Lithospheric Architecture and Metallogenesis in Liaodong Peninsula , North China Craton : Insights from Zircon Hf-Nd Isotope Mapping

The Liaodong Peninsula is an important mineral province in northern China. Elucidating its lithospheric architecture and structural evolution is important for gold metallogenic research and exploration in the region. In this study, Hf-Nd isotope maps from magmatic rocks are constructed and compared to geological maps to correlate isotopic signatures with geological features. It is found that gold deposits of different age periods in Liaodong are located in areas with specific εHf(t) and εNd ranges (Triassic: from −8 to −4 and from −12 to −8, Jurassic: from −22 to −8 and from −14 to −8, Cretaceous: from −12 to −10 and from −22 to −20), respectively. This may reflect that when the Paleo-Pacific plate was subducted beneath the North China Craton, the magma was derived from the juvenile lower crust and the ancient lower crust, and formed the low-to-moderate hydrothermal Au-(Ag) and Pb-Zn deposits in the Triassic. In the Jurassic, continued subduction may have led to lithospheric thickening. Subsequently, the magma from the ancient lower crust upwelled and formed low-to-moderate hydrothermal Au deposits and porphyry Mo deposits. In the Cretaceous, crustal delamination may have taken place. The magma from the ancient lower crust upwelled and formed various low-to-moderate hydrothermal Au deposits.


Introduction
The North China Craton (NCC), containing the Liaodong and Jiaodong gold provinces, is the top gold producer in northeast Asia [1][2][3][4][5][6].The Liaodong Peninsula is located between the Yalujiang and TanLu fault zones (Figure 1) [7][8][9] and represents an important mineral province in the NCC.The peninsula has undergone complex magmato-tectonic modifications, during which many important polymetallic (Pb-Zn, Au, Ag, and Mo) deposits have been formed (Figures 1 and 2) [10,11].Most of these deposits are interpreted to be genetically linked with granitoid in the peninsula [11].Granitoid in the Liaodong peninsula include the diorite and the granite that formed in the Paleoproterozoic, Permian, Jurassic, and Cretaceous [7,12,13].These many phases of magmatism provide a window into the study of the lithospheric architecture and its control on metallogenesis.
Tectonic evolution and the characteristics of gold deposits in Liaodong and Jiaodong are similar [14][15][16][17][18]; however, whether or not the lithospheric architecture played a role in controlling the tectonic evolution and gold ore formation remains poorly understood.
The Hf and Nd isotopes are powerful tools to trace the nature of basement rocks and the age of the continental crust [19][20][21], and Hf-Nd isotope mapping has been used to reveal the lithospheric architecture and evolution, and their control on the distribution of mineral deposits [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].
The Hf and Nd isotopes are powerful tools to trace the nature of basement rocks and the age of the continental crust [19][20][21], and Hf-Nd isotope mapping has been used to reveal the lithospheric architecture and evolution, and their control on the distribution of mineral deposits [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].[30].
In this study, we summarize the spatial distribution, age, and geochemical and isotopic data of the Paleoproterozoic to Cretaceous magmatic rocks in the Liaodong Peninsula, and we use Hf-Nd isotope mapping to reveal the crustal architecture and its controls on the regional mineralization.

Regional Tectonics
The Liaodong Peninsula is located in the eastern margin of the NCC (Figure 1).It is bounded by the Yalujiang fault in the east and by the Tanlu fault in the north [31,32].The Liaodong Peninsula can also be subdivided into the Longgang terrane in the north, the Liaoji orogenic belt in the middle, and the Langlin terrane in the south.This study only focuses on the Longgang terrane and the Liaoji orogenic belt.The Longgang terrane is composed of Archean to Paleoproterozoic basement rocks, and unmetamorphosed Mesoproterozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks [7].The Liaoji orogenic belt consists mainly of Paleoproterozoic to Cretaceous magmatic rocks.In the Longgang terrane, the Paleoproterozoic sequences are missing, and the magmatic rocks are largely Triassic (Figure 3) [33].In this study, we summarize the spatial distribution, age, and geochemical and isotopic data of the Paleoproterozoic to Cretaceous magmatic rocks in the Liaodong Peninsula, and we use Hf-Nd isotope mapping to reveal the crustal architecture and its controls on the regional mineralization.

