Muscovite Dehydration Melting in Silica ‐ Undersaturated Systems: A Case Study from Corundum ‐ Bearing Anatectic Rocks in the Dabie Orogen

: Corundum ‐ bearing anatectic aluminous rocks are exposed in the deeply subducted North Dabie complex zone (NDZ), of Central China. The rocks consist of corundum, biotite, K ‐ feldspar and plagioclase, and show clear macro ‐ and micro ‐ structural evidence of anatexis by dehydration melting of muscovite in the absence of quartz. Mineral textures and chemical data integrated with phase equilibria modeling, indicate that coarse ‐ grained corundum in leucosome domains is a peritectic phase, reflecting dehydration melting of muscovite through the reaction: Muscovite = Corundum + K ‐ feldspar + Melt. Aggregates of fine ‐ grained, oriented, corundum grains intergrown with alkali feldspar in the mesosome domains are, instead, formed by the dehydration melting of muscovite with aluminosilicate, through the reaction: Muscovite + Al ‐ silicate = Corundum + K ‐ feldspar + Melt. P ‐ T pseudosections modeling in the Na 2 O ‐ CaO ‐ K 2 O ‐ FeO ‐ MgO ‐ Al 2 O 3 ‐ SiO 2 ‐ H 2 O ‐ TiO 2 system constrains peak pressure ‐ temperature (P ‐ T) conditions at 900–950 °C, 9–14 kbar. The formation of peritectic corundum in the studied rocks is a robust petrographic evidence of white mica decompression melting that has occurred during the near ‐ isothermal exhumation of the NDZ. Combined with P ‐ T estimates for the other metamorphic rocks in the area, these new results further confirm that the NDZ experienced a long ‐ lived high ‐ T evolution with a near ‐ isothermal decompression path from mantle depths to lower ‐ crustal levels. Furthermore, our new data suggest that white mica decompression melting during exhumation of the NDZ was a long ‐ lasting process occurring on a depth interval of more than 30 km.


Introduction
Partial melting of high-pressure (HP) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks can significantly influence the tectonothermal evolution of collisional orogens, the geochemical differentiation of the continental crust and crust-mantle interaction dynamics within subduction zones [1][2][3]. Partial melting of deeply buried continental crust at mid-to lower-crustal depths also has critical effects on weakening rocks and promoting deformation, thus playing an important role in evolutional processes of continental collision orogens [4].
In this paper, we report the occurrence of corundum-bearing aluminous rocks from the deeply subducted slice of the Dabie orogen, in Central China. Petrographic observation and phase equilibria modeling suggest that dehydration melting of muscovite in the studied rocks occurred in a silica-undersaturated system during isothermal decompression. The main purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the formation of corundum in such a system, and to discuss their implications for partial melting during exhumation of UHP terranes.

North Dabie Zone
The NDZ is located between the BZ and CDZ, separated by the Xiaotian-Mozitan fault (XMF) in the north and Wuhe-Shuihou fault (WSF) in the south, respectively ( Figure 1). The NDZ is characterized by the exposure of abundant high-T metamorphic rocks of lower crustal origin, mainly consisting of tonalitic to granitic orthogneisses with varying extents of migmatitization and post-collisional Cretaceous intrusions, with subordinate meta-peridotites, garnet-bearing amphibolites and eclogites [51,63,64]. The oriented mineral exsolutions in garnet and clinopyroxene, and the occurrence of micro-diamonds inclusions in zircon and garnet imply that the NDZ eclogites underwent UHP metamorphism at P > 3.5 GPa [49,50,57,58,64,68]. The Triassic zircon U-Pb ages and Sm-Nd ages of the eclogites from the NDZ suggest that these rocks were formed by the Triassic subduction of the South China Block, similar to those from the CDZ and SDZ [45,56,64]. The Triassic metamorphic age and microdiamond inclusions in zircon and garnet from the NDZ banded gneisses suggest that the gneisses hosting the eclogites were also involved in the Triassic deep subduction of the South China Block, thus implying that the NDZ experienced UHP metamorphism as a coherent unit [57,58,63,64,68,69]. Differently from the CDZ and the SDZ, in which the UHP/HP eclogite-facies stage was followed by cooling and decompression under amphibolite-facies conditions, the NDZ experienced a pervasive granulite-facies overprinting accompanied by extensive partial melting and migmatization that partially or completely obliterated the evidence of the earlier metamorphic events at HP/UHP conditions [63,70]. In spite of this pervasive HT overprinting, in the last twenty years an increasing number of UHP/HP eclogite relics have been reported from the NDZ [49][50][51]57,69,71]. In addition, geochronological studies also indicate that the protoliths of the metamorphic rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic igneous rocks [51,64].
Partial melting of UHP metamorphic rocks from the NDZ has been identified and characterized thanks to the study of multiple generations of leucosomes [4,[65][66][67]70]. Recently, the leucosomes within the migmatites in the NDZ were documented to be formed at ~209 Ma and 143-110 Ma, in response to (i) decompression melting under granulite-facies conditions during exhumation, and (ii) heating melting during post-orogenic collapse, respectively [72]. Moreover, the Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions suggest that all the leucosomes have a similar source from the Triassic subducted lower-crustal rocks [72]. Most of the present data point to a complex multistage evolution of the NDZ, characterized by a nearly isothermal decompression at HT/UHT conditions following the UHP metamorphic peak [63,70].

