Smooth Stable Manifold for Delay Differential Equations with Arbitrary Growth Rate

: In this article, we construct a C 1 stable invariant manifold for the delay differential equation x (cid:48) = Ax ( t ) + Lx t + f ( t , x t ) assuming the ρ -nonuniform exponential dichotomy for the corresponding solution operator. We also assume that the C 1 perturbation, f ( t , x t ) , and its derivative are sufﬁciently small and satisfy smoothness conditions. To obtain the invariant manifold, we follow the method developed by Lyapunov and Perron. We also show the dependence of invariant manifold on the perturbation f ( t , x t ) .


Introduction
The invariant manifold theory started with the work of Hadamard [1] in 1901 when he constructed a manifold in the solution space of a differential equation with the property that if the trajectory of a solution starts in the manifold, it will remain in the manifold for all time t > 0. This proved to be of great importance for analyzing complex systems as it reduces the relevant dimension significantly. Later, Perron [2] and Lyapunov [3] developed another method to construct the invariant manifolds for autonomous differential equations. In the 1970s, due to the fundamental works of Hirsch et al. [4,5], Sacker and Sell [6], and Pesin [7,8], this theory became an important instrument for various fields like applied mathematics, biology, and engineering.
In the first method for constructing the invariant manifolds, Hadamard [1] used the geometrical properties of differential equations. He constructed the manifold over the linearized stable and unstable subspaces. However, Lyapunov [3] and Perron [2] developed an analytical method to construct the invariant manifolds. They obtained the invariant manifolds, using the variation of constants formula of the differential equations. In his approach, Perron introduced (and assumed) the notion of (uniform) exponential dichotomy for the solution operators and proved the existence of Lipschitz stable invariant manifolds for the small nonlinear perturbation of autonomous differential equations. The smoothness of these invariant manifolds is proved by Pesin [7]. In 1977, Pesin [8] generalized the notion of uniform hyperbolicity to nonuniform hyperbolicity which allows the rate of expansion and contraction to depend on initial time. Later he proved the stable manifold theorem in the finite-dimensional settings for nonhyperbolic trajectories. Pugh and Shub [9] proved a similar result for nonhyperbolic trajectories using the method developed by Hadamard. Ruelle [10] extended the result by Pesin to the Hilbert space settings in 1982.
The exponential dichotomy played an essential role in the development of invariant manifold theory for autonomous differential equations. Barreira and Valls extended the notion of exponential dichotomy for nonautonomous differential equations and called it nonuniform exponential dichotomy. With the assumption of nonuniform exponential dichotomy, they constructed the Lipschitz invariant manifold [11] and smooth invariant manifold [12] for nonautonomous differential equations. They also obtained the essential conditions for the existence of the nonuniform exponential dichotomy. The book [13] contains all the early works of Barreira and Valls. Barreira and Valls observed that the solution operators corresponding to a class of nonautonomous differential equations show dichotomic behavior and also they have growth or decay rates of e cρ(t) , for some function ρ(t). They named this notion as ρnonuniform exponential dichotomy. They showed in article [14] that the class of differential equations for which all the Lyapunov's exponents are infinite, satisfies ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy for ρ(t) = t. Subsequently they proved the stable manifold theorem for ordinary differential equations assuming ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy in [15]. In the article [16], Pan proved the existence of Lipschitz stable invariant manifold for impulsive nonautonomous differential equations with the assumption of ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy.
In this article, we consider a differential equation with the infinite delay given by, in a Banach space X. We assume that the solution operator associated with the corresponding linear delay differential equation satisfies ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy and the nonlinear perturbation f (t, x t ) is sufficiently small and smooth. With these assumptions, we prove the existence of a C 1 stable invariant manifold for the delay differential Equation (1) following the approach of Perron and Lyapunov. We also showed the dependence of invariant manifolds on perturbations. Barreira and Valls used the ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy for the nonautonomous differential equations in [17] to construct the Lipschitz stable invariant manifold and in [18] to construct the smooth invariant manifold. Pan considered the impulsive differential equation in [16], to construct the Lipschitz stable invariant manifold assuming ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy. In the article [19], we considered the case of delay differential equations with nonuniform exponential dichotomy and constructed a Lipschitz invariant manifold. However, in this article, we are assuming a more general ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy for differential equation with infinite delay and we are constructing a C 1 stable invariant manifold. In the later part of the article, we also show that a small change in perturbation gives rise to a small variation in the manifold.
The paper is arranged in the following manner. Our setup and some preliminary results are given in Section 2. In the next section, we provide a few examples of differential equations satisfying the ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy. Section 3 contains the proof of the existence of the C 1 stable invariant manifold, and in Section 4, we prove the dependency of the manifold on perturbation. In the end, we present a few more examples satisfying the assumptions of our main theorem.

