Second-Order Multiparameter Problems Containing Complex Potentials

: In this work, we provide some lower bounds for the number of squarly integrable solutions of some second-order multiparameter differential equations. To obtain the results, we use both Sims and Sleeman’s ideas and the results are some generalization of the known results. To be more precise, we ﬁrstly construct the Weyl–Sims theory for the singular second-order differential equation with several spectral parameters. Then, we obtain some results for the several singular second-order differential equations with several spectral parameters.

On the other hand, in 1957, Sims considered the following second-order equation [34]: where a and b are the singular points for (2) and q is a complex-valued function on (a, b), and it is continuous on the same interval such that Sims introduced, in contrast to the classical Weyl theory, the notion that there may be three situations at a singular point: (i) A limit-point case but only one square-integrable solution, (ii) A limit-point case but two square-integrable solutions, (iii) A limit-circle case and two square-integrable solutions.
Note that Weyl considered the second-order differential equation with a real valued potential function q.Since q is a real valued function, condition (ii) does not exist in the classical case.Sims's results have been generalized by U gurlu in [35] for the fractional differential equations.
In this paper, our aim is to generalize the results of Sims as well as the results of Sleeman because Sleeman considered the multiparameter problem with some real valued potentials and Sims considered the problem with a complex potential.In this study, we collect these two problems.For this purpose, first of all, we consider a single second-order differential equation that has a complex-valued potential function with several spectral parameters.We construct the Weyl-Sims theory for this equation.After constructing the theory, we use the results for the several singular second-order differential equations having the complex-valued potential functions with several spectral parameters.

Single Second-Order Equation
In this section, we shall consider the following multiparameter differential equation: where a, b are the regular point and singular point, respectively, for (3); λ k , k = 1, 2, . . ., n are spectral parameters; each real valued function w k is continuous on [a, b); and q is a complex-valued continuous function on [a, b) such that For further calculations, we need the following sets and Throughout the paper, the bold letter parameter λ indicates that it contains n−tuple complex parameters such that λ = (λ 1 , λ 2 , . . ., λ n ) ∈ C n .We should also note that the sets Λ + and Λ − are not empty.Lemma 1.If f and g are the solutions of following differential equations respectively, then Green's formula can be notated as where c ∈ (a, b) and for x ∈ [a, b).
Proof.Using direct calculations, we obtain Then, the proof is completed.
Corollary 2. Let f and g be the solutions of (3) corresponding to the same n−tuple parameter λ.Then, it is obtained from (4) that It is obvious that Equation (3) can be written as the following first-order equation: where As is well known, ( 6) has an unique vector solution ŷ for each fixed where η 1 , η 2 are arbitrary complex numbers, due to the assumptions on q and w k for k = 1, 2, . . ., n on [a, b).Thus, we can construct a linearly independent set of solutions y 1 , y 2 of (3) on [a, b).For this purpose, we choose solutions y 1 and y 2 satisfying the initial conditions y where the determinant of the matrix w jk does not vanish.Then, a linearly independent set of solutions y 1 , y 2 is called a fundamental system.Now, we can give the following lemma.
Lemma 2. Every solution of ( 3) is a lineer combination of a fixed, arbitrarily chosen, fundamental system of solutions of (3).
Proof.Let y 1 , y 2 constitute a fundamental system of solutions of (3) and y be any solution of (3).We can choose constants c 1 , c 2 at a fixed point The determinant of this system is the Wronskian of the fundamental system constructed by y 1 , y 2 for x = x 0 and hence [y 1 , y 2 ](x 0 ) = 0. On the other hand, (8) implies that the functions y and c 1 y 1 + c 2 y 2 are solutions of the (3) and yield the same initial conditions.Because of the uniqueness of such a solution, Thus, the set of all solutions of (3) constitutes a two-dimensional linear space that gives the proof .

