Dynamics of a Prey–Predator Model with Group Defense for Prey, Cooperative Hunting for Predator, and Lévy Jump

: A stochastic predator–prey system with group cooperative behavior, white noise, and Lévy noise is considered. In group cooperation, we introduce the Holling IV interaction term to reﬂect group defense of prey, and cooperative hunting to reﬂect group attack of predator. Firstly, it is proved that the system has a globally unique positive solution. Secondly, we obtain the conditions of persistence and extinction of the system in the sense of time average. Under the condition that the environment does not change dramatically, the intensity of cooperative hunting and group defense needs to meet certain conditions to make both predators and preys persist. In addition, considering the system without Lévy jump, it is proved that the system has a stationary distribution. Finally, the validity of the theoretical results is veriﬁed by numerical simulation.


Introduction
The predator-prey model is one of the most interesting and important topics in mathematical ecology, and has attracted many mathematicians and ecologists to study it.In the mid-20th century, Leslie and Gower [1,2] proposed a Leslie-Gower-type predator-prey model, which is characterized by the decrease in the number of predators being inversely proportional to its per capita preference for food availability.Considering that the number of predators was limited by the most important food, AzizAlaoui and Okiye [3] proposed the modified Leslie-Gower-type model.As far as we know, there are many articles on the Leslie-Gower model, most of which are deterministic equations.There are not many studies on Leslie-Gower with white noise and Lévy noise, and almost no research on the Leslie-Gower model with cooperative hunting and group defense functions.
In the predator-prey model, the predation rate intuitively reflects the relationship between the two populations.Scholars have proposed a series of functional responses to describe the predation rate [4][5][6][7][8].Ali et al. [9] numerically studied the effects of nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations on the dynamics of prey-predator interactions.In nature, cooperation between species of the same species is common, and many scholars have introduced cooperation items into the modeling of functional responses for predation rates.Among them, there is cooperative hunting, such as lions hunting faster animals [10,11] and wolves hunting collectively against animals larger than themselves [12], and many scholars have studied the significance of hunting cooperation [13,14].Chow and Jang [15] studied a predator-prey system with hunting may promote the persistence of predators.If there is no cooperation, predators will become extinct.Of course, species at the bottom of the food chain usually carry out group defense through mass reproduction.Andrews [16] proposed the so-called Monod-Haldane function and used it to model the inhibitory effect at high concentrations.Then, Sokol and Howell [17] proposed a simplified Monod-Haldane function of the form After that, Shen [18] used a simple Holling IV to describe the group defense of prey for research.Bai [19] studied the global dynamics of a predator-prey system with cooperative hunting, and found that cooperative hunting is beneficial to the coexistence of prey and predator.Du [20] considered the cooperative hunting and group defense of the system without random perturbations, and the effect of predator cooperative hunting and predation aggregation on the stability of coexistence and system dynamics.Recently, many scholars have studied the models with group defense [21][22][23][24].
Inspired by the above articles, we add the Holling IV type function and cooperative hunting term into the Leslie-Gower model to show the cooperation of prey and predator.
with initial values x(0) = x 0 and y(0) = y 0 .x(t) and y(t) denote the number of prey and predators at time t.It should be noted that a, δ, b, q, m, c, h, and l are all positive numbers.The parameters a and δ are the growth rate of the prey and the predator, respectively.b represents the intensity of competition between individuals of the prey.l describes the degree of protection provided by the environment to the predator.h denotes the maximum per capita reduction rate of the prey.
x(t) c+x 2 (t) is the simplified Holling IV functional response function, where c describes the degree of group defense.qy(t) m+y(t) is the cooperative hunting term, where q and m are cooperative coefficients, reflecting the intensity of cooperative hunting between predators.
What we know is that there are endless noise disturbances in nature.In the past, random biological models [25][26][27][28] have been a hot topic for biologists.In the study of stochastic interference, there are both white noise [29,30] and Lévy jump [31,32] considering sudden environmental disturbance.Random perturbations described by Brownian motion describe continuous effects, and Lévy jumps are considered to describe sudden and violent environmental changes well.Therefore, considering both white noise and Lévy noise is more realistic, so we obtain the following stochastic model: where B 1 (t) and B 2 (t) are mutually independent standard Brownian motions, and x(t − ), y(t − ) denote the left limits of x(t) and y(t).N(du, dt) is a Poisson counting measure defined on λ(du).The characteristic measure λ on the measure subset is the corresponding martingale measure.In addition, γ i (u)(γ i (u) > −1, ∀u ∈ Γ) represents the intensity of Lévy noise changing the prey and predator populations.Throughout this paper, we give an Assumption 1 that there is a positive constant P > 0 such that Assumption 1. (3) We will frequently use the following inequality: The rest of the paper is organized as follows.In Section 2, we prove that system 2 has a unique global positive solution.In Section 3, we give the conditions for the extinction and persistence of the prey and predator in the sense of time average.In Section 4, we prove that a systemwithout Lévy noise has ergodic stationary distribution.In Section 5, we give appropriate parameters for numerical simulation to verify the correctness of our theorem.In the end, we summarize this article.

