Assessment of the Self-Compaction Effect in Filtered Tailings Disposal under Unsaturated Condition

: Filtered tailing is a relatively-environmentally friendly technique due to the recovery of water during the process of dehydration. This technique was recently developed and therefore there are few studies available compared to research on conventional tailings. This work focuses on the behaviour of a ﬁltered copper tailing under an unsaturated condition, studying the effect of self-compaction by self-weight which is triggered by the deposition process through 1D consolidation tests. In addition, the impact of conﬁnement on the stiffness and shear strength was studied by means of unsaturated drained triaxial tests. The initial matric suction was determined based on soil-water characteristic curves for two initially loose dry densities and the water content at which the material leaves the dehydration process. The unsaturated consolidation tests showed that for vertical stresses above 100 kPa and with ratios between the applied matric suction and air entry value lower than twelve, the material approaches saturated condition, reaching up to 95% degree of saturation. On the other hand, for the unsaturated drained triaxial tests, the effect of the matric suction generates increases in the shear strength and the stiffness of the material up to 200% and 600%, respectively. However, the increase tends to disappear as conﬁnement increases.


Introduction
The high consumption of water in the mining industry is a constant and relevant problem.Therefore, various mining waste disposal strategies, such as filtered tailings, are being developed to optimize and reduce water consumption.This type of tailing is considered to be high-density tailing [1] since they are subjected to a dehydration process and reach a solid concentration higher than 77% [2,3].This dehydration process can be carried out by mechanical or vacuum filtration, and the material usually achieves a water content below its saturation condition.Therefore, the material cannot be pumped, and it must be transported to the site of collection or final disposal by means of conveyor belts or trucks [4].
High-density tailings, such as filtered tailings, are naturally subjected to a certain degree of desiccation in arid climates [1,5].Therefore, these tailings should be characterized using the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) associated with the drying path used.According to Oldecop and Rodari [6], lower water content in mining waste deposits means structurally more stable deposits which are less vulnerable to seismic events and a lower probability of generating acid drainage.However, according to Ulrich and Coffin [7], eventual saturation and the consequent development of pore pressures can also occur in this type of deposit.In fact, Wilson and Robertson [8] warn that this new technique is not immune to potential failures, as two high-density tailing facilities have had problems in both design and operating conditions.Therefore, there is still a great need to advance on the understanding of the hydromechanical behaviour of these deposits, particularly about the rates and heights of deposition that ensure adequate performance [9].
Table 1 and Figure 1 show the existing filtered tailing facilities in Chile and their geographical locations according to the update carried out in 2020 by the National Geology and Mining Service (https://www.sernageomin.cl/datos-publicos-deposito-de-relaves,accessed on 25 February 2022).According to the information available in East and Fernandez [10] and Ulrich and Coffin [7], the second-largest project associated with this type of deposit worldwide is located in Chile; there are only 15 of these operations in the country, of which only seven are currently active.Therefore, this technology is relatively new compared to conventional deposition techniques, and it is necessary to study and evaluate the behaviour of filtered tailing deposits under unsaturated conditions during the construction, operation, and closure phases [11].The existing studies of filtered tailings have mainly focused on the analysis of hydromechanical properties and flow modelling [12,13], considerations and practical experiences for design, operation, and field evaluation [7,10,[14][15][16][17] and studies on the hydrological behaviour and undrained resistance of mixed waste rock and filtered tailings [18][19][20].However, there are very few studies on the eventual increase of the saturation by self-compaction or about shear strength decrease at long term, due to the increase of confinement that the material could reach.
This research is focused on the characterization of the hydromechanical behaviour of filtered copper tailings without mechanical compaction and the effects of the unsaturated condition in both long-term compressibility and shear strength.The analysis was carried out by studying stiffness and strength, through one-dimensional consolidation and drained triaxial tests in conditions of total and partial saturation.One-dimensional consolidation tests are performed to evaluate the increase in the saturation degree as a result of selfcompaction, simulating accelerated deposition rates, and to study the evolution of the compressibility of the material as a function of the increase in matric suction due to the drying these materials present in the field [21].On the other hand, triaxial tests quantify the impact on the shear strength and stiffness at long term under unsaturated conditions as a function of the confinement.The consolidation analysis was performed adopting the matric suction corresponding to the water content of the material when deposited in the disposal, and then the matric suction is increased to simulate in-situ drying.For triaxial path, the initial matric suction was selected to estimate the minimum impact that an eventual saturation would have on the shear strength of the material.The samples were extracted from fresh tailings from a copper sulphide mill plant concentrator located in northern Chile.This operation has a concentration by flotation plant which generates 18,000 tons of tailings per day.