Regional Tectonics
The Liaodong Peninsula is located in the eastern margin of the NCC (Figure 1).It is bounded by the Yalujiang fault in the east and by the Tanlu fault in the north [31,32].The Liaodong Peninsula can also be subdivided into the Longgang terrane in the north, the Liaoji orogenic belt in the middle, and the Langlin terrane in the south.This study only focuses on the Longgang terrane and the Liaoji orogenic belt.The Longgang terrane is composed of Archean to Paleoproterozoic basement rocks, and unmetamorphosed Mesoproterozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks [7].The Liaoji orogenic belt consists mainly of Paleoproterozoic to Cretaceous magmatic rocks.In the Longgang terrane, the Paleoproterozoic sequences are missing, and the magmatic rocks are largely Triassic (Figure 3) [33].

Mineralization
The Liaodong Peninsula contains Pb-Zn, Au, Ag, and Mo polymetallic deposits, which are mainly distributed in the Qingchengzi, Wulong, and Maoling orefields (Figure 1) (Table 2) [11,43,44].The Qingchengzi orefield is in the northern part of the Liaodong Peninsula, which hosts a number of magmatic-hydrothermal (low-to-moderate hydrothermal) Au-(Ag) and Pb-Zn deposits and porphyry Mo deposits (Figure 2) [45,46].The magmatic-hydrothermal Au-(Ag) deposits were mainly formed in the Triassic (225-240 Ma), as exemplified by the Baiyun and Yangshu deposits (Table 2).The mineralization of these deposits has been correlated to the granite and the diorite, which are the result of lithospheric thinning associated with the Paleo-Pacific plate subduction [30,35].The magmatic-hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits (e.g., Xiquegou and Zhenzigou) were also formed in the Triassic (221-232 Ma), whilst the Yaojiagou porphyry Mo deposit was formed in the Jurassic (168 Ma).The mineralization of these Pb-Zn deposits has been correlated to the granite and the diorite, and that of the Mo deposit has been correlated to the granite.The Pb-Zn and Mo deposits have been correlated to large-scale delamination [7,35].
Mo deposit was formed in the Jurassic (168 Ma).The mineralization of these Pb-Zn deposits has been correlated to the granite and the diorite, and that of the Mo deposit has been correlated to the granite.The Pb-Zn and Mo deposits have been correlated to large-scale delamination [7,35].The Wulong orefield contains the Wulong and Sidaogou magmatic-hydrothermal (low-tomoderate hydrothermal) Au deposits.The largest Wulong deposit was formed at 122 Ma [62], whilst the Sidaogou deposit in southern Liaodong has no reliable mineralization age data.   1 and the supplementary material Table S1.

Methods
Published zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope data (35 samples) and whole-rock Sr-Nd isotope data (35 samples) from the Liaodong Peninsula have been compiled.Data compiled were from Paleoproterozoic to Cretaceous rocks, including (porphyritic) granite, monzogranite, lamprophyre, plagiogranite, (gneissic) granodiorite, (quartz) diorite, and syenodiorite.New data were also added in this study via collecting and analyzing (for zircon Lu-Hf isotopes) samples from the Qingchengzi orefield.The Zircon U-Pb age of the Miaonangou gabbro near the Baiyun gold deposit was in 1252 Ma [63], and the porphyrie (diorite, monzogranite) in the Baiyun deposit were emplaced in 229-222 Ma [63,64].The Gujiapuzi granite porphyry in the Qingchengzi orefield was in 219 Ma [63].
Zircon Hf isotopes were analyzed using a 193-nm laser ablation (LA) system attached to a Neptune multi-collector (MC)-ICP-MS (Laboratory of Isotope Geology, Tianjin Institute of Geology  1 and the Supplementary Material Table S1.Zircon Hf isotopes were analyzed using a 193-nm laser ablation (LA) system attached to a Neptune multi-collector (MC)-ICP-MS (Laboratory of Isotope Geology, Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, China).A laser pulse (100 mJ energy, 10 Hz frequency, 50 µm beam size) was used for the laser ablation [65].Isobaric interference of 176 Lu on 176 Hf was corrected on the basis of the measured 175 Lu value and the recommended 176 Lu/ 175 Lu ratio of 0.02655.Similarly, the 176 Yb/ 172 Yb value of 0.5887 and mean β Yb value obtained during Hf analysis on the same spot were used for interference correction of 176 Yb on 176 Hf [66,67].A 176 Lu decay constant of 1.865 × 10 −11 -year −1 [68] and the chondritic ratios of 176 Hf/ 177 Hf = 0.282785 and 176 Lu/ 177 Hf = 0.0336 [69] were used to calculate the εHf(t) values [70][71][72].