Existence and Uniqueness of a Global Positive Solution
The existence and uniqueness of global positive solutions is the basis for studying the dynamic properties of stochastic differential systems.In this section, we will first prove the existence and uniqueness of the local positive solution; then, we prove the global existence and uniqueness of the positive solution of the system.Lemma 1 ([33]).Denote by Σ(t) a local martingale vanishing at t = 0. Define where Σ (t) = Σ, Σ (t) stands for the Meyer's angle bracket process.If lim sup t→+∞ Σ < +∞, then lim t→+∞ t −1 Σ(t) = 0, a.s.Lemma 2. For t ∈ [0, τ e )(τ e is the explosion time), model (2) has a unique solution for any initial value (x 0 , y 0 ) ∈ R 2 + .
Proof.Consider the following equation: with initial values M(0) = ln x 0 , N(0) = ln y 0 .Obviously, (4) satisfies the local Lipschitz condition.Therefore, for t ∈ [0, τ e ), there is a local solution (ln x(t), ln y(t)) to (4) with the initial value (ln x 0 , ln y 0 ).It can be known from It ô s formula that (x(t), y(t)) is the unique local positive solution of (2) with initial value (x 0 , y 0 ).
Theorem 1.For ∀t ∈ [0, +∞), model ( 2) has a unique global positive solution for any initial value Proof.From Lemma 2, we can prove that τ e = ∞ a.s. to prove that the solution is global.If k 0 > 0 is sufficiently large such that x 0 , y 0 ∈ [ 1 k 0 , k 0 ], the following stopping time sequence is defined for each integer k > k 0 .

Existence and Demise of Biological Populations
In this section, we derive the conditions for the extinction and persistence of prey and predators.
Theorem 2. Suppose that (x(t), y(t)) is a positive solution of (2) with initial value (x 0 , y 0 ).If Assumption 1 is satisfied and then the prey population x persists in the sense of time average, and the predator population y is extinct, i.e., It follows from ( 9) that We take the integral of 0 to t on both sides of (10), and the following holds: Then, we obtain where In view of Lemma 1, we obtain In other words, we have shown that According to the conclusion of the third section in [34], we can obtain lim t→+∞ y(t) = 0.
Therefore, for ∀ε > 0, there exist t 0 and Ω ε such that By using the comparison theorem, we can obtain By the arbitrariness of ε, Theorem 3. Suppose that (x(t), y(t)) is a positive solution of (2) with initial value (x 0 , y 0 ).If Assumption 1 is satisfied and Proof.Similar to the proof of Theorem 2, we can obtain Then, we have lim t→+∞ x(t) = 0.
Therefore, for ∀ε > 0, there exist t 0 and Ω ε such that Using the comparison theorem, we obtain From the arbitrariness of ε, the following equation can be given: Theorem 4. Suppose that (x(t), y(t)) is a positive solution of (2) with initial value (x 0 , y 0 ).If Assumption 1 is satisfied and Proof.By the proof of Theorems 2-3, this is obviously true.
Theorem 5. Suppose that(x(t), y(t)) is a positive solution of (2) with initial value (x 0 , y 0 ).If Assumption 1 is satisfied and Proof.Integrating both sides of (9), we obtain and ln y(t) ≥ ln y Define y(t) as the solution of the following equation: Then, we can obtain Using comparison theorem in (11), we obtain y(t) ≥ ỹ(t).Then, there is Divide t on both sides of (12) and take the inferior limit, yielding lim inf ds.
Bringing (14) into the above formula, we observe that lim inf Similarly, for (13) we can obtain lim inf Because q 2 − 4(c − ql) ≤ 0, we can deduce that Integrating both sides of (8) and using ( 17), then we can obtain From ( 15), we can obtain where ε is an any small positive real number.Similar to the proof of inequality ( 14), we can obtain Then divide t on both sides of inequality (18); then, from ( 19), we have x(s)ds Take the inferior limit on both sides of ( 19) at the same time, then using the arbitrariness of ε results in