Geotechnical Characterization of the Material
The main physical characteristics of the studied material are presented in Table 2, while the particle size distribution and the preparation densities are shown in Figure 2. The tested samples were made by the moist tamping method at densities corresponding to 86% and 81% of those obtained in the Standard Proctor test.These densities agree with the values reported from on-site tests carried out by the company that supplied the material and represents the loose condition of the material as it is piled up in the field.Furthermore, the water content of the samples was approximately 16% as indicated by the company.
Figure 3 shows the mineralogical composition of the material obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer and a scan range between 10-80 • .Qualitative analysis was performed through EVA and TOPAS software packages.This test shows the presence of hematite and albite, enhancers of acid drainage [27,28], and neutralizing minerals such as calcite, which consume the acid generated in mining deposits (acid mine drainage) through the formation of bicarbonate and carbonic acid [29].

Acid Drainage Potential
Acid drainage is generated by the drying of material over a long time in an environment with abundant oxygen [30][31][32]; that is precisely the condition of the soil in all of the tests carried out, mainly due to the incorporation of air pressure necessary to impose a constant matric suction during the tests.The acid drainage phenomenon was experienced strongly in the first consolidation tests.To avoid this phenomenon, which leads to a reduction in the useful life of the equipment used, a leaching test was carried out on the material using water with an acidic pH (2) and a basic pH (10) (Table 3).These tests were conducted according to the following methodology: (i) 1 g of tailing material was prepared in 50 mL of solution (acidic or neutral water), (ii) the preparation was shaken on an orbital shaker for 1 h at 150 RPM and then filled up to 250 mL with the same solution; and (iii) the material was filtered on 8-to 12-µ cellulose filter papers and (iv) atomic absorption analysis was carried out.In this investigation, a Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 100 ® was used.The process is summarized as a flowchart in the Figure 4.As shown in Table 3, the use of water with an acidic pH (<7) triggers the generation of acid drainage and can be mitigated by using water with a basic pH.For this reason, the tests were then carried out with industrial water (with a pH of 7.3) provided by the same mining company.This water controlled the generation of acid drainage.However, as a precaution, at the end of each test, the water was circulated through high air entry porous discs (HAEPD) to clean any residual acid drainage generated during the execution of the test.