Published
The Hf-Nd contour maps were produced using the inverse distance weighted interpolation method in the MapGIS 6.7 (Manufacturer is Zondy Cyber, Wuhan, China) program to contour the Hf and Nd dataset, which accounts for the distance between sample points in the most representative manner [73][74][75].In order to produce the most robust spatial representation of the isotopic dataset, this method used 12 nearest neighbors at a power of 2 following [24].All isotope data were grouped by the geometric interval method designated for class breaks.This ensured that each class range had approximately the same number of values, and that the change between intervals was fairly consistent.All point data shown in the contour maps represent the median for a range of Hf-Nd isotope values from an individual sample, which helped to minimize data anomalies [23,28,76].

Zircon Hf Isotope Features
Zircon εHf(t) values of the Longgang terrane vary from −18.9For the Paleoproterozoic rocks, the εHf(t) and T DM C ranged from −17.4 to 7.9 (average −0.8) and from 2036 to 3874 Ma (average 2948 Ma), respectively.For the Triassic rocks, the zircon εHf(t) and T DM C ranged from −18.9 to 5.2 (average −11.5) and from 763 to 2613 Ma (average 1422 Ma), respectively.For the Jurassic rocks, the zircon εHf(t) and T DM C range from −28.9 to −1.1 (average −16.3) and from 1505 to 2785 Ma (average 2041 Ma), respectively (Table S2).
Contour maps of the zircon εHf(t) values for the Paleoproterozoic-Cretaceous Liaodong magmatic rocks show four high εHf(t) domains and two low εHf(t) domains, among which two high εHf(t) domains are in the Longgang terrane, and the other two are in the Liaoji orogenic belt (Figure 6).There are two low εHf(t) domains in the Longgang terrane and the Liaoji orogenic belt, respectively (Figure 6).
The Contour maps of whole-rock Nd isotopes for the Paleoproterozoic-Cretaceous magmatic rocks show three high εNd domains and four low εNd domains in the region.One high εNd and one low εNd domain are in the Longgang terrane, and the other two high εNd domains and three low εNd domains are in the Liaoji belt (Figure 7).S2.

Lithospheric Architecture of the Liaodong Peninsula
In the Longgang terrane, there are two domains characterized by high εHf values (Figure 6), that are present in the area of the Triassic and Paleoproterozoic granite and diorite (Figure 1) and indicate that the granite and the diorite of this area are derived from the mantle or juvenile lower crust.There are also two domains characterized by low-εHf in the Longgang terrane (Figure 6), that indicate the magmatic rocks of this area are derived from the lower crust.In the Liaoji orogenic belt, there are two domains characterized by high-εHf (Figure 6), which are present in the area of Triassic and Paleoproterozoic granite and diorite (Figure 1), and indicate that the rocks are derived from the mantle or juvenile lower crust.There are also two low-εHf domains in the Liaoji orogenic belt (Figure 6) that indicate the crustal origin of the magmatic rocks in this area.
There is one high εNd domain in the Longgang terrane, and there are two high εNd domains in the Liaoji orogenic belt (Figure 7).However, the εNd values of the two domains in the Liaoji orogenic belt are still below zero.Therefore, the magmatic rocks in the Liaoji orogenic belt are derived from the lower crust.The high εNd domain in the Longgang terrane is present in the area of the Triassic granite and the diorite (Figure 7).This also can indicate that the granite and the diorite are mostly derived from the mantle or juvenile lower crust.
In the Longgang terrane, the area of the Triassic granite and the diorite with high-εHf and high-εNd shows that the magmatic rocks are derived from the juvenile lower crust (Figure 8).The high ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr)i ratios also support this evidence (Figure 9).The area of Paleoproterozoic granite and diorite with high-εHf in the Longgang terrane shows that the magmatic rocks are from juvenile lower crust (Figure 8).In the Liaoji orogenic belt, the area of Triassic granite and diorite with high-εHf shows that the magmatic rocks are from the juvenile lower crust (Figure 8).The area of Paleoproterozoic granite and diorite with high-εHf shows that the magmatic rocks are from the depleted mantle (Figure 8).
In the Paleoproterozoic, the Tanlu fault may have experienced dextral shear movement, and the intense regional extension creating the Liaodong rift valley [77], although the actual timing and number of stages (argued variably from four to six) of the rifting process remain controversial.The timing of rifting is also variably attributed from 2.3 to 1.7 Ga or from 2.3 to 1.8 Ga [9,77].The magmatic  S2.

