the previous Kosi ński's theory of ordered fuzzy number is poor (see [7]).Thus, it is obvious that considerations with use the theory fuzzy sets may be much more fruitful.Kosi ński [4] has shown that there exist improper OFNs which cannot be represented by a pair of FN and orientation.It means that we cannot apply any knowledge of fuzzy sets to solve practical problems described by improper OFN.Therefore, considerations with improper use of OFNs may not be fruitful.Thus, the main purpose of this article is to revise Kosi ński's theory.The presented study limits the family of all OFNs to the family of all proper OFNs which are represented by a pair of FN and orientation.This goal will be achieved by modifying the OFNs' definition.
Kosi ński [1][2][3] has determined OFNs' arithmetic as an extension of results obtained by Goetschel and Voxman [13] for fuzzy numbers.Moreover, Kosi ński [4] has shown that there exist such proper OFNs that their Kosi ński's sum is equal to an improper OFN.This means that the family of all proper OFNs is not closed under Kosi ński's addition.On the other hand, most mathematical applications require the considered objects' family be closed under used arithmetic operations.For this reason, the revised arithmetic is introduced for OFNs.
The linear space of FNs is usually determined using dot product and sum [14] defined by means of the Zadeh's Extension Principle [15][16][17].The last goal of this paper is to investigate the linear space of OFNs determined by dot products and revised sums of OFNs.In this article, the discussion on linear space properties is limited due to exploration the perceived disadvantages associated with the revised sums.Many mathematical applications require the finite multiple sums to be independent on summands ordering.Any associative and commutative sum satisfies this property.Therefore, the associativity and commutativity of revised sum will also be considered.All considerations are based on three counterexamples with use of trapezoidal or triangle OFNs.This approach is sufficient to falsify theses formulated for the general case of OFNs.On the other hand, all previously known uses of ordered fuzzy number uses are limited to applications of trapezoidal OFNs.

Elements of Fuzzy Numbers Theory
Zadeh [18] introduced the fuzzy sets theory to deal with linguistic variables problems.A fuzzy set is an extension of a crisp set.The crisp sets use only the notions of a full membership or non-membership, whereas fuzzy sets allow partial membership.
Objects of any cognitive-application activities are elements of the predefined space X.The basic tool for imprecise classification of these elements is the notion of fuzzy set A described by its membership function µ A ∈ [0; 1] X , as the set of ordered pairs In multi-valued logic terms, the value µ A (x) of membership function is interpreted as the true value of the sentence "x ∈ A".By F (X) we denote the family of all fuzzy subsets of the space X.In this work, the following notions will be applied for analyzing any fuzzy subset: ( -support closure [A] 0 + of the fuzzy subset A ∈ F (X) given in a following way An imprecise number is a family of values in which each considered value belongs to it to a varying degree.A commonly accepted model of imprecise number is the fuzzy number, defined as a fuzzy subset of the real line R.The most general definition of fuzzy number is given as follows: Definition 1. [14] The fuzzy number (FN) is such a fuzzy subset S ∈ F (R) with bounded support closure [S] 0 + that it is represented by its upper semi-continuous membership function µ S ∈ [0; 1] R satisfying the conditions: The set of all FN we denote by the symbol F.
Dubois and Prade [19] first introduced the arithmetic operations on FN.In this paper, the symbol • means one of the usual arithmetic operations: addition +, subtraction −, multiplication * , and division /.We assume that X , Y, Z ∈ F are represented respectively by their membership functions µ X , µ Y , µ Z ∈ [0; 1] R .In [19] any arithmetic operation • on R is extended to arithmetic operation on F by means of the identity where we have These arithmetic operations are coherent with the Zadeh's Extension Principle [15][16][17].Among other things, Dubois and Prade [20] have distinguished a special type of representation of FN called LR-type FN which may be generalized in a following way.Definition 2. Let us assume that for any nondecreasing sequence {a, b, c, d} ⊂ R the left reference function L S ∈ [0, 1] [a,b] and the right reference function R S ∈ [0, 1] [c,d] are upper semi-continuous monotonic functions satisfying the condition Then the identity Let us note that this identity describes additionally extended notation of numerical intervals, which is used in this work.[20] LR-FN was defined only for the case of any sequence {a, b, c, d} ⊂ R fulfilling the condition a < b ≤ c < d (10) and reference functions given as continuous surjections.

