Probabilistic Interval-Valued Fermatean Hesitant Fuzzy Set and Its Application to Multi-Attribute Decision Making

: It is difﬁcult to describe the hesitation and uncertainty of experts by single-valued information, and the differences in the importance of attributes are often ignored during the decision-making process. This paper introduces the probability and interval values into Fermatean hesitant fuzzy set (FHFS) and creatively proposes the probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy set (PIVFHFS) to deal with information loss. This new fuzzy set allows decision makers to use interval-valued information with probability to express their quantitative evaluation, which broadens the range of information expression, effectively reﬂects the important degree of different membership degrees, and can describe uncertain information more completely and accurately. Under the probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy environment, several new aggregation operators based on Hamacher operation are proposed, including the probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Hamacher weighted averaging (PIVFHFHWA) operator and geometric (PIVFHFHWG) operator, and their basic properties and particular forms are studied. Then, considering the general correlation between different attributes, this paper deﬁnes the probabilistic interval-valued Fer-matean hesitant fuzzy Hamacher Choquet integral averaging (PIVFHFHCIA) operator and geometric (PIVFHFHCIG) operator and discusses related properties. Finally, a multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) method is presented and applied to the decision-making problem of reducing carbon emissions of manufacturers in the supply chain. The stability and feasibility of this method are demonstrated by sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis. The proposed new operators can not only consider the correlation between various factors but also express the preference information of decision makers more effectively by using probability, thus avoiding information loss in decision-making progress to some extent.