Experimental Program
The effect of the matric suction on the stiffness and compressibility of the material, and the potential increase in saturation under monotonic loading, were evaluated to replicate the stress path considering a hypothetical storage pile.The SWCC was constructed for the two target densities up to 1.6 MPa and then the matric suction was found as a function of the moisture content at which the material is deposited in field (16%).One-dimensional consolidation and drained triaxial tests were performed using the axis translation technique [33].One-dimensional saturated and unsaturated consolidation tests were carried out with matric suctions from 50 kPa to 400 kPa, while unsaturated triaxial tests were subjected to matric suction of 50 kPa.The purpose of studying the material under the consolidation path with increasing suctions is to simulate the environmental drying effect of the material and assess the impact on the compressibility and the evolution of its saturation degree by the increase of vertical stress.Regarding the drained triaxial tests, the effect of the initial matric suction on the stiffness and the shear strength was evaluated at several confinement stresses, since the initial condition is the closest to the saturation condition which should correspond to the minimum shear strength of the material.Of course, the hydro-mechanical path in the field is more complex, since the environmental drying effect is added to the water flow inside the disposal due to self-compaction, increasing the humidity in the lower zones and drying the upper layers.Moreover, none of these effects are 1D.The simplified path explored in this work are intended to isolate these combined effects to improve the understanding the behavior of the material in the disposal.Figure 5 summarizes the experimental program.The construction of the SWCC was carried out with the following techniques: (i) a tensiometer was used from 0 to 90 kPa in a device that records weight and matric suction variations (commercial equipment manufactured by UGT) on samples of 72 mm of diameter and 61.4 mm of height; (ii) an automatic oedometer was used for the axis translation technique from 50 kPa to 400 kPa (commercial equipment manufactured GDS Instruments) on samples of 63 mm of diameter and 22 mm of height; (iii) the contact filter paper test [34] was used from 50 kPa to 1.6 MPa (using Whatman 42 filter paper); and (iv) the equilibrium vapor testing method was used to characterize the residual zone with values from 4 MPa to 110 MPa.For techniques (iii) and (iv), we used samples of 50 mm of diameter and 18 mm of height.In technique (iv), a hermetic desiccator instrument with high-precision load cells was developed to continuously monitor the variation in weight.The exchange of salts must be rapid to avoid a significant change of the temperature and relative humidity (RH) inside of the desiccator, which could modify the measurement of the weight.Figure 6 shows the combination of methods used to construct the SWCC.In the present investigation, the samples inside of desiccator were dried in an oven for 24 h and then equilibrated with the salt reaching the highest moisture content, with the purpose to start from the wettest possible condition.The salt exchange time was less than two minutes, and the salts were exchanged in decreasing order with relative humidity to simulate the drying effect.Inside the desiccator, there were three samples for each test density (i.e., six samples) to ensure repeatability of the test.The temperature and relative humidity within the closed circuit were continuously monitored, and Kelvin's law was used to determine the total suction [35] according to the following equation: where ρ w is the density of water, R is the universal gas constant (8.31432J/mol K • ), T is the temperature inside of the desiccator, ω v is the molecular mass of water vapor (18.016 g/mol), and RH is the relative humidity inside the desiccator.Figure 7 shows the equipment used to obtain the SWCCs through all of the methodologies mentioned above.In the present investigation, the samples inside of desiccator were dried in an oven for 24 h and then equilibrated with the salt reaching the highest moisture content, with the purpose to start from the wettest possible condition.The salt exchange time was less than two minutes, and the salts were exchanged in decreasing order with relative humidity to simulate the drying effect.Inside the desiccator, there were three samples for each test density (i.e., six samples) to ensure repeatability of the test.The temperature and relative humidity within the closed circuit were continuously monitored, and Kelvin's law was used to determine the total suction [35] according to the following equation: where is the density of water, R is the universal gas constant (8.31432J/mol K°), T is the temperature inside of the desiccator, is the molecular mass of water vapor (18.016 g/mol), and RH is the relative humidity inside the desiccator.Figure 7 shows the equipment used to obtain the SWCCs through all of the methodologies mentioned above.The residual zone is one of the most complex to characterize due to the high level of suction that must be achieved and quantified.To reach these levels of suction, the equilibrium vapor technique was used.Table 4 and Figure 8 shows the salts used for this technique and the moisture balance process for both densities.Figure 8 shows the average weight variation evolution of the samples that were placed in the desiccator (3 samples for each density).The salts were exchanged from the higher RH to the lower RH as shown The residual zone is one of the most complex to characterize due to the high level of suction that must be achieved and quantified.To reach these levels of suction, the equilibrium vapor technique was used.Table 4 and Figure 8 shows the salts used for this technique and the moisture balance process for both densities.Figure 8 shows the average weight variation evolution of the samples that were placed in the desiccator (3 samples for each density).The salts were exchanged from the higher RH to the lower RH as shown in Table 4. Vertical lines indicate each salt replacement in the system.The results of the SWCC show that the combination of the four techniques is suitable for obtaining a continuous curve and consistent with the proposed models.The tested specimens were 63 mm in diameter and 22 mm heigh for the oedometer and 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm heigh for the triaxial tests.Table 5 summarizes the tests carried out, where the matric suction ψ corresponds to the difference between the air pressure u a and the backpressure u w applied to the sample.The axis translation technique was applied using a porous stone with a high air entry value (HAEPD) of 1500 kPa until a variation of less than 0.0004 mm 3 /s was obtained [36].This condition was considered equilibrium for this investigation.The time to reach this equilibrium depended on the permeability of the HAEPD, was well as the matric suction applied.This balance must be achieved at each stage of load increase.