Lithospheric Architecture of the Liaodong Peninsula
In the Longgang terrane, there are two domains characterized by high εHf values (Figure 6), that are present in the area of the Triassic and Paleoproterozoic granite and diorite (Figure 1) and indicate that the granite and the diorite of this area are derived from the mantle or juvenile lower crust.There are also two domains characterized by low-εHf in the Longgang terrane (Figure 6), that indicate the magmatic rocks of this area are derived from the lower crust.In the Liaoji orogenic belt, there are two domains characterized by high-εHf (Figure 6), which are present in the area of Triassic and Paleoproterozoic granite and diorite (Figure 1), and indicate that the rocks are derived from the mantle or juvenile lower crust.There are also two low-εHf domains in the Liaoji orogenic belt (Figure 6) that indicate the crustal origin of the magmatic rocks in this area.
There is one high εNd domain in the Longgang terrane, and there are two high εNd domains in the Liaoji orogenic belt (Figure 7).However, the εNd values of the two domains in the Liaoji orogenic belt are still below zero.Therefore, the magmatic rocks in the Liaoji orogenic belt are derived from the lower crust.The high εNd domain in the Longgang terrane is present in the area of the Triassic granite and the diorite (Figure 7).This also can indicate that the granite and the diorite are mostly derived from the mantle or juvenile lower crust.
In the Longgang terrane, the area of the Triassic granite and the diorite with high-εHf and high-εNd shows that the magmatic rocks are derived from the juvenile lower crust (Figure 8).The high ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) i ratios also support this evidence (Figure 9).The area of Paleoproterozoic granite and diorite with high-εHf in the Longgang terrane shows that the magmatic rocks are from juvenile lower crust (Figure 8).In the Liaoji orogenic belt, the area of Triassic granite and diorite with high-εHf shows that the magmatic rocks are from the juvenile lower crust (Figure 8).The area of Paleoproterozoic granite and diorite with high-εHf shows that the magmatic rocks are from the depleted mantle (Figure 8).
In the Paleoproterozoic, the Tanlu fault may have experienced dextral shear movement, and the intense regional extension creating the Liaodong rift valley [77], although the actual timing and number of stages (argued variably from four to six) of the rifting process remain controversial.The timing of rifting is also variably attributed from 2.3 to 1.7 Ga or from 2.3 to 1.8 Ga [9,77].The magmatic rocks in the Longgang terrane are from the juvenile lower crust and the ancient lower crust, but the magmatic rocks in the Liaoji orogenic belt are from the depleted mantle and the ancient lower crust (Figures 6-8).S3.
In the Mesozoic, the Liaodong Peninsula was likely in a post-collisional extensional setting [9,78,79], and the Paleo-Pacific plate may have subducted beneath the NCC [6,9].Zircon and monazite SHRIMP U-Pb dating suggested that the continental collision took place in 220-240 Ma [80][81][82].In the Triassic, the collision between North China and Paleo-Pacific plate likely caused the lithospheric thickening in the Liaoji rift [30,35,83].The Triassic magmatic rocks are derived from the juvenile lower crust and the ancient lower crust (Figures 6-9).The rocks have positive whole rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values, indicating a juvenile lower crustal source.In addition, the Triassic magmatic rocks with high SiO2 contents and low MgO concentrations have strong negative and variable whole rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values, indicating that they were derived from partial melting of the ancient lower crustal materials with involvement of mantle components [12].In the Jurassic, the lithospheric thickening continued [1,[84][85][86][87][88].The sources of the magmatic rocks are from the ancient lower crust (Figures 6-9).The rocks with strong negative and variable whole rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values indicate that they were derived from partial melting of the Precambrian basement [7].In the Cretaceous, large-scale delamination may have taken place [35,89].The magmatic rocks have the same characteristics of whole rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values as those of Cretaceous magmatic rocks.Therefore, the sources of the magmatic rocks are also derived from the ancient lower crust (Figures 6, 7, and 9).