Stationary Distribution without Lévy Noise
Furthermore, when γ i (u) = 0 (i = 1, 2), this means excluding drastic environmental changes.System (2) becomes the following system: We consider the stationary distribution and ergodicity of this system.Let X(t) be a homogeneous Markov process in E k (E k denotes the k-dimensional Euclidean space), which can be described by the following stochastic process: Its diffusion matrix is as follows: Assume that there exists a bounded domain U ⊂ E k with regular boundary; then, according to the conclusion in the second section of [35], we can prove that there exists a neighborhood U and a nonnegative function g(x, y) such that Lg is negative for any E h \U, which can be used as a sufficient condition to prove that the system has a stationary distribution.Theorem 6.For any initial value (x 0 , y 0 ), if the following conditions hold, then System (21) has an ergodic stationary distribution.
Proof.We define a C 2 − function g(x, y) as follows: where G(x, y) = x − F ln x + y − F ln y + y −ϕ , and G(x * , y * ) is the minimum value of G(x, y).F is a undetermined constant; we will determine its value in the proof process.
According to It ô's formula, Consider the following bounded regions: where And ε is a small positive number satisfying the following conditions: where It is easy to prove that 2 is greater than zero.Next, we will discuss it in four parts.
(3) When (x, y) ∈ U 3 , we have In summary, for ∀(x, y) ∈ R 2  + \U, we have Lg < −1.Moreover, we can also find a constant M = min At this point, we prove the sufficient condition for the existence of stationary distribution, and then System (21) has a unique stationary distribution.

Numerical Simulations
In this section, we choose the parameters that satisfy the conditions of the theorem to carry out numerical simulation to verify the correctness of the theorem.We take the determined initial values (x 0 , y 0 ) = (2.9, 1.4) and let σ 1 = σ 2 = 0.6 , γ 1 = γ 2 = 0.06.
Example 1.In order to verify Theorem 2, we choose a = 4, b = 2, q = 5, m = 2, c = 5, δ = 0.1, h = 9, l = 1; then, we have 4 − 0.6 2  2 + Γ [ln(1 + 0.06) − 0.06] ≈ 3.81 > 0 and 0.1 − 0.6 2 2 + Γ [ln(1 + 0.06) − 0.06] ≈ −0.08 < 0. Therefore, by Theorem 2, the predator dies out and the prey persists in the sense of time average.This is consistent with Figure 1.Γ [ln(1 + 0.06) − 0.06] ≈ −0.08 < 0. Therefore, by Theorem 4, both the predator and the prey die out.This is consistent with Figure 3.In order to verify Theorem 5, we choose a = 30, b = 3, q = 6, m = 5, c = 20, δ = 5, h = 5, l = 1; then, we have 5 − 0 24 > 0. Therefore, by Theorem 5, both the predator and the prey persist in the sense of time average.This is consistent with Figure 4.In order to further explore the influence of cooperative hunting and group defense on existence, we only change q and c in the above parameters.Only changing q = 6 to q = 15 makes the cooperative hunting intensity increase and does not meet the theorem conditions; Figure 5 shows that the prey perishes.Only changing c = 30 to c = 50 reduces the population defense strength and does not satisfy the theorem condition; Figure 6 shows that the prey perishes.This tells us that when the intensity of cooperative hunting is too large, or the intensity of group defense is too low, it will lead to the demise of the prey, which is also in line with our common sense.To verify the condition that System (2) without Lévy jump has an ergodic stationary distribution, we assume that (x 0 , y 0 ) = (0.31, 1.725), and we choose the following parameter values: σ 1 = σ 2 = 0.1, a = 2, b = 0.7, q = 0.6, m = 0.12, c = 0.1, δ = 2.5, h = 0.75, l = 0.21.

Conclusions
This paper discusses the dynamic properties of a predator-prey model with cooperative hunting, group defense, and Lévy noise.First, we prove the uniqueness of the global positive solution of System (2) by constructing a suitable equation.Then, we obtain the theorem that the intensity of white noise and Lévy noise more than a certain extent may lead to the extinction of the population; when the intensity of white noise and Lévy noise is small, if the intensity of cooperative hunting and group defense satisfies an inequality, the two populations can continue to coexist.Furthermore, if the intensity of cooperative hunting is too large or the intensity of group defense is too small, the prey will become extinct.Finally, we conclude that the system has a stationary distribution when there is no Lévy noise.
then x is extinct, and y persists in the sense of time average, i.e., )ds > 0.
then x and y are all extinct, i.e., then x and y both persist in the sense of time average, i.e.,