Introduction
In our daily life, there are many fuzzy concepts in human thinking.The characteristics of the objects described by these fuzzy concepts need to be more precise, and the subordination relationship between objects and sets sometimes needs to be clarified.Examples include terms like "Big", "Warm", and "Comfortable".Consequently, the properties of these objects cannot be described simply as "Yes" or "No".With the rapid development of society and economy, as well as the complexity and uncertainty of evaluation factors, it is difficult for evaluators to give evaluation attitudes for all indicators accurately in reality.Fuzzy sets (FSs) [1] theory can effectively deal with this change, allowing the membership of an object to a set to be in the interval [0, 1] instead of always 0 or 1.Compared with traditional mathematical models, FSs are more effective in solving decision problems with missing or inaccurate information.In some cases, however, it is difficult to describe the evaluation information and experts' opposition and hesitation only by the degree of membership.Therefore, Atanassov [2] proposed the intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) as a generalization of FSs.IFS can use the membership and non-membership functions to express the support and opposition attitude of decision makers to the scheme, respectively, and their complement to 1 is the so-called degree of hesitancy.Thus, IFS can more effectively capture the vagueness of uncertain information and has been widely used in decision-making [3] and expanded into numerous forms, such as intuitionistic fuzzy rough set [4], intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy set [5], linguistic IFS [6], and so on.Then, considering the subjective preference and hesitant attitude of decision makers, Torra [7] introduced the idea of hesitant fuzzy set (HFS), allowing the membership degree set to contain several possible values.HFS can describe the hesitant preferences of evaluators more effectively, thus forming a more reasonable and practical decision-making process.With the increasing ambiguity of problems and information uncertainty, it is challenging for IFS to meet the expanding complicated decision requirements.Then, Yager [8] developed Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS), which extends the condition of IFS to the sum of squares of the membership and non-membership degrees less than or equal to 1.With the extensive application of PFS in many fields, great achievements have been made in the aggregation operators, information measures, and decision-making models of PFS.
In 2017, Yager [9] proposed the concept of q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS) based on IFS and PFS, where the sum of q th powers of the membership and non-membership degrees is required to be less than or equal to 1, that is, 0 ≤ µ q + ν q ≤ 1. Obviously, the acceptable geometric area increases with the value of q, so q-ROFS can better indicate (which better indicates) the preferences and ideas of decision makers.Compared with IFS and PFS, q-ROFS is more flexible and general in handling uncertain information.Senapati and Yager [10] then set q = 3 and investigated the Fermatean fuzzy set (FFS), where the cubic sum of the membership and non-membership degrees of each element is less than or equal to 1. FFS is a new generalization of q-ROFS through definition, requiring the sum of the third power to be defined in [0,1].It is clear that FFS has larger decision space, more unrestricted expression of evaluation information, and a more robust ability to process information than IFS and PFS, making it increasingly popular across various fields.Although q-ROFS can describe more generalized uncertainties than FFS, it is not conducive to studying specific cases where q takes different values.FFS has attracted much attention since its appearance because of its stronger ability to describe fuzziness.Senapati and Yager [11] defined some basic operations on FFS and introduced four new weighted aggregated operators under the Fermatean fuzzy environment.Aydemir and Gunduz [12] defined several Fermatean fuzzy aggregation operators using the Dombi operation.Liu et al. [13] proposed Fermatean fuzzy linguistic term sets (FFLTSs) and developed some weighted aggregation operators and distance measures for FFLTSs.Hadi et al. [14] proposed some Fermatean fuzzy Hamacher arithmetic and geometric aggregation operators.Deng and Wang [15] investigated a novel Fermatean fuzzy entropy measure to describe the fuzziness degree of FFS, which considered the uncertainty information and uncertainty degree in FFS.Zeb et al. [16] described the application of new aggregation operators in the Fermatean fuzzy soft sets (FFSSs) environment.Ganie [17] introduced some novel distance measures for FFSs using t-conorms and developed new knowledge measures of FFS with the help of the suggested distance measures.Kirisci [18] presented an extended version of the ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité (ELECTRE) I method under the Fermatean fuzzy environment for solving multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problems.To solve the problem of multiple membership degrees under Fermatean fuzzy environment, Ruan et al. [19] introduced the concept of Fermatean hesitant fuzzy set (FHFS) and proposed a prioritized Heronian mean operator for FHFSs.Mishra [20] defined several distance measures of FHFSs and developed the remoteness index-based Fermatean hesitant fuzzy-VIKOR MADM method.Wang et al. [21] proposed some hesitant Fermatean fuzzy Bonferroni mean operators for multi-attribute decision-making problems.In conclusion, Axioms 2023, 12, 979 3 of 27 FFS has made some achievements in aggregation operators, information measures, decision methods, and so on.
However, in cases where the evaluators need more expertise or the objective decision condition is not ideal, decision makers cannot express their agreement or disagreement with one or more specific numbers.It is more appropriate for decision makers to use interval numbers instead of concrete values to describe evaluation information.Therefore, some scholars began to combine fuzzy set theory with interval numbers to develop new fuzzy sets, including interval-valued IFS (IVIFS), interval-valued PFS (IVPFS), and interval-valued HFS (IVHFS).These new fuzzy sets can express the evaluation information better and deal with the missing information more effectively.Atanassov and Gargov [22] introduced the idea of IVIFS.Then, Atanassov [23] defined different operators of IVIFS and studied their basic properties.Nayagam and Sivaraman [24] introduced a new method for ranking IVIFS.Chen et al. [25] extended the HFS to an interval-valued environment, where the membership of an element to a given set is represented by several possible interval values, and established the interval-valued hesitant preference relation.Peng and Yang [26] defined several aggregation operators under the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy environment.Zhang et al. [27] investigated the interval-valued Pythagorean hesitant fuzzy set (IVPHFS), which can preserve the interval-valued fuzzy information as much as possible, and proposed its score function and accuracy function.Since interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy sets (IVFFSs) are more flexible and reliable tools for dealing with uncertain and incomplete information, scholars have extended interval numbers to the Fermatean fuzzy environment and achieved some results in recent years.Jeevaraj [28] introduced the idea of IVFFSs as an extension of IFS and developed various score functions in the class of IVFFSs.Akram [29] demonstrated an interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy fractional transportation problem.Mishra et al. [30] introduced interval-valued FHFSs (IVFHFSs) and discussed a decision analysis process on IVFHFSs environment based on the COPRAS method.Qin et al. [31] proposed a novel score function for IVFFSs and constructed a new multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) method using the hybrid weighted score measure.Sergi et al. [32] proposed a new fuzzy extension of the most-used capital budgeting techniques with IVFFSs information.Rani and Mishra [33] developed the doctrine of IVFFSs and their fundamental operations.Demir [34] developed four different types of correlation coefficients for FHFSs and extended them to the correlation coefficients and weighted correlation coefficients for IVFHFSs.