Conventions Considered for the Presentation of the Results
The measurement of the variation in the water within the sample (∆V w ) and its vertical deformation ∆H allow for calculating the degree of saturation (S r ), the void ratio (e), and the volumetric water content (θ) throughout the consolidation and drained triaxial tests.The initial matric suction corresponds to the water content of the material deposited in the ground (16%) and according to the SWCC corresponding to 50 kPa (see Figure 10).This initial matric suction is, in principle, the most saturated condition that the material will have in the field since the evaporative drying process should prevail over the potential external water inputs.Indeed, most of this kind of deposits are located in the desert area of northern Chile where annual precipitation are in the range of 30 to 50 mm/year in average [37].
To determine the saturation in the consolidation tests, Equation (1) was used: where V wo is the initial volumetric water content for each test density, ∆V wBP is the is the change in the volume of water within the specimen and is measured by the volumetric backpressure controller at each load increment, V vo is the initial void volume, ∆H is the variation of the height of the specimen and A s is the cross-sectional area of specimen to test.The volumetric back pressure controller allows checking for any issues with the air diffusion through the high air entry porous stone and accurately measuring any change in the actual volume of water in the sample.
In triaxial tests and after an equilibrated state of consolidation, the shear loading phase was executed at a rate of 0.0015 mm/min, given the low permeability of the HAEPD, and up to 20% of axial deformation.To analyze the data the approach by Fredlund et al. [38] and the extended in mean net stress term by Wang et al. [39] was used.The equations are the following: where q is the deviatoric stress, M is the projection of the critical state line (CSL) in this plane, p net is the mean net stress, q s is the final intercept of this projection with the q axis, σ 3 is the net confinement stress, σ c is the cell pressure, u a is the air pressure applied to sample, and σ 1 is the net principal stress.The change volume in the sample were obtained according to the following expressions: V w = V wo + ∆V wBP (9) where V s is the volume of solid for each test density.The air volume (V a ) in the sample was obtained according to the gas law, thanks to the digital pressure/air volume controller used [40], according to the following expressions: where T is the system temperature, u atm is the atmospheric pressure measured directly by the equipment, V c is the initial volume of air in the controller (after equilibrium was reached in the consolidation phase), ∆V C is the air volume variation recorded by the controller, V p1 is the volume of air in the line connecting the upper cap with the outlet valve of the triaxial cell, and V p2 is the air volume in the line connecting the cell valve to the digital air pressure/volume controller.Figure 9 illustrates the designations of the different volumes in the previous expression.

SWCC of Studies Densities
Figure 10 shows the SWCC as a function of the volumetric water content θ (the quotient between the volume of water V w and the total volume of V T of the sample), for the two dry densities proposed in this investigation and three commonly used adjustment models: Gardner [41], Van Genuchten [42], and Fredlund and Xing [43].From Figure 10, comparing the denser material (17.5 kN/m 3 ) with the looser material (16.5 kN/m 3 ), the air entry value (AEV) decreased from 8 kPa to 4 kPa.The value of parameters of each curve are shown in Table 6.According to Vanapalli et al. [44], this point separates the material's behavior from a saturated state to an unsaturated state, indicating that the denser material (17.5 kN/m 3 ) remains in saturated behaviour in a wider range of suction than the looser material.However, over 700 kPa of suction, the behaviour of the materials with both densities were similar, resulting in very similar residual volumetric water content (θ r ≈ 0.07).The impact of dry density on the properties of the water retention curve is related to the relative size of the pores.In the sample with the highest density, the pore size is relatively small, inducing a higher air entry value.Therefore, higher suction levels must be achieved for the same saturation degree regarding lower density [45,46].On the other hand, Gao and Sun [47] and Cai et al. [48] indicated that samples with different dry densities showed very similar behaviours at significant levels of matric suction, a phenomenon that was observed above 700 kPa in this research.ψ (kPa) is the suction, according to authors of models α (kPa) is a soil parameter that defines the inflection point that is greater than the AEV, and n and m are curve fitting parameters.