Regional Tectonic Evolution and Relation to Mineralization
The Triassic is the principal metallogenic epoch in Liaodong.Deposits formed in the Triassic include the Zhenzigou, Nanshan, Diannan, and Xiquegou low-to-moderate hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits, the Baiyun and Xiaotongjiapuzi low-to-moderate hydrothermal Au-Ag deposits, and the  S3.
In the Mesozoic, the Liaodong Peninsula was likely in a post-collisional extensional setting [9,78,79], and the Paleo-Pacific plate may have subducted beneath the NCC [6,9].Zircon and monazite SHRIMP U-Pb dating suggested that the continental collision took place in 220-240 Ma [80][81][82].In the Triassic, the collision between North China and Paleo-Pacific plate likely caused the lithospheric thickening in the Liaoji rift [30,35,83].The Triassic magmatic rocks are derived from the juvenile lower crust and the ancient lower crust (Figures 6-9).The rocks have positive whole rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values, indicating a juvenile lower crustal source.In addition, the Triassic magmatic rocks with high SiO 2 contents and low MgO concentrations have strong negative and variable whole rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values, indicating that they were derived from partial melting of the ancient lower crustal materials with involvement of mantle components [12].In the Jurassic, the lithospheric thickening continued [1,[84][85][86][87][88].The sources of the magmatic rocks are from the ancient lower crust (Figures 6-9).The rocks with strong negative and variable whole rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values indicate that they were derived from partial melting of the Precambrian basement [7].In the Cretaceous, large-scale delamination may have taken place [35,89].The magmatic rocks have the same characteristics of whole rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values as those of Cretaceous magmatic rocks.Therefore, the sources of the magmatic rocks are also derived from the ancient lower crust (Figures 6, 7 and 9).