Individual uncertainty and limited knowledge can negatively impact decision-making processes and ultimately affect the rationality of results due to potential information loss.When evaluation information is insufficient, IVHFS is limited in accurately describing the probability of evaluating information, so some scholars introduced the probability into different FSs.Zhang et al. [35] proposed the probabilistic hesitant fuzzy set (PHFS), which can retain more information than HFS.Jiang and Ma [36] introduced some new basic operations on probabilistic hesitant fuzzy elements (PHFEs) and developed probabilistic hesitant fuzzy weighted arithmetic and geometric aggregation operators.Li and Wang [37] defined the probabilistic hesitant fuzzy preference relation (PHFPR) based on expected multiplicative consistency transitivity.Later, scholars continued to extend FSs theory by combining probability and interval values.De et al. [38] developed an interactive method for solving decision-making problems with incomplete weight information using probabilistic interval-valued intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy set (PIVIHFS).Garg [39] proposed some probabilistic aggregation operators with Pythagorean fuzzy information and extended them to the IVPFS environment to develop corresponding operators.Ali et al. [40] constructed a probabilistic interval-valued hesitant fuzzy set (PIVHFS)-Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model and improved some preliminary aggregation operators based on PIVHFS.
As an important part of FSs theory, aggregation operator is regarded as a valuable tool for solving fuzzy decision-making problems, and it has yielded fruitful results in various fuzzy environments.Many existing operators are improved on the operation of Archimedean t-norm and t-conorm, such as Bonferroni mean (BM) operator [41], Ein-stein aggregation operators [42], ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator [43], and Hamacher operators [44].Among them, Hamacher operator, as a generalization of algebraic and Einstein t-norms and t-conorms, has been widely used in various FSs.Since it can choose different parameters according to the personal preferences of evaluators to deal with decision problems, it is more universal and practical in real life.Many scholars have studied the applications of Hamacher operator in different interval-valued fuzzy environments.Li and Peng [44] proposed some new Hamacher operations for IVHFS.Liu [45] developed several weighted averaging Hamacher operators for IVIFS.Xiao [46] defined an induced interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Hamacher ordered weighted geometric (I-IVIFHOWG) operator and applied it to evaluate the security of a wireless sensor network.Senapati and Chen [47] formulated several aggregation operators based on Hamacher triangular norms of IVPFS.Shahzadi [48] introduced several Hamacher initiative weighted averaging aggregation operators for IVFFSs.
With the development of research, scholars found a general correlation between different attributes.Attributes are often not independent of each other but complement or duplicate.Murofushi and Sugeno [49] introduced the fuzzy measure to simulate the interaction between different decision-making criteria.The Choquet integral operator proposed by Choquet [50] fully considered the importance and interaction between attributes and provided an effective solution to this issue.Since its appearance, the Choquet integral operator has been extended to different fuzzy environments.Zhang and Yu [51] defined some geometric Choquet aggregation operators using Einstein operations under the intuitionistic fuzzy environment.Khan et al. [52] proposed several Choquet integral averaging and geometric operators with Pythagorean hesitant fuzzy information.Qu et al. [53] developed some Choquet ordered operators for interval-valued dual hesitant fuzzy sets (IVDHFSs).Khan et al. [54] investigated an interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy Choquet integral geometric (IVPFCIG) operator based on fuzzy measures for solving MCGDM problems.Luo and Liu [55] used the Hamacher operation and Choquet interval to develop the probabilistic interval-valued hesitant Pythagorean fuzzy Hamacher Choquet integral geometric (PIVH-PFHCIG) operator.Shao et al. [56] proposed the probabilistic neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy Choquet averaging and geometric operators to select the third-party logistics providers.
Due to the limitation of their knowledge and experience, it is difficult for experts to evaluate complex decision-making problems accurately, and they often use fuzzy numbers to express their preferences.To make evaluating information more comprehensive and effective, scholars continued expanding their research on FSs and proposed IFS, HFS, PFS, FFS, FHFS, and so on.Significantly, FHFS broadens the restriction of membership and non-membership degrees and effectively considers the hesitant state of experts in decisionmaking.However, when evaluators need more expertise or objective decision conditions are not ideal, decision makers cannot express their agreement or disagreement with single values.Interval-valued information is more conducive to reflecting the uncertain application of information, and its fusion with FSs further enhances the ability to deal with uncertain information.Compared with traditional single-valued fuzzy sets mentioned above, interval-valued fuzzy sets can preserve more evaluation information and avoid information loss.To solve the problem of multiple membership degrees with different importance degrees in practice, scholars introduced probabilistic information into various fuzzy environments and proposed many new FSs, such as PIFS, PIVIFS, and PIVHFS.
Although the research of FFS has made some achievements, the research content mainly focuses on the information aggregation method, and it is necessary to explore new extension forms.From the existing research, few scholars have researched information aggregation under the probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy environment.Compared with traditional single-valued fuzzy sets, probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy sets (PIVFHFSs) proposed in this paper can broadly express information and retain more evaluation information.Compared with ordinary interval-valued fuzzy sets, PIFHFSs add the corresponding probability information to each membership degree and overcome the shortcoming that different membership degree has different importance.Thus, they can reflect the difference in evaluation information more accurately.Therefore, it is necessary to explore the PIVFHFSs and relevant information aggregation methods, which can further enrich the theoretical research of FFS.
As an indispensable part of decision-making, information aggregation has received attention from numerous scholars.Despite the extensive study of information aggregation and the proposal of several effective aggregation methods, information loss and incomplete information remain unavoidable in the decision-making process.Additionally, aggregation operators are widely used in many fuzzy environments as fundamental elements of information aggregation.However, many aggregation operators and their extended forms assume that attributes are independent and fail to analyze the interaction between attributes.At present, some achievements have been made in the study of aggregation operators of FFS.Still, most of them are based on algebraic sums and products, leading to rational constraints on decision makers.Although many scholars have devised multiple information aggregation approaches for FFSs, the combination of probability and interval has not been employed to describe uncertain information and handle fuzzy issues under a Fermatean hesitant fuzzy setting.Therefore, the contributions of this paper are given as: (1) This paper adds corresponding probability information for each membership degree and innovatively proposes the concept of PIVFHFSs.The paper is organized as follows.Section 2 provides a brief review of basic concepts and theories.PIVFHFSs and related Hamacher operations are defined in Section 3. In Section 4, two Hamacher weighted aggregation operators of PIVFHFSs are developed.Combining with Choquet integral, the PIVFHFHCIG operator is developed in Section 5.Then, Section 6 presents a MADM method utilizing the PIVFHFHCIG operator and applies it to carbon emission reduction of manufacturers.Section 7 concludes the paper with some remarks.