Remark 1. In original version of the Dubois-Prade definition
Further generalizations have resulted from requirements imposed by the needs of individual applications.
Goetschel and Voxman [13] showed that the Definition 1 can be replaced by following an equivalent definition of FN: Definition 3 [13].FN is such fuzzy subset S ∈ F (R) with bounded support closure [S] Then Goetschel and Voxman [4] prove the following theorems: Theorem 1 [13].For any FN S ∈ F (R): l S is a nondecreasing and bounded function on [0; If a pair of functions (l S , r S ) ∈ R [0;1] × R [0;1] fulfils the conditions ( 12)-( 15) then it is called a pair of Goetschel-Voxman functions.
Theorem 2 [13].For any pair of Goetschel-Voxman functions (l S , r S ) there exists exactly one such FN S ∈ F (R) that the condition (11) is fulfilled.
We assume that X , Y, Z ∈ F are represented respectively by their pairs of Goetschel-Voxman functions (l X , r X ), (l Y , r Y ), (l Z , r Z ) ∈ R [0;1] × R [0 ;1] .Goetschel and Voxman [13] have proved that if C ∈ F is given by the identity (6) then we have and Let us note that if the bounded continuous and monotonic function h ∈ [h(1), h(0)] [0;1] is bijection then we have

Kosi ński's Ordered Fuzzy Numbers
The concept of ordered fuzzy numbers (OFN) was introduced by Kosi ński and his co-writers in the series of papers [1][2][3][4] as an extension of concept of FN.Thus, any OFN should be determined by (1) as a fuzzy subset in the real line R. On the other hand, Kosi ński has defined OFN as a ordered pair of functions from the interval [0, 1] into R.This pair is not a fuzzy subset in R. Thus, we cannot accept Kosi ński's original terminology.Then again, the intuitive Kosi ński's approach to the notion of OFN is very useful.For these reasons, a revised definition of OFN, which fully corresponds with the intuitive Kosi ński's will be presented below.The OFN concept of number is closely linked to the following ordered pair.Definition 8.For any sequence {a, b, c, d} ⊂ R , the Kosi ński's pair S(a, b, c, d) is defined as any ordered pair Remark 2. In the original final version of the Kosi ński's definition [4], the OFN is defined as ordered pair ( f S , g S ) Because OFN defined in such a way, is not fuzzy set, in Definition 8 Kosi ński's term of OFN was replaced by the term "Kosi ński's pair".Moreover, Kosi ński has assumed implicitly that the sequence {a, b, c, d} fulfils the condition (10) or the condition a Kosi ński marked the additional conditions of the above definition only on graphs.Some example of such Kosi ński's graphs are presented in Figure 1.
Axioms 2018, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 14 pair of functions from the interval [0,1] into ℝ.This pair is not a fuzzy subset in ℝ.Thus, we cannot accept Kosiński's original terminology.Then again, the intuitive Kosiński's approach to the notion of OFN is very useful.For these reasons, a revised definition of OFN, which fully corresponds with the intuitive Kosiński's will be presented below.The OFN concept of number is closely linked to the following ordered pair.