Preliminaries
Let (X, X ) be a Banach space. For any interval J ⊂ R := (−∞, ∞), we denote C(J, X) as a space of X-valued continuous function on J. For a function x : (−∞, a] → X and t ≤ a, we define a function x t : R − := (−∞, 0] → X by x t (θ) := x(t + θ) for θ ∈ R − . Furthermore, let C γ be a space of continuous functions defined by for γ > 0. We define a norm on the phase space C γ , Finally, we consider a linear delay differential equation in the Banach space X, for (s, φ) ∈ R + × C γ . The linear operator A : X → X generates a strongly continuous compact semigroup {T(t, s)} t≥0 and L : C γ → X is a bounded linear operator. Let the evolution operator corresponding to the above differential equation is denoted by V(t, s) and for φ ∈ C γ , V(t, s) is given by One can easily see that the evolution operator defines a strongly continuous semigroup and for every t ≥ s ≥ r ≥ 0, it satisfies the semigroup property given by: Here, I is an identity operator on C γ . For a continuous function p : R → X, we consider the perturbed system of delay differential equation: Let the solution of the above delay differential equation is denoted by (x t (s, φ, p). Now, we give a representation of x t (s, φ, p) depending on the evolution operator {V(t, s)} t≥s . Let us introduce a function Γ n given by where n is any positive integer and I X is the identity operator on X. It is easy to verify that for y ∈ X, The next result by Hino and Naito [20] establishes the variation of constants formula for the delay differential Equation (4) in the phase space C γ .
of non-homogeneous functional differential Equation (4) satisfies the following relation in C γ : We say that the linear Equation (2) admits a ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy if for every t ≥ s ≥ 0, there exist projection maps P(t) : C γ → C γ , constants a < 0 ≤ b, ≥ 0 and K > 1, such that : Now, for each t ≥ 0, we define We call E(t) and F(t) stable and unstable subspace respectively. Let us take examples of some differential equations which satisfy ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy.

Remark 1.
Here we are presenting a few examples of differential equations that satisfy the ρnonuniform exponential dichotomy. In the first example, we consider a case where differential equation satisfies ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy for ρ(t) = t.
Let V(t, s) be the solution operator of the above problem, then Note that (−α + β) < 0 and C is a constant. Hence, the differential equation satisfies ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy with ρ(t) = t.
In the next example, we consider a system of two differential equations which satisfies ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy with ρ(t) = t 2 .
The evolution operator for linear system above is given by and . Now, for the projection map P(t)(x, y) = (x, 0), for t ≥ s ≥ 0. Hence, the linear system satisfies ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy with

Stable Manifold Theorem
This section is dedicated to the construction of the C 1 stable invariant manifold for the delay differential Equation (1). Let Ω be the space of continuous functions f (t, φ) : for j = 0, 1. Proposition 1 ensures the existence of global solution x t (·, s, φ, f ) of the differential Equation (1) with the above mentioned properties of perturbation f (t, x t ). We also assume that the solution operator V(t, s) satisfies ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy. Therefore, Using the projection maps, we can project the global solution for t ≥ s, here u(t) and v(t) are called stable solution and unstable solution respectively. Since we want our manifold to be in the form of a graph of some C 1 function, therefore let us consider a space of C 1 functions χ consisting of Φ(s, ·) : E(s) → C γ such that for each s ≥ 0, 1.

2.
For every φ, ψ ∈ E(s) and for j = 0, 1, Using the result of [22], χ is a Banach space with the norm, Given Φ ∈ χ, we consider the graph Furthermore, for each κ ∈ R + , let Ψ κ be the semiflow generated by the autonomous equation where u t and v t are solutions on stable and unstable subspaces respectively given by Equations (10) and (11).
Here are our assumptions to obtain the C 1 manifold for the Equation (1).
In the following Theorem, we give the existence of a C 1 stable invariant manifold for the perturbed Equation (1). (2) satisfies ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy with (H1) and the perturbation in (1) satisfies (9) with (H2), (H3), then there exists a C 1 function Φ ∈ χ such that the set W Φ , defined by the Equation (14), is forward invariant under the semiflow Ψ κ , in the sense that for each

Theorem 1. Assume that the linear Equation
Outline: We want our manifold to be invariant under the semiflow, this means that the trajectory of the solutions should remain in the manifold for all time t ≥ 0, provided it starts in the manifold. Since our choice of manifold is graph of some C 1 function Φ, therefore, in the manifold, the solution x(t) must take the form, Now, we are going to prove some lemmas which will be helpful in giving the existence of C 1 smooth manifold. In our first lemma, we establish the existence of solution in the stable direction given by Equation (17).
there exists a unique C 1 function u : (−∞, ∞) × E(s) → X with u s = φ and u t ∈ E(t) for each t ≥ s. The function u t also satisfies Equation (17) for every t ≥ s and for each φ ∈ E(s) the segment u t satisfies: Proof.

Furthermore we can write,
Lu − Lv * ≤ 2KM u − v * . Since KM < 1 4 , therefore L is a contraction map in Ω * which ensures a unique fixed point function u ∈ Ω * such that Lu = u. Using Equation (23), we have, Hence, for every t ≥ s, Next, we give the alternate form for our manifold map.

Examples
In this example, we consider a delay differential equation admitting the dichotomic behavior with the growth rate of type e ρ(t) . Example 3.
The evolution operator for the associated linear system is given by  .

Conclusions
In this article, we have constructed a C 1 stable invariant manifold for the differential equation with infinite delay (1). We gave the dependence of manifold on the perturbations. We have also included general examples of differential equations which satisfy ρ-nonuniform exponential dichotomy. Thus, we have shown that our result is applicable to a large class of delay differential equations.
Author Contributions: Both the authors worked together to conceptualize and investigate the project. First author has written the article with the guidance of second author. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.