E is defined by
..

E (x) =
x, µ .. E (x), ν .. E (x) : x ∈ X is an interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy number (IVFHFN) denoting some possible interval membership and non-membership values of an element X to ..

Hamacher t-Norm and t-Conorm
Hamacher operator is a wider range of t-norm and t-conorm, which can make the operation more flexible through its own parameter.

Choquet Integral and Fuzzy Measure
Fuzzy measure can represent not only the weight of attribute and attribute set, but also the relation between different attributes in solving MADM problems.
Let Λ be a finite set with n ∪ i=1 Λ i = α, then the fuzzy measure of κ under γ is defined as: where Λ i ∩ Λ j = (i = j) for the sub-set with only one element Λ i .κ(Λ i ) is called the fuzzy measure and Definition 7 [50].Let κ be a fuzzy measure and f be a non-negative real number function defined on a finite set X, then the discrete Choquet integral for f with respect to κ is given as: where , and ρ (n+1) = 0.

Probabilistic Interval-Valued Fermatean Hesitant Fuzzy Set
This section creatively develops the concept of PIVFHFSs and introduces the scoring function and accuracy function and related comparison rules of PIVFHFSs.In addition, this section presents some Hamacher operations of PIVFHFSs, providing a significant theoretical basis for the following aggregation operators based on Hamacher t-norm and t-conorm.

The Probabilistic Interval-Valued Fermatean Hesitant Fuzzy Set
Definition 8. Let X be a finite set.Then, the probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy set (PIVFHFS) on X is given as: where PIVFHFS comprises a group of probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy elements (PIVFHFEs) represented by Every PIVFHFE is a set of pairs composed by a collection of IVFFNs and the probability p, in which the probability is used to indicate the possible degree of its corresponding PIVFHFS.When ), p] is an infinite PIVFHFE, its probabilities should be a continuous probability distribution with 0 ≤ p(x) ≤ 1 and , where i = 1, 2, . . ., L(PIVFHFE), L(PIVFHFE) is a positive integer that describes the quantity of elements contained in PIVFHFE, Example 1.If a city aims to select a location for constructing a waste incinerator to achieve the goal of becoming a waste-free city, it must conduct thorough field visits to various regions.Following these visits, the government has preliminarily chosen Region Z and plans to conduct further evaluations of the relevant supporting facilities in the area.Let 10 points be full marks; here, we consider the government is 70% sure about related supporting facilities, which could be from 7 to 8.5 but not less than 5 to 6. Therefore, after data normalization, the opinion can be represented as ([0. , p i l be a collection of PIVFHFEs, where i = 1, 2, . . ., n, l = 1, 2, . . ., L(PIVFHFE).The scoring function S(M i ) and accuracy function E(M i ) can be computed as: 16) Definition 10.Let X be a finite set.For any two PIVFHFEs M on X, where i = 1, 2, . . ., n, l = 1, 2, . . ., L(PIVFHFE 1 ), k = 1, 2, . . ., L(PIVFHFE 2 ), then rules for comparison between them are as follows:

Hamacher Operations on PIVFHFEs
This section establishes several basic Hamacher operations of PIVFHFEs.