Nested Circles
In this section, we provide a geometric definition of the fractional transformation constructed by the solutions of (3) for λ ∈ Λ + and λ ∈ Λ − .However, first of all, we want to provide the results for λ ∈ Λ + , and the results for λ ∈ Λ − may then be given similarly.
Let ϕ(x, λ) and ψ(x, λ) be the solutions of (3) satisfying the initial conditions where α is a complex number such that α = α 1 + iα 2 , and y should be understood as With the help of Hartog's theorem on the separate analyticity [36], we may say that ϕ(x, λ), ψ(x, λ), ϕ (x, λ), and ψ (x, λ) are complete functions of the parameters λ 1 , λ 2 , . . ., λ n .Since these solutions are linearly independent on the interval [a, b).For this reason, we may consider the following solution of (3): Our aim is to determine the behavior of χ around the singular point b.Therefore, first of all, we shall impose the following regular boundary condition at a point: where γ is a complex number such that γ = γ 1 + iγ 2 .
For now, suppose that ψ(c, λ) = 0 and ψ (c, λ) = 0 temporarily.In order for χ to satisfy the condition (9), we may write For the fixed choice of λ and c, (10) defines a linear fractional transformation from the complex z−plane to the complex m−plane.The inverse mapping is given by Since the critical point of transformation ( 10) is with a direct computation using (5), the imaginary part of this point can be expressed as Thus, from the well known properties of the linear fractional transformation (10), the real axis of the z−plane has an image that is a boundary of a circle in the m−plane.Let us denote this circle corresponding to the point c and parameter λ where λ ∈ Λ + by D c (λ).
From ( 12) one may see that in the case of λ ∈ Λ + , q 2 ≤ 0, and α 2 ≤ 0, the critical point of mapping (10)  Note that, in case of λ ∈ Λ − , q 2 ≥ 0 and α 2 ≥ 0, this critical point lies in the lower half of the z−plane so the upper half of z−plane maps onto a circle similarly.
From (11), we have By using (5), we obtain − 2i Im m cosh 2α 2 and it also follows from ( 13) that Hence, we can write Now, (16) indicates that m is in or on the circle D c (λ) if and only if Moreover, the center of D c (λ) corresponds the conjugate of critical point of the transformation given in (10).In other words, the center of D c (λ) is equal to Since the image of z = 0 in the m−plane is on the boundary of the circle D c (λ), that is, is a point on the boundary of D c (λ), then we can introduce the radius r c (λ) of the circle D c (λ) as Then, from Corollary 2, since [ϕ, ψ](c) = 1, we can rewrite the radius r c (λ) of the circle D c (λ) as Now, as we know it well, (10) brings the real axis of the z-plane to the boundary of the circle D c (λ) in the m-plane, and therefore the inverse mapping (11) transforms the circle D c (λ) into the real axis of z-plane.Thus, its critical point must be on the boundary of D c (λ).Furthermore, since the points m = − ϕ (c,λ) ψ (c,λ) and m 0 = − ϕ(c,λ) ψ(c,λ) are on the boundary of the circle D c (λ), we can write and with the help of (19), we obtain Up to the present, we have continued under the condition that ψ(c, λ) and ψ (c, λ) are not equal to zero.Now, we can investigate this situation in detail.If for c ∈ [a, b) there exists λ such that ψ(c, λ ) = 0, then neighborhood N(λ ) of λ exists such that ψ(c, λ) = 0 for λ = λ and λ ∈ N(λ ).However, if for λ → λ , then the right hand side of (20) approaches to zero, which is impossible due to the fact the left hand side of (20) is exactly positive because of the restrictions on the λ, q, and α.Similarly, we deduce that ψ (c, λ) = 0. Hence, the assumptions behind the solution ψ(c, λ) and ψ (c, λ)can be removed.
Finally, for a < c < c < b, if m(c, λ) is in or on D c (λ), then m(c, λ) is also inside D c (λ) from (17).This means that if c < c then, D c (λ) contains D c (λ).Therefore, as c → b the circles D c (λ) converge either to a limit-circle or to a limit-point.In both cases, there is a point inside all the circles D c (λ) such that if M(b, λ) is any point on the limit-circle or is a limit-point, then it follows from (17) Then, we may summarize the results as the following Theorem.
Now, it is obvious that either a limit-circle or limit-point case prevails at x = b.If a limit-circle situation occurs at x = b, then we obtain Im λ k w k − q 2 .Here, it should be remarked that from (19), we obtain However, it may be that This situation is a special limit-point case that has no analog in the classical limit-point and limit-circle theory, and in [34], Sims gave two examples for clarifying this case for one parameter case.In the next section, we show that the limit-point and limit-circle theory are independent of the n-tuple parameter λ so that this special case exists for the multiparameter case.
Briefly, the following cases occur at singular point b.
(I) The limit-point case: there are linearly independent solutions of (3) satisfying (II) The limit-point case: there exist linearly independent solutions of ( 3) (III) The limit-circle case: there exist linearly independent solutions of (3) satisfying

