On transcendental numbers

Transcendental numbers play an important role in many areas of science. This paper contains a short survey on transcendental numbers and some relations among them. New inequalities for transcendental numbers are stated in Section 2 and proved in Section 4. Also, in relationship with these topics, we study the exponential function axioms related to the Yang-Baxter equation.


Introduction
In [1], the author considers two types of scientists, and mathematics needs both of them. Birds fly high, and, therefore, they can see the whole landscape; they resemble scientists who try to unify theories, who obtain important results, and who have a broad understanding. As an example, among others, the author considers Chen Ning (Frank) Yang. On the other hand, the scientists who resembles frogs work on problems which are less influential; the author of this article considers himself a "frog". Mathematics is rich and beautiful because birds give it broad visions and frogs give it intricate details.
In a similar manner, Solomon Marcus ( [2]) used the terms "bees" versus "ants" in his talks, describing mathematicians who are involved in many different areas of research versus the mathematicians who work on a restricted domain.
A transdisciplinary approach (see [3,4]) attempts to discover what is between disciplines, across different disciplines, and beyond all disciplines. The algebraic model for transdisciplinarity from [5] explains how disciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, pluridisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity are related. Because there is a huge number of new disciplines, it is important to have a transdisciplinary understanding of the world.
Our paper is written in transdisciplinary fashion, because important transcendental numbers play a role in many areas of science. We use results and concepts from algebra, mathematical analysis, probability and statistics, computer science, numerical analysis, etc. The next section is a short survey on transcendental numbers and some relations among them; new inequalities are stated. In Section 3, we study the exponential function axioms related to the Yang-Baxter equation. Section 4 deals with proofs and approximations of the number π (see also [6,7]); also, we argue that computer science plays an important role in the development of the modern mathematics.

Transcendental numbers, famous relations and new inequalities
It is well-known the relation which contains the numbers e, π and i: It follows that: . Another famous relation between e and π is the following: The above formula plays an important role in probability and statistics: it can be read as the expected value of the standard distribution. The proof of the above formula follows from using some double integrals and a change of variables.
The inequality for real numbers provides a new relation between the transcendental numbers e and π. It can be restated as an approximation for π. Also, it is related to a more complicated inequality for real numbers: Of course, one has to prove our first inequality in order to make sure that the denominator of the fraction appearing in our second inequality is different from zero.
Several inequalities emerge right away: 4 log π e + e ln π > 2π | e 1−z + ez |> π ∀z ∈ C in the last inequality if z = −i, we have: | e i + e 1+i |> π. Also, the following approximation holds: | e i − π |> e. These inequalities will be studied in our last section.
The terminology of this section is compatible with the above cited papers, and the constructions which follow are related to the paper [17], and to the formula (1). To our knowledge this point of view (and construction) is new.
Let V be a complex vector space, and I j : Then, R(x) = cos xI 2 + sin xJ satisfies the colored Yang-Baxter equation: The proof of (5) could be done directly. Another way to prove it is to write R(x) = e x J (it makes sense!), and to check that (5) reduces to x J 12 + (x + y) J 23 + yJ 12 = y J 23 + (x + y) J 12 + xJ 23 For example, in dimension two, the matrix of J could be: In this case, the matrix form of R(x) is the following:

Proofs for our inequalities and further comments
Our approach to prove the inequalities from Section 2 is to consider the associated equations, and to prove that they have no real solutions. (My students at AUK University used the graphing calculators to solve some of them.) Exercises. Find the real solutions for the following equations: 1. x 2 − πx + e = 0 2. 1234 5678 x 2 + 9999 9999 x + 8765 4321 = 0 3.
Solutions and comments.
1. There are no real solutions. One could use the quadratic formula and two digit approximations for e and π to prove that ∆ = π 2 − 4e < 0 . The inequality is an approximation of π (see, also, [6]). 2. Solving this equation by using the quadratic formula and the graphing calculator is almost imposible. However, one can use the formula Ax 2 +(A+C)x+C = (Ax+C)(x+1), for A = 1234 5678 and C = 8765 4321. The solution x = −1 could be observed directly. The other solution has to be expresed as a fraction in the simplest form (which is a tricky problem again).
3. and 4. These equations have no real solutions. This can be checked on a graphing calculator.
(What kind of computational methods could be considered for solving these equations?) The first of these equations can be stated as (4).
Is it possible to solve these equations algebraically? Recall that for equations of degree 6 there are no formulas for their solutions. We leave this questions as open problems.
Finally, we restate the last equation as an inequality for real numbers, which could lead to approximations for π: x + e x − √ 2 x 5 > π ∀x > 0 .