Hydromechanical Behaviour of the Material at a Constant Matric Suction in the 1D Consolidation Test
Details of the 1D consolidations carried out are shown in Figure 11. Figure 11a,c show the evolution of the void ratio as a function of vertical stress, while Figure 11b,d show the evolution of saturation degree as the applied vertical stress increases.The compression (Cc) and expansion indexes (Cs) for both densities are displayed in Table 7.These indexes are considered apparent to differentiate them from those corresponding to a condition.The oedometric curves in saturated condition shows an approximately normally consolidated behavior (NC) in both dry densities.However the looser density has a compressibility index 26% larger than the highest dry density tested.
The effect of matric suction shows that when a matric suction exceeds the level of the air entry value, the soil becomes stiffer and the compressibility index is slightly reduced compared to the value at 50 kPa (up to 5% for an initial dry density of 16.5 kN/m 3 and 16% for the dry density of 17.5 kN/m 3 , see Table 7).However, the effect on saturation is much more significant, reaching up to 95% for suctions in the range of 50 to 100 kPa and initial dry density of 17.5 kN/m 3 since the lower void ratio.Also, it can be seen the contribution of the matric suction which shows a more clearly pre-consolidated "type" behavior.
Regarding the unloading, it was observed that the matric suction did not have a significant effect, and the expansion indexes were equivalent from a practical point of view to the one corresponding to the saturated condition.This may have occurred since the unloading was carried out at high stress (1600 kPa), and as the evolution of compressibility suggests, the material at that stress level has reached a particle arrangement corresponding to a pseudo-elastic behaviour under unloading.Regarding the effect of the density in the looser sample, the reduction in the void ratio reached approximately 50% of the preparation density if the matric suction did not exceed 50 kPa.In the denser sample, this value was closer to 40% but with matric suction up to 100 kPa.
In terms of the evolution of saturation, it was observed that the value remained stable up to approximately 100 to 200 kPa of vertical stress.However, for higher vertical stresses, the saturation increased at both densities.For a density of 17.5 kN/m 3 and a vertical stress higher than 1600 kPa with matric suctions between 50 and 100 kPa, the material reached a saturation condition of up to 95%.For a density of 16.5 kN/m 3 , the saturation achieved was of about 90%, and only for a matric suction of 50 kPa.Hence, for a ratio between the matric suction and the air entry value of less than twelve (12), the material increases its saturation degree, reaching up to 95%.This behaviour has already been observed by other authors [49,50].However, in those studies, the water content in the sample was correlated and not directly measured, in which differs from this investigation.
Compared to the lower density sample, the denser sample has less porosity, and the reorganization of the solid skeleton reduces the space available for water and therefore it is easier to increase its saturation.The comparison of the results at low suctions against the saturated condition indicated that when the saturation exceeded approximately 80%, the changes in the soil were such as those observed in the saturated condition with vertical stress greater than 800 kPa.This pattern was observed in the looser material at a matric suction of only 50 kPa, while for the denser material, this behaviour takes place at suctions from 50 kPa and 100 kPa.Another way to quantify the effect of matric suction on the compressibility of the material is through the calculation of an apparent pre-consolidation stress using the Casagrande method for each curve.Since the material is remoulded and due to the matric suction, this pre-consolidation is considered apparent (σ P,apparent ).The results are presented in Figure 12, were the values of apparent pre-consolidation stresses correspond to the fit shown in Figure 11a,c.This curve shows an increase in apparent pre-consolidation stresses as matric suction increases, for both densities under study.The slope of this curve decreases with the increase suction, suggesting an asymptotic tendency at very high suction.According to our results, it is suggested to consider suction above 400 kPa to determine the maximum achievable apparent pre-consolidation stress.These results follow the same trend as those presented by Zou et al. [51] and Burton et al. [52].However, they were obtained for natural soils at a constant moisture content.