Hamacher Choquet Integral Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs
In reality, the attributes involved in the decision-making process are not always independent of each other and often have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the , itant fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (PIVFHFEWA) operator.

Hamacher Choquet Integral Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs
In reality, the attributes involved in the decision-making process are not always independent of each other and often have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the or reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesaveraging (PIVFHFEWA) operator. ) is the weighting vector of

, ( ) L P I V F H F E
. The aggregated result obtained by using on is still a PIVFHFE, and is the weighting vector with 0 1 tor also has some excellent properties.Please refer to Theoon (26) Obviously, when δ = 1, the probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Hamacher operation is reduced to an algebraic operation of PIVFHFSs.When δ = 2, the probabilistic intervalvalued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Hamacher operation degenerates into an Einstein operation.Theorem 1.Let M, M 1 , and M 2 be three PIVFHFEs, then It is easy to prove that the proposed PIVFHFS operation meets the requirements of Theorem 1.The operating rules provided by Theorem 1 hold significance in presenting aggregation operators detailed in subsequent sections, and they constitute a crucial foundation for this paper.

Probabilistic Interval-Valued Fermatean Hesitant Fuzzy Hamacher Aggregation Operators
Many operators are formulated based on the operations of Archimedes t-norm and t-conorm.The Hamacher operator, which is a special form of this, is introduced in this section.Two Hamacher weighted aggregation operators of PIVFHFSs are defined: the probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Hamacher weighted averaging (PIVFHFHWA) operator and geometric (PIVFHFHWG) operator.Their basic properties and special forms are discussed as well.

. , L(PIVFHFE). A probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Hamacher weighted averaging (PIVFHFHWA) operator is a function PIVFHFHWA
where The aggregated result utilizing the PIVFHFHWA operator is still a PIVFHFE, and ) ) The PIVFHFHWA operator reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (PIVFHFEWA) operator.

Hamacher Choquet Integral Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs
In reality, the attributes involved in the decision-making process are not always independent of each other and often have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the n ∑ i=1 p i l > (19)   where ω = (ω 1 , ω 2 , . . ., ω n ) T is the weighting vector of M i with 0  ) e weighting vector of be a set of ( ) P I V F H F E .The aggregated result obtained by using ll a PIVFHFE, and , tean fuzzy Hamacher weighted geometric (PIVFHFHWG) operator is a function ( , ,..., ) where is the weighting vector of ( 1,2,..., ) The aggregated result obtained by using PIVFHFHWG operator integration is still a PIVFHFE, and )   ( ) The PIVFHFHWG operator also has some excellent properties.Please refer to Theorem 3-5.When 1 δ = , Equation (26) reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy weighted geometric (PIVFHFWG) operator; when 2 δ = , it reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted geometric (PIVFHFEWG) operator.

Hamacher Choquet Integral Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs
In reality, the attributes involved in the decision-making process are not always independent of each other and often have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the ) ) The PIVFHFHWA operator reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (PIVFHFEWA) operator. where ( , ,..., ) is the weighting vector of ( 1,2,..., ) . The aggregated result obtained by using PIVFHFHWG operator integration is still a PIVFHFE, and  ( ) The PIVFHFHWG operator also has some excellent properties.Please refer to Theorem 3-5.When 1 δ = , Equation (26) reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy weighted geometric (PIVFHFWG) operator; when 2 δ = , it reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted geometric (PIVFHFEWG) operator.

Hamacher Choquet Integral Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs
In reality, the attributes involved in the decision-making process are not always independent of each other and often have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the The PIVFHFHWA operator reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (PIVFHFEWA) operator. where . The aggregated result obtained by using PIVFHFHWG operator integration is still a PIVFHFE, and   and   ( ) The PIVFHFHWG operator also has some excellent properties.Please refer to Theorem 3-5.When 1 δ = , Equation ( 26) reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy weighted geometric (PIVFHFWG) operator; when 2 δ = , it reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted geometric (PIVFHFEWG) operator.
Some special forms of the PIVFHFHWA operator regarding different parameter δ are given as follows.