Independence of the Theory from the Parameters
In this section, we will show that the Weyl-Sims theory for the multiparameter single eigenvalue problem is independent of the n-tuple parameter λ.
Firstly, we shall define a set of real numbers such that Theorem 2. If for some n-tuple complex number λ ∈ Λ + and every Proof.Let us consider the following nonhomogeneous multiparameter differential equation: Using two linearly independent solutions ϕ(x, λ ) and ψ(x, λ ) of the homogeneous multiparameter differential equation the general solution of ( 21) can be written as By the help of variation of parameters, we obtain that Since ψ(x, λ) is a solution of ( 21), we obtain From the well known inequality we obtain By the Schwarz inequality, we have Let K be the maximum value of the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth integrals in (26) as x → b and β k + δ k = η k for k = 1, 2, . . ., n.Then, from (26), we find For a < c < c < b, the multiplication of both sides of ( 27) by n ∑ k=1 η k w k − q 2 and the integration of both sides from c to c implies If we choose c sufficiently large so that the inequality holds then (28) gives The right side of ( 29) is independent of c.So, taking the limit as c → b, we finally obtain A similar treatment is valid for ϕ(x, λ).This completes the proof.

Several Second-Order Equations
In this section, we will generalize the previous results to some several second-order differential equations.Namely, we will consider the following (n + 1)−equations with unique n−spectral parameters: where q r is a complex-valued continuous function such that q r = q r 1 + iq r 2 , q r 2 ≤ 0, and w rk is a real-valued continuous function on [a r , b r ); also, a r is the regular point, and b r is the singular point for r−th equation in (30), where r = 1, 2, . . ., n + 1 .We assume that, det for x = (x 1 , x 2 , . . ., x n+1 ) ∈ I where I is the Cartesian product of the (n + 1)−intervals [a r , b r ), r = 1, 2, . . ., n + 1 such that for (x 1 , x 2 , ..., x n+1 ) ∈ I. Now, for Hilbert space H, a suitable inner product is given for functions f , g ∈ H by Theorem 3. If (31) holds and each equation in (30) is in the limit-circle case, that is, each solution of (30) satisfies the following inequality: for some λ ∈ Λ + , q r2 ≤ 0 or λ ∈ Λ − , q r2 ≥ 0 and k = 1, 2, . . ., n, r = 1, 2, . . ., n + 1, then the inner product y, y is a constant.
In the view of Theorem 3, the next theorem can be given as the main result.

Conclusions and Discussion
In 1957, Sims [34] generalized the results of Weyl [31] by considering the potential function q(x) as a complex-valued function on the given interval.The most important part of Sims's result is that the limit point case may occur even if one of the linearly independent soutions can be squarly integrable on the given interval.Moreover, Sims gave two examples relating to this unexpected result.On the other side, in 1972 Sleeman [28] generalized the results of Weyl by considering several spectral parameters rather than considering one spectral parameter.
In this work, we have collected these two ideas in one, and hence the results of this paper are a generalization of both the results of Sims and Sleeman (and of Weyl).Indeed, in this study, we initially have considered a singular multiparameter second-order differential equation containing a complex-valued potential.Then, we give a geometric meaning of the limit point and limit circle situations and show that the theory for multiparameter problems is independent of the n−tuple complex parameters λ.In the last part, we use the results that we obtained while constructing the theory for several multiparameter singular second-order differential equations that have complex valued potential functions.We shall also note that the results of this paper can also be a generalization of the results of [29] when the time scale is considered as a subset of the real line.
lies in the upper half complex z-plane so that the lower half z-plane maps onto a circle D c (λ) in the complex m-plane.Therefore, a point m is in circle D c (λ) if and only if Im z(c, λ, m) < 0 and is on the boundary of the circle D c (λ) if and only if Im z(c, λ, m) = 0.

Theorem 1 .
Let [a, b) be a semi-open interval, where a is the regular and b is the singular point, and complex-valued q(x) and real-valued w k are continuous functions on [a, b) for k = 1, 2, . . ., n.If M(b, λ) is any point inside the all circles D c (λ), then

k=1
Im λ k w k − q 2 |ψ| 2 dx < ∞ from (19).Thus, the last inequality and previous theorem indicate that two linearly independent solutions χ(x, λ), ψ(x, λ) of (3) exist and each of them is squarly integrable in [a, b) with respect to the weight function n ∑ k=1 Im λ k w k − q 2 .If a limit-point case prevails at x = b, then only one point M(b, λ) exists inside all of the circles D c (λ).Hence, only one solution χ(x, λ) is squarly integrable in [a, b) with respect to the weight function n ∑ k=1