Regional Tectonic Evolution and Relation to Mineralization
The Triassic is the principal metallogenic epoch in Liaodong.Deposits formed in the Triassic include the Zhenzigou, Nanshan, Diannan, and Xiquegou low-to-moderate hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits, the Baiyun and Xiaotongjiapuzi low-to-moderate hydrothermal Au-Ag deposits, and the Gaojiapuzi low-to-moderate hydrothermal Ag deposits, that are all located in the Qingchengzi orefield (Table 2).The mineralization ages (221-240 Ma) are consistent with the magmatic ages (210-230 Ma), suggestive of a magmatic-hydrothermal genesis for these deposits [8].The Sr and Pb isotope characteristics of the deposits in the Qingchengzi orefield show that the ore-forming materials were derived from the magma and metamorphosed sequences [8,64].The deposits of the Qingchengzi orefield are clustered in regions with high-εHf (Figures 6, 8 and 9).This infers that the deposits are correlated to the magma, and that the magma is derived from the juvenile lower crust and the ancient lower crust (Figure 10a).Gaojiapuzi low-to-moderate hydrothermal Ag deposits, that are all located in the Qingchengzi orefield (Table 2).The mineralization ages (221-240 Ma) are consistent with the magmatic ages (210-230 Ma), suggestive of a magmatic-hydrothermal genesis for these deposits [8].The Sr and Pb isotope characteristics of the deposits in the Qingchengzi orefield show that the ore-forming materials were derived from the magma and metamorphosed sequences [8,64].The deposits of the Qingchengzi orefield are clustered in regions with high-εHf (Figures 6, 8, and 9).This infers that the deposits are correlated to the magma, and that the magma is derived from the juvenile lower crust and the ancient lower crust (Figure 10a).S2.
In the Jurassic, the Maoling and Fenshui low-to-moderate hydrothermal Au deposits were formed in the Maoling orefield, and the Yaojiagou porphyry Mo deposit was formed in the Qingchengzi orefield (Table 2).Sulfur isotopes from the Miaoling deposit show typical magmatic sulfur characteristics [90].The Pb isotope characteristics of the deposit show that the ore-forming materials came from the magma and the metamorphic sequences [90].The deposits are clustered in regions with low εHf and εNd values (Figures 6-9).This infers that the deposits are correlated to the magma, which is derived from the ancient lower crust (Figure 10b).S3.
The Cretaceous is another important metallogenic epoch.The Wulong orefield contains Wulong  S2.
Minerals 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 20 Gaojiapuzi low-to-moderate hydrothermal Ag deposits, that are all located in the Qingchengzi orefield (Table 2).The mineralization ages (221-240 Ma) are consistent with the magmatic ages (210-230 Ma), suggestive of a magmatic-hydrothermal genesis for these deposits [8].The Sr and Pb isotope characteristics of the deposits in the Qingchengzi orefield show that the ore-forming materials were derived from the magma and metamorphosed sequences [8,64].The deposits of the Qingchengzi orefield are clustered in regions with high-εHf (Figures 6, 8, and 9).This infers that the deposits are correlated to the magma, and that the magma is derived from the juvenile lower crust and the ancient lower crust (Figure 10a).S2.
In the Jurassic, the Maoling and Fenshui low-to-moderate hydrothermal Au deposits were formed in the Maoling orefield, and the Yaojiagou porphyry Mo deposit was formed in the Qingchengzi orefield (Table 2).Sulfur isotopes from the Miaoling deposit show typical magmatic sulfur characteristics [90].The Pb isotope characteristics of the deposit show that the ore-forming materials came from the magma and the metamorphic sequences [90].The deposits are clustered in regions with low εHf and εNd values (Figures 6-9).This infers that the deposits are correlated to the magma, which is derived from the ancient lower crust (Figure 10b).S3.
The Cretaceous is another important metallogenic epoch.The Wulong orefield contains Wulong and Sidaogou low-to-moderate hydrothermal Au deposits.The characteristics of Sr and Pb isotopices suggest that the rock-and ore-forming and diagenetic materials of the Sanguliu granite near the  S3.
Wulong orefield were derived from the magmatic rocks [62].The H-O isotopes characteristics demonstrate that the ore-forming fluid came from magmatic fluid [62].The deposits are clustered in regions with low εHf and εNd values (Figures 6-9).This infers that the deposits are correlated to the magma, which is derived from the ancient lower crust (Figure 10c).

Conclusions
In the Triassic, the Paleo-Pacific plate subducted beneath the NCC and caused the lithospheric thickening.The Triassic ore deposits are characterized by high εHf(t) values, and are correlated to the magma, which is derived from the juvenile lower crust and the ancient lower crust.In the Jurassic, the lithospheric thickening continued.The Jurassic ore deposits are characterized by low εHf(t) and εNd values and are correlated to the magma derived from the ancient lower crust.In the Cretaceous, large-scale delamination may have taken place in this period.The Cretaceous ore deposits are characterized by low εHf(t) and εNd values, and are correlated to the magma, which is derived from the ancient lower crust.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.(a) Simplified tectonic map of the Liaodong Peninsula showing the major suture zones and blocks.(b) Geological map of the Liaodong Peninsula showing the distribution of magmatic rocks, and the locations of major mineral deposits [30].

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.(a) Simplified tectonic map of the Liaodong Peninsula showing the major suture zones and blocks.(b) Geological map of the Liaodong Peninsula showing the distribution of magmatic rocks, and the locations of major mineral deposits [30].

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Simplified geologic map of the Qingchengzi orefield showing the distribution of deposits [11].

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Simplified geologic map of the Qingchengzi orefield showing the distribution of deposits [11].