Remark 2. In the original final version of the Kosiński's definition
defined in such a way, is not fuzzy set, in Definition 8 Kosiński's term of OFN was replaced by the term "Kosiński's pair".Moreover, Kosiński has assumed implicitly that the sequence , , , fulfils the condition (10) or the condition Kosiński marked the additional conditions of the above definition only on graphs.Some example of such Kosiński's graphs are presented in Figure 1.
For any Kosiński pair ( , ) the function : [0,1] → is called the up-function.Then the function : [0,1] → is called the down-function.The up-function and the down-function are collectively referred to as Kosiński's maps.Note that Kosiński developed his theory without using the results obtained by Goetschel and Voxman [13].In this article, thanks to the use of these results, we can generalize Kosiński's theory to the case when Kosiński's maps are continuous surjections.This generalization is needed for individual applications.
By means of Goetschel-Voxman results, we can define OFN in such manner which fully corresponds to the intuitive OFN definition by Kosiński.For any Kosi ński pair ( f S , g S ) the function f S : [0, 1] → UP S is called the up-function.Then the function g S : [0, 1] → DOW N S is called the down-function.The up-function and the down-function are collectively referred to as Kosi ński's maps.
Note that Kosi ński developed his theory without using the results obtained by Goetschel and Voxman [13].In this article, thanks to the use of these results, we can generalize Kosi ński's theory to the case when Kosi ński's maps are continuous surjections.This generalization is needed for individual applications.
By means of Goetschel-Voxman results, we can define OFN in such manner which fully corresponds to the intuitive OFN definition by Kosi ński.Definition 9.For any sequence {a, b, c, d} ⊂ R the Kosi ński's pair S(a, b, c, d) = ( f S , g S ) determines Kosi ński's ordered fuzzy number (K's-OFN) ↔ S (a, b, c, d, f S , g S ) defined explicitly by its membership relation 1] given by (9).
The above definition is coherent to the intuitive Kosi ński's approach of the OFN notion.Therefore, we agree with other scientists [5,6] that the OFN should be called the Kosi ński's number.
The space of all K's-OFN is denoted by the symbol Ǩ.For any OFN ↔ S ∈ Ǩ, its up-function is denoted by the symbol f S and its down-function is denoted by the symbol g S .
Any sequence {a, b, c, d} ⊂ R satisfies exactly one of the following conditions Positively oriented K's-OFN is interpreted as such imprecise number, which may increase.The space of all positively oriented OFN is denoted by the symbol Ǩ+ .An example of positively oriented K's-OFN is presented in Figure 2a.
Axioms 2018, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 14 Any sequence , , , ⊂ ℝ satisfies exactly one of the following conditions < or ( = and < ), > or ( = and > ), If condition (28) is fulfilled then the K's-OFN ( , , , , ⊲ , ⊲ ) has a positive orientation.For this case, an example of graphs of Kosiński's maps is presented on the Figure 1a.Then the graph of membership function of FN ( , , , , ⊲ , ⊲ ) is presented in Figure 1b.The graph of K's-OFN membership function with positive orientation is shown in Figure 1c.The membership function of K's-OFN has an extra arrow denoting the orientation, which provides supplementary information.Positively oriented K's-OFN is interpreted as such imprecise number, which may increase.The space of all positively oriented OFN is denoted by the symbol .An example of positively oriented K's-OFN is presented in Figure 2a.If the condition (29) is fulfilled, then the K's-OFN ( , , , , ⊲ , ⊲ ) has a negative orientation.Negatively oriented K's-OFN is interpreted as such imprecise number, which may decrease.The space of all negatively oriented OFN is denoted by the symbol .Some example of negatively oriented K's-OFN is presented in the Figure 2b.If condition (30) is fulfilled, then the K's-OFN ( , , , , ⊲ , ⊲ ) describes ∈ ℝ which is not oriented.
If the sequence , , , ⊂ ℝ is not monotonic, then the membership relation (• | , , , , ⊲ , ⊲ ) ⊂ ℝ × [0,1] is not a function.Then, this membership relation cannot be considered as a membership function of any fuzzy set.Therefore, for any non-monotonic sequence , , , ⊂ ℝ the K's-OFN ( , , , , ⊲ , ⊲ ) is called an improper K's-OFN [4].An example of negatively oriented improper K's-OFN is presented in  The difference relation between K's-OFN ( , , , , ⊲ , ⊲ ) and crisp zero is defined in the following way . Any arithmetic operation • on R is extended by Kosi ński to arithmetic operation on Ǩ by means of the identity where we have The division is defined only for K's-OFN ↔ Y = 0.The above Kosinski's definition of arithmetic operations is coherent with the Goetschel and Voxman identity (24).On the other hand, due to the significant expansion of the arithmetic operations domain, Kosi ński's definition is an important extension of the identity (24).Therefore, the above defined arithmetic operations will be called Kosi ński's operations.
Due to (24), it is very easy to check that if proper K's-OFNs have identical orientation then results obtained by Kosi ński's arithmetic are identical with the results obtained by means of arithmetic introduced by Dubois and Prade [19].Moreover, Kosi ński [4] has shown that if K's-OFNs have different orientation then results obtained by his arithmetic may be different form results obtained by arithmetic introduced by Dubois and Prade [19].
All our further considerations will be illustrated by examples with use of the following type of K's-OFNs.
Examples of proper K's-TrOFNs are presented in Figure 2.An example of improper K's-TrOFN is given in Figure 3.For any K's-TrOFN ↔ T ∇(a, b, c, d) its up-function f Tr and down-function g Tr are given by the identities Among other things, it implies, that for any triple of K's-TrOFN we have