Hamacher Choquet Integral Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs
In reality, the attributes involved in the decision-making process are not always independent of each other and often have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the n ∑ i=1 p i l > (23)   The PIVFHFHWA operator reduces to probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy weighted averaging (PIVFHFWA) operator.
When δ = 2, it follows that . The aggregated result obtained by using PIVFHFHWG operator integration is still a PIVFHFE, and  ( ) The PIVFHFHWG operator also has some excellent properties.Please refer to Theorem 3-5.When 1 δ = , Equation (26) reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy weighted geometric (PIVFHFWG) operator; when 2 δ = , it reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted geometric (PIVFHFEWG) operator.

Hamacher Choquet Integral Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs
In reality, the attributes involved in the decision-making process are not always independent of each other and often have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the n ∑ i=1 p i l > (24)   The PIVFHFHWA operator reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (PIVFHFEWA) operator.

Hamacher Choquet Integral Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs
In reality, the attributes involved in the decision-making process are not always independent of each other and often have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the correlations between different attributes and the individual preferences of decision makers, the PIVFHFHCIA and PIVFHFHCIG operators are introduced and their excellent properties are discussed.Definition 14.Let X be a fixed set.
The PIVFHFHWA operator reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (PIVFHFEWA) operator.

probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy Hamacher weighted geometric (PIVFHFHWG) operator is a function
. The aggregated result obtained by using PIVFHFHWG operator integration is still a PIVFHFE, and   and   ( ) The PIVFHFHWG operator also has some excellent properties.Please refer to Theorem 3-5.When 1 δ = , Equation ( 26) reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy weighted geometric (PIVFHFWG) operator; when 2 δ = , it reduces to a n ∑ i=1 p i l > (28)   where

, ( ) L P I V F H F E
. The aggregated result obtained by using is still a PIVFHFE, and the weighting vector with 0 1 ω ≤ ≤ i and Proof of Theorem 7. When n = 2, we have , tean fuzzy Hamacher weighted geometric (PIVFHFHWG) operator is a function ( , ,..., ) is the weighting vector of ( 1,2,..., ) The aggregated result obtained by using PIVFHFHWG operator integration is still a PIVFHFE, and  ( ) The PIVFHFHWG operator also has some excellent properties.Please refer to Theorem 3-5.When 1 δ = , Equation (26) reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy weighted geometric (PIVFHFWG) operator; when 2 δ = , it reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted geometric (PIVFHFEWG) operator.

Hamacher Choquet Integral Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs
In reality, the attributes involved in the decision-making process are not always independent of each other and often have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the Assume that when n = s, the theorem is true.
The PIVFHFHWA operator reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (PIVFHFEWA) operator.

Hamacher Choquet Integral Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs
In reality, the attributes involved in the decision-making process are not always independent of each other and often have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the s ∑ i=1 p i l > Then, when n = s + 1, we have The PIVFHFHWA operator reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (PIVFHFEWA) operator.

Hamacher Choquet Integral Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs
In reality, the attributes involved in the decision-making process are not always independent of each other and often have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the The PIVFHFHWA operator reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (PIVFHFEWA) operator.
. The aggregated result obtained by using PIVFHFHWG operator integration is still a PIVFHFE, and ( ) 1 ( )  Using Equation ( 26) to solve the Choquet integral, then , p i l be a set of PIVFHFEs on a finite set X with i = 1, 2, . . ., n and l = 1, 2, . . ., L(PIVFHFE).κ represents the fuzzy measure, then the aggregation result utilizing PIVFHFHCIG operator is still a PIVFHFN.

Hamacher Choquet Integral Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs
In reality, the attributes involved in the decision-making process are not always independent of each other and often have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the n ∑ i=1 p i l > (34)   where eraging (PIVFHFEWA) operator. ) is the weighting vector of ( 1,2,..., ) . The aggregated result obtained by using is still a PIVFHFE, and Similarly, PIVFHFHCIG operator has some of the same excellent properties as the PIVFHFH-CIA operator.Please refer to Theorem 8-11 above.

MADM Method Based on PIVFHFHCIG Operator
A MADM method for solving problems with PIVFHFSs information is proposed, and the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed method are verified through a numerical example of carbon emission reduction of manufacturers in the supply chain, which provides a significant reference for the development of FFSs.