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Stratigraphic columns showing the basement rocks, sedimentary cover, and magmatic history of the Longgang Terrane and the Liaoji orogenic belt.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Stratigraphic columns showing the basement rocks, sedimentary cover, and magmatic history of the Longgang Terrane and the Liaoji orogenic belt.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (a) Histogram of geochronological dating of zircon U-Pb ages of magmatic rocks.(b) Histogram of geochronological dating of mineralization.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (a) Histogram of geochronological dating of zircon U-Pb ages of magmatic rocks.(b) Histogram of geochronological dating of mineralization.The Wulong orefield contains the Wulong and Sidaogou magmatic-hydrothermal (low-to-moderate hydrothermal) Au deposits.The largest Wulong deposit was formed at 122 Ma[62], whilst the Sidaogou deposit in southern Liaodong has no reliable mineralization age data.
zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope data (35 samples) and whole-rock Sr-Nd isotope data (35 samples) from the Liaodong Peninsula have been compiled.Data compiled were from Paleoproterozoic to Cretaceous rocks, including (porphyritic) granite, monzogranite, lamprophyre, plagiogranite, (gneissic) granodiorite, (quartz) diorite, and syenodiorite.New data were also added in this study via collecting and analyzing (for zircon Lu-Hf isotopes) samples from the Qingchengzi orefield.The Zircon U-Pb age of the Miaonangou gabbro near the Baiyun gold deposit was in 1252 Ma [63], and the porphyrie (diorite, monzogranite) in the Baiyun deposit were emplaced in 229-222 Ma [63,64].The Gujiapuzi granite porphyry in the Qingchengzi orefield was in 219 Ma [63].
to 5.8 (average −3.3), and the old crustal Hf model ages (T DM C ) range from 994 to 2058 Ma (average 1349 Ma).Zircon εHf(t) values of the Liaoji orogenic belt vary from −33 to 11.7 (average −11.4), and the T DM C range from 763 to 2785 Ma (average 1449 Ma).

Minerals 2019, 9 , 20 Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Contour maps of the Hf isotope for the magmatic rocks in the Liaodong Peninsula.Data are from supplementary material TableS2.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Contour maps of the Hf isotope for the magmatic rocks in the Liaodong Peninsula.Data are from Supplementary Material TableS2.

Minerals 2019, 9 ,
x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 20 rocks in the Longgang terrane are from the juvenile lower crust and the ancient lower crust, but the magmatic rocks in the Liaoji orogenic belt are from the depleted mantle and the ancient lower crust (Figures6-8).

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Contour maps of the Nd isotope for the magmatic rocks in the Liaodong Peninsula.Data are from supplementary material TableS3.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Contour maps of the Nd isotope for the magmatic rocks in the Liaodong Peninsula.Data are from Supplementary Material TableS3.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Plot of zircon U-Pb age versus εHf(t) values for the magmatic rocks from the Liaodong Peninsula.Data are from supplementary material TableS2.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. (a) Plot of whole-rock ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr)i versus εNd(t) values for the magmatic rocks from the Liaodong Peninsula.(b) Plot of age versus whole-rock εNd(t) values for the magmatic rocks from the Liaodong Peninsula.Data are from supplementary material TableS3.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Plot of zircon U-Pb age versus εHf(t) values for the magmatic rocks from the Liaodong Peninsula.Data are from Supplementary Material TableS2.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Plot of zircon U-Pb age versus εHf(t) values for the magmatic rocks from the Liaodong Peninsula.Data are from supplementary material TableS2.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. (a) Plot of whole-rock ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr)i versus εNd(t) values for the magmatic rocks from the Liaodong Peninsula.(b) Plot of age versus whole-rock εNd(t) values for the magmatic rocks from the Liaodong Peninsula.Data are from supplementary material TableS3.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. (a) Plot of whole-rock ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) i versus εNd(t) values for the magmatic rocks from the Liaodong Peninsula.(b) Plot of age versus whole-rock εNd(t) values for the magmatic rocks from the Liaodong Peninsula.Data are from Supplementary Material TableS3.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.(a) Lithospheric architecture of the Liaodong Peninsula in the Triassic.(b) Lithospheric architecture of the Liaodong Peninsula in the Jurassic.(c) Lithospheric architecture of the Liaodong Peninsula in the Cretaceous.

Table 1 .
Zircon U-Pb ages for the magmatic rocks from the Liaodong Peninsula.

Table 2 .
Summary of the geological characteristics of major ore deposits in the Liaodong Peninsula.