Hydromechanical Behaviour of Material at a Constant Matric Suction in Drained Triaxial Tests
A series of drained triaxial tests of material at a constant matric suction were carried out to assess the influence on the stiffness and the shear strength.Figures 13 and 14 present the results for the two initial densities studied and the results of the saturated condition as a reference.The tests were carried out at a constant matric suction of 50 kPa in accordance with the SWCC presented above and the humidity expected in the field.First, despite the saturation degree, a contractive behaviour was observed for all of the confinement imposed on the looser preparation (16.5 kN/m 3 ).For the denser case, a slight dilative behaviour was observed at an axial deformation of approximately 6%.From the point of view of shear behaviour, both densities showed an increase in shear strength and stiffness, as suggested by other authors [31,53].
Regarding the isotropic consolidation line (ICL) in Figures and 14d, the effect of suction on its is only evident for the lower density case (16.5 kN/m 3 ).For the denser case, the slopes are very similar suggesting that the effect of on compressibility becomes less relevant as the material has a stiffer skeleton.In the case of the large deformation states from the triaxial tests at failure, the trends are more erratic, and it is not obvious to distinguish a clear trend from these results.In general, changes in slopes with respect to the saturated case are observed for both initial densities.
Figures 13b and 14b shows the shear failure envelopes and their parameters for both preparation densities.A slight reduction in the friction angle was observed for both densities when a constant matric suction of 50 kPa is applied.In addition, an apparent cohesion of about 25-30 kPa appears due to applied matric suction.Figure 15 shows the initial and the evolution of the degree of saturation during the shearing showing that there is no significant variation in this stage.Nevertheless, the saturation increases with the confinement.in stiffness and strength compared to the saturated condition tends to decrease as the confining pressure increases.To quantify this difference, Figure 16a,b shows the ratio between the modulus at 50% the load and the large strain deviatoric stress under saturated and unsaturated conditions, respectively.These figures show that at confinements of about 50 kPa, the increase of stiffness and deviatoric stress could reach up to 600% and 200%, respectively, while at confinements of 200 kPa, the unsaturated condition is only approximately 180% more rigid with an increase of 20% the deviatoric stress for the dry density of 16.5 kN/m 3 .This behaviour was more evident for the preparation at a dry unit weight of 17.5 kN/m 3 due to the increase of saturation in comparison with the lower density (see Figure 15).Then, by applying a matric suction closer to the air entry value, the material behavior approaches the saturated case.These effects were observed in the consolidation tests under the same level of matric suction (see Figure 11a,c).
In this work the matric suctions were maintained as a constant to facilitate the interpretation of the results.However, in the field the material could receive external supplies of water due to climatic conditions or from flows within deposited dry stacks or also experience a more significant reduction in humidity in arid regions.Furthermore, in seismic countries such as Chile, there are also questions about the cyclic behaviour of this type of uncompacted tailing material.These and other factors are expected to be addressed in future phases of this research.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Geographical locations of filtered tailing facilities in Chile.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. (a) Particle size distribution of the material tested.(b) Water content and initial mounting dry unit weight.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Mineralogical composition of the studied material.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Flowchart of the experimental program.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Combination of methods to obtain SWCC.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Combination of methods to obtain SWCC.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Variations in weight relative to test duration and salts used for each density.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Designations of different air volumes.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.1D consolidation tests and the degree of saturation reached.(a) Variation in the void ratio vs. vertical stress at a dry unit weight of 16.5 kN/m 3 .(b) Variation in the void ratio vs. vertical stress at a dry unit weight of 16.5 kN/m 3 .(c) Degree of saturation in each increment of vertical stress at a dry unit weight of 17.5 kN/m 3 .(d) Degree of saturation in each increment of vertical stress at a dry unit weight of 17.5 kN/m 3 .

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Behavior of the soil studied at a dry unit weight of 16.5 kN/m 3 .(a) Diagram of stress relative to axial strain (q vs. ε a ).(b) Diagram of p net vs. q.(c) Volumetric strain versus axial strain.(d) Diagram of p net vs. void ratio during the shear phase.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Behavior of the soil studied at a dry unit weight of 17.5 kN/m 3 .(a) Diagram of stress versus axial strain (q vs. ε a ).(b) Diagram of p net vs. q.(c) Volumetric strain versus axial strain.(d) Diagram of p net vs. void ratio during the shear phase.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15. of the saturation at both densities in the shear

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Stiffness and large strain deviatoric stress ratios for the unsaturated vs. saturated conditions of both dry densities studied.(a) Modulus of stiffness at 50% maximum load.(b) Large strain deviatoric stress.

Table 1 .
Facilities with filtered tailings in Chile.
* Quantity authorized to exploit; ** Updated by the Superintendency of the Environment of the Government of Chile.

Table 2 .
Physical characteristics of filtered tailing.

Table 4 .
Salts used to determine the total suction by the equilibrium vapor technique.

Table 5 .
Tests carried out under saturated and unsaturated conditions.

Table 6 .
SWCC adjustment parameters for each model.θ s and θ r are the volumetric contents of the saturated and residual water, respectively.

Table 7 .
Compression and expansion index as a function of matric suction.
Figure 12.Effect of matric suction on the apparent pre-consolidation stress.