Decision-Making Method
For a MADM problem, let Y i = {Y 1 , Y 2 , . . . ,Y n } be a collection of alternatives and C i = {C 1 , C 2 , . . . ,C n } be a collection of attributes.Assume that the alternative Y i with respect to the attribute C i is expressed by a PIVFHFE M ij (i = 1, 2, . . ., m, j = 1, 2, . . ., n).To fully depict the differences between evaluating opinions, a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy decision matrix D = (M ij ) m×n using PIVFHFEs is constructed to express the opinions of experts regarding different alternative Y i with respect to attribute C i .Then, the decision matrix is formed by using the opinion from decision makers.It is assumed that all attribute information is known here, so the involved fuzzy measures are directly given by experts according to their knowledge and experience.A new decision method based on PIVFHFHCIG operator for solving MADM problems is proposed in this section and illustrated by the following steps: Step 1. Establish the decision matrix of PIVFHFNs D = (M ij ) m×n according to the evaluation information provided by the experts.
Step 2. Normalize the decision matrix D = (M ij ) m×n .Then, valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy decision matrix D = (M ij ) 4×4 is constructed through the discussion of experts.
Step 1. Establish the decision matrix D = (M ij ) m×n based on the evaluation information provided by experts, as shown in Table 1.Step 2. The decision matrix does not to be standardized since {Y 1 , Y 2 , . . . ,Y 4 } are all benefit-type attributes.
Step 3. When identifying fuzzy measures, decision makers can directly give the values of κ i according to the practical meaning of each attribute and decision requirements.In this paper, the fuzzy measures are obtained according to the opinions of experts: κ(c 1 ) = 0.4, κ(c 2 ) = 0.3, κ(c 3 ) = 0.1, κ(c 4 ) = 0.4.Then, we can obtain an equation about the parameter γ by Equation ( 36): The value of γ is obtained using MATLAB: γ = −0.4222.Then, we have Then, the Choquet integral is calculated by Definition 7.
Step 4. Use the PIVFHFHCIG operator in Equation (34) to calculate the comprehensive scores of each alternative (when δ = 0.8 Step 5. Calculate final scores of each alternative Y i by the following scoring function: Step 6.According to the calculation result above and relevant comparison rules in Definition 10, the enterprises are ranked as That is, Y 3 is the best scheme, and Enterprise W should select Y 3 after considering all factors.

Sensitivity Analysis
To further validate the scientificity of the operators proposed in this paper, the effects of different parameter values on the aggregation results of PIVFHFHCIG operators are discussed further.When parameter δ selects values of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6.5, 8, 10, 15, and 20, the final scores and rankings are displayed in Table 2.
From Table 2, regardless of the value of the parameter δ, the priority of alternatives is always the same and the best option remains Y 3 , indicating that the parameter δ has little influence on the rankings of the alternatives.This proves the robustness of the proposed method from one aspect.To make the comprehensive evaluation more intuitive, the changes in the scoring results of each alternative manufacturer are shown in Figure 1.

   Y Y Y Y
From Table 2, regardless of the value of the parameter δ , the priority of alternatives is always the same and the best option remains 3 Y , indicating that the parameter δ has little influence on the rankings of the alternatives.This proves the robustness of the proposed method from one aspect.To make the comprehensive evaluation more intuitive, the changes in the scoring results of each alternative manufacturer are shown in Figure 1.As can be seen from Figure 1, with the increase of parameter δ , the scoring of each scheme change accordingly and show an increasing trend as a whole, indicating that parameter has an obvious impact on the scoring results.However, the ranking of each  As can be seen from Figure 1, with the increase of parameter δ, the scoring of each scheme change accordingly and show an increasing trend as a whole, indicating that parameter has an obvious impact on the scoring results.However, the ranking of each scheme remains relatively stable, and it is always showing that PIVFHFHCIG operator has certain stability.
The analysis results show that the aggregation results obtained by PIVFHFHCIG operator are stable and reasonable.Decision makers can choose different parameter values to sort the schemes by their own judgment or subjective attitude, which reflects certain flexibility.Meanwhile, they can also observe the dynamic change trend of the ranking by selecting a series of different parameter values.Thus, the PIVFHFHCIG operator is flexible and dynamic.