Revision of the Kosi ński's Theory
In general, if OFN is determined by such membership relation which is not a function then, it is called an improper OFN.On the other hand, if OFN is determined by such a membership relation that it is a function then it is called a proper OFN.Only in case of a proper OFN can we apply all knowledge of fuzzy sets to solve practical problems described by OFN.In this way, our practical considerations will be more fruitful.Therefore, in my opinion, limiting the OFNs' family to the family of proper OFNs is useful and absolutely necessary.Thus, the cognitive paradigm of limiting the OFNs' family to the family of proper OFNs is well justified.For this reason, the revised definition of OFN is proposed as follows.
Definition 11.For any monotonic sequence {a, b, c, d} ⊂ R the Kosi ński's pair S(a, b, c, d) = ( f S , g S ) determines an ordered fuzzy number (OFN) ↔ S (a, b, c, d, f S , g S ) defined explicitly by its membership function µ S ( • a, b, c, d, f S , g S ) ∈ [0; 1] R given by (9).
It is obvious that any above defined OFN is proper.In agreement with the above definition, any proper K's-TrOFN is called a trapezoidal ordered fuzzy number (TrOFN).The space of all OFNs, the space of positively oriented OFNs, and the space of negatively oriented OFNs, are respectively denoted by the symbols K, K + , K − .Thus we can now note the following relationships: Let us look now at the following case.Similarly, the above conclusion was obtained by Kosi ński [4].We can generalize this conclusion as follows:

Conclusion:
The space K of all OFNs is not closed under Kosi ński's operations .
Therefore, we ought to modify arithmetic of OFN in such a way that the space K of all OFN will be closed under revised arithmetic operations.

Let us consider the OFNs
Any arithmetic operations • on R is extended now to revised arithmetic operation • on K by the identity where we have Example 1.Some cases of modified sum are presented below.Let us observe that in all these cases the Kosi ński's sum ⊕ does not exist.
Proof.We take into account such OFNs Z ∈ Ǩ be given by the identity (32).Then, according to (33), the sum Z ∈ K then the sequence ǎW , b W , c W , ďW is monotonic.For this reason, it is sufficient to consider the following three cases ǎW For case (51), by ( 44) and ( 45), we obtain Thanks to this, from Equations ( 46), ( 47), (49) and (50) we obtain following conclusions All this together implies that for the case (51) we have For case (52), given by ( 44) and (45), we obtain Then using (46), (47), (49), and (50) we obtain It implies that also for the case (52) we have (54).For the case (53) we have ǎZ = b Z = c Z = ďZ .It means that the condition (53) implies the condition (51).The proof is completed.
Along with the Kosi ński's definition (32) and (33) and the Goetschel-Voxman combined together, the thesis the above theorem shows that the revised arithmetic operations are well defined for each corresponding operation on R.
We see that a W = b Z and d W = c Z .For case (62), we notice that if a ≥ b Z then any OFN We see that a W = a Z and d W = c Z .For case (63), we notice that if a ≥ b Z then any OFN We see that a W = a Z and d W = c Z .For case (64), we notice that if a ≤ b Z then any OFN We see that a W = a Z and d W = c Z .For case (65), we notice that if a ≤ b Z then any OFN We see that a W = a Z and d W = c Z .For case (66), we notice that if a ≤ b Z then any OFN We see that a W = a Z and d W = c Z .For case (68), we notice that if a ≤ b Z and d ≥ c Z then any We see that a W = b Z and d W = c Z .For each above considered case, we have obtained results by means of the identities (44) and (45).The proof is completed.The space of all OFNs is closed under revised arithmetic operations.The last theorem shows that results obtained by using revised arithmetic operations are the best approximations of results obtained by means of Kosi ński's arithmetic operations.