Comparative Analysis
In this section, a comparative analysis of the proposed Hamacher aggregation operators for PIVFHFSs is presented to further demonstrate the rationality of the MADM method, including the PIVFHFHWA, PIVFHFHWG, and PIVFHFHCIA operators.
When the PIVFHFHCIA operator is used for information aggregation, the comprehensive scores of alternatives are given as (when δ = 0.8):  Assume that the weighting vector given by experts is ω= (0 .3, 0.25, 0.35, 0 .1)T , then the scores using the PIVFHFHWA operator and PIVFHFHWG operator are (when δ = 0. Obviously, the ranking of enterprises is Y 3 Y 4 Y 2 Y 1 when PIVFHFHWA and PIVFHFHWG operators are used to calculate the scores.Furthermore, this section analyzes and compares the scores and rankings of the four proposed operators at varying parameter values, as displayed in Table 3.
It can be seen from Table 3 that although the scores of each alternative obtained by PIVFHFHWA, PIVFHFHWG, PIVFHFHCIA, and PIVFHFHCIG operators are different, the rankings of alternatives are the same, that is, Y 3 Y 4 Y 2 Y 1 .Moreover, the aggregate values of PIVFHFHWA and PIVFHFHCIA operators are consistently higher than those of PIVFHFHWG and PIVFHFHCIG operators.The comprehensive evaluation values obtained by PIVFHFHWA and PIVFHFHCIA operators are decreasing with the increase of parameter, which means that the smaller the parameter value, the higher the optimism level of decision makers.However, the comprehensive scores of each alternative obtained by PIVFHFHWG and PIVFHFHCIG operators are increasing with the increase of parameter, which means that the smaller the parameter value, the higher the optimism level of decision makers.The reason may be that the Hamacher operator, as a fuzzy synthesis operator with parameters, has multiple monotone properties.The Hamacher t-norm is monotonically decreasing with respect to parameter δ, while Hamacher t-conorm is monotonically increasing with respect to δ.Therefore, the former is more appropriate for optimistic decision makers and the latter for pessimistic decision makers.The Hamacher aggregation operators proposed in this paper are more widely used than the existing Fermatean fuzzy aggregation operators because they have considered the probability during the decision-making process and use interval numbers to represent the evaluation information, which can avoid information loss and reflect the interaction of each attribute.

Conclusions
This paper discusses several new Hamacher aggregation operators for PIVFHFSs and relevant applications.Firstly, this paper introduces probability into the interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy environment and develops the concept of PIVFHFSs.Based on the Hamacher operation, two probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Hamacher aggregation operators are defined: the PIVFHFHWA operator and PIVFHFHWG operator, and their characteristics and special forms are described.Then, the PIVFHFHCIA and PIVFHFHCIG operators are proposed based on the Choquet integral.These new operators have some excellent properties, such as boundedness, permutation invariance, and monotonicity.They consider the interaction between different attributes and the personal preferences of decision makers, effectively improving the rationality of decision results and avoiding information loss.Finally, a method with PIVFHFSs information for solving MADM problems is developed and illustrated through a numerical example of reducing carbon emissions of manufacturers in the supply chain.The stability and feasibility of this method are verified by sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis.The presented MADM method not only expands the Hamacher operator and its applications but also combines probabilistic interval-valued information with FHFS to enrich the theory and practice of FFS.
However, the fuzzy measure in this paper is directly given by experts according to the practical significance of each attribute and decision requirement, which may contain some subjective evaluations.Meanwhile, the collected evaluation information in the decision matrix of this paper is not fully combined with actual enterprises, so it is necessary to improve the practical application of the presented method and explore some new data collection methods under the background of big data.Therefore, evaluation attributes' importance degree and weighting information should be further studied.In fuzzy decision making, it is a new attempt to combine probability interval-valued information with FHFS.A new concept of PIVFHFSs is proposed, and some Hamacher aggregation operators of

( 2 )
This paper defines two new operators for PIVFHFSs combined with the Hamacher operation, including the probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Hamacher weighted averaging (PIVFHFHWA) operator and geometric (PIVFHFHWG) operator.(3) Considering the correlation between different attributes, this paper further proposes the probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Hamacher Choquet integral averaging (PIVFHFHCIA) operator and geometric (PIVFHFHCIG) operator based on Choquet integral.(4) Based on the PIVFHFHCIG operator, a MADM model is constructed to solve the carbon emission reduction decision-making problem of manufacturers in the supply chain.

(
where reduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean etric (PIVFHFWG) operator; when 2 δ = , it reduces to a Fermatean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted geometric l Aggregation Operators of PIVFHFSs nvolved in the decision-making process are not always inoften have certain correlations.Therefore, considering the and probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean hesng (PIVFHFEWA) operator.
excellent properties.Please refer to Theoreduces to a probabilistic interval-valued Fermatean IVFHFWG) operator; when 2 δ = , it reduces to a ean hesitant fuzzy Einstein weighted geometric gation Operators of PIVFHFSs in the decision-making process are not always inave certain correlations.Therefore, considering then where where interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy Hamacher weighted geometric (PIVFHFHWG) operator is a function:

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The influence of parameter δ on the scores of each alternative.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The influence of parameter δ on the scores of each alternative.

Table 2 .
The scores and ranking of the alternatives when parameter δ selects different values.

Table 3 .
The scores and rankings obtained by different operators with respect to different δ.