Linear Space of Ordered Fuzzy Numbers
Let us presume the OFNs ↔ X , ↔ Y, ↔ W ∈ K described by (38).For any pair, (β, ↔ X ) ∈ R × K we define its dot product in a following way Let us note that, equivalently, we can define the dot product as follows The sum of OFNs is determined by revised addition + defined by (39).The main link between the revised addition + and the Kosi ński's addition ⊕ is described in the Theorem 5. Here, we can indicate further additional relationships between the revised addition + and the Kosi ński's addition

⊕. Because for every OFNs
Because for every OFNs If the sum is determined by revised addition + , then for any OFN Then the neutral element ↔ 0 is described as follows For Kosi ński's addition ⊕ its opposite elements and neutral elements are determined in the same way [4].The identities (39)-(47) together with the commutativity of addition + imply that the revised addition + is commutative.The addition of FN and the Kosi ński's sum ⊕ of OFN are associative and commutative [4,13,19].The associativity of revised addition of + will be investigated using the following special kind of TrOFN.
Let us take into account the following counterexample.In [22], it is shown that we have Many mathematical applications require a finite multiple sum to be independent of summands' ordering.Any associative and commutative sum satisfies this property.The results of above counterexample prove that revised addition + of OFN is not associative.Therefore, we should check whether the multiple sum determined by + depends on its summands' ordering.The results of above counterexample prove that multiple sum calculated using addition + depends on its summands' ordering.

Conclusions
The main goals of the article have been achieved as follows.The Definition 11 describes the OFN in a way that any OFN is proper.The arithmetic operations are revised using the identities (38)-(47).
The assumption of conditions (44) and (45) guarantees that the family of all proper OFN is closed under revised arithmetic operations.An interpretation of the revised operations is described by Theorem 6, which shows that results obtained using revised arithmetic operations are the best approximation of results obtained by means of Kosi ński's arithmetic operations.Thanks to this, we can apply all knowledge of fuzzy sets to solve practical problems described by proper OFN.
Unfortunately, the OFN linear space has one annoying drawback.Counterexample 3 shows that multiple sum determined by revised addition, depends on its summands' ordering.Therefore, the summands ordering should be clearly defined for each practical application of the multiple sum of finite sequence of OFN.This summands ordering must be sufficiently justified in the field of application.Some examples of such justification can be found in [23].This proves that from a practical view point, the revised sum is useful in applications despite the fact that it is dependent on its summands' ordering.
Further research on the OFN theory should be devoted to the following problems: -preorders on the family of all proper OFNs; -equations determined by OFNs; -imprecision measurement for OFN; -reorientation of OFN.
If condition (28) is fulfilled then the K's-OFN ↔ S (a, b, c, d, f S , g S ) has a positive orientation.For this case, an example of graphs of Kosi ński's maps is presented on the Figure 1a.Then the graph of membership function of FN S(a, b, c, d, f S , g S ) is presented in Figure 1b.The graph of K's-OFN membership function with positive orientation is shown in Figure 1c.The membership function of K's-OFN has an extra arrow denoting the orientation, which provides supplementary information.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The membership function of K's-OFN

Figure 3 .
The remaining K's-OFNs are called proper ones.Some examples of proper K's-OFNs are presented in Figure2

Theorem 5 .
Any revised arithmetic operation • satisfies the condition described by (38) that the condition (39) is fulfilled.Let K's-OFN ↔

↔S
(a, b Z , b Z , d Z , f S , g S ) ∈ K and if d ≤ c Z then any OFN ↔ S (a Z , c Z , c Z , d, f S , g S ) ∈ K Thus we obtain γ(

Axioms 2018, 7 , 16 14 of 16 Counterexample 2 .
Let the following four TOFN be given byThe number of different ways of associating three applications of the addition operator + is equal the Catalan number C 3 = 5.Therefore, we have the following five different associations of four summands[21] described in the Counterexample 2, we determine their multiple sum.In[22], it is shown that where the sequence ǎW , b W , c W , ďW is determined (43) and the Kosi ński's pair ( f Z , g Z ) is determined by (32).Additionally, let us note that ǎW