Studies Samples
The corundum-bearing aluminous rocks (samples 1512MZT6 and 1509GB) investigated in this study occur as lenses within strongly mylonitized granitic gneisses from the Mozitan area in the north portion of the NDZ. At the outcrop scale, the corundum-bearing aluminous rocks have the appearance of stromatic migmatites. Corundum porphyroblasts are ubiquitous and their grain-size distribution is heterogeneous. Smaller, <1 cm size, corundum are preferably found in the weakly foliated mesosome consisting of feldspar and biotite, whereas larger, centimetric, corundum are commonly found in the leucosome, associated with coarse grained K-feldspar ( Figure 2). The sampling locations are marked by a little black star in Figure 1.

Whole-Rock Analysis
Bulk-rock major-element compositions of the studied samples were analyzed by the conventional wet chemical method at the Hebei Institute of Regional Geology and Mineral Resources, China. SiO2 and loss on ignition (LOI) were determined by gravimetric methods using a P1245 electronic analytical balance. Al2O3, CaO, MgO and FeO were determined by titration method. TiO2, Fe2O3 and P2O5 were measured by a 722N spectrophotometer. K2O and Na2O were measured by a 6400-flame photometer, while MnO was detected by a WFX-110B atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Analytical uncertainties are better than 1%.

Micro-X-ray Fluorescence (μ-XRF) Maps of the Thin Sections
Qualitative major element X-ray maps of whole thin sections were conducted with Bruker M4 TORNADO equipment (BRUKER Ltd., Hamburg, Germany), located at the CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments in the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China. The operating conditions were 100 ms counting time, 50 kV accelerating voltage and a probe current of 200 μA. The spatial resolution was about 20 μm in both x and y directions. The mineral distribution maps and modal proportion were obtained by processing the raw data with software ARMICS (BRUKER Ltd., Hamburg, Germany).

Mineral Chemistry
Mineral composition was determined by using a JEOL JXA-8230 electron microprobe (EPMA, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at the School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, China. The quantitative analysis was performed using operating conditions of 15 kV accelerating voltage, ~20 nA beam current, peak counting time 10 s, background counting time 5 s and a beam diameter of 3 μm. Standards for this laboratory were natural and synthetic minerals (GB/T 17359-1998; SPI 02753-AB 53 Minerals Standard). The ZAF corrections were applied. The analytical precision was generally better than 2%. Mineral abbreviations used throughout the text, figures and tables are after [73].

Petrography and Mineral Chemistry
The two studied samples had similar bulk compositions (Table 1), and consisted of corundum, alkali-feldspar and biotite, with minor amounts of plagioclase. The modal percentages of each mineral were obtained from qualitative major elements X-ray maps extended over all the thin sections. The two samples differed on the ratio between the leucocratic and the mesocratic domains: sample 1512MZT6 was dominated by leucocratic domains, whereas in sample 1509GB the mesocratic domains prevailed ( Figure 3). Furthermore, sample 1509GB contained more plagioclase than sample 1512MZT6, in agreement with the measured bulk compositions of the two samples.

Petrography of Leucosomes and Mesosomes
The studied corundum-bearing gneisses showed a migmatitic structure consisting of variably deformed leucocratic and mesocratic domains. The coarse-grained leucocratic domains consisted of K-feldspar and corundum and they were interpreted as leucosomes; the fine-grained mesocratic domains mostly consisted of biotite, feldspar and corundum and they were interpreted as mesosomes.
Cm-sized, euhedral crystals of corundum systematically occurred in the central parts of the leucosomes (Figures 3 and 4a,b); they were surrounded by coarse-grained perthitic alkali feldspars (which include relics of biotite and plagioclase; Figure 5f), with which they showed equilibrium relationships (Figures 4b and 5f). Rutile and zircon occurred as accessory phases in the corundum porphyroblasts ( Figure 4a). The euhedral shapes of rutile and zircon crystals indicated that these minerals crystallized from the melt. In some domains, rounded relict muscovite inclusions were found in the core of the corundum porphyroblasts (Figure 5e).  The mesosome domains have a weakly foliated fabric mostly defined by subhedral feldspar and interstitial biotite. In most aluminous levels of the gneisses, mesosome domains also contain corundum, occurring as clusters of oriented grains intergrown with alkali feldspar and aligned along the foliation (Figure 4c,d). The preferential orientation of biotite, feldspar and of the small aggregates of corundum + K-feldspar might represent a relic of an earliest foliation. More detailed petrographic observations of the corundum + K-feldspar intergrowths show the occurrence of inclusions of sillimanite and K-feldspar in the small corundum grains, which suggests that the clusters of corundum could be pseudomorphs after former aluminosilicate grains. Sillimanite only occurs as inclusions in corundum (Figure 5a,b).

Mineral Chemistry
Corundum in sample 1509GB contained more Cr2O3 (Cr2O3 = 0.04-0.26 wt%) than that in sample 1512MZT6 (Cr2O3 = 0.01-0.09 wt%) ( Table 2); this resulted in its reddish (1509GB) vs. bluish (1512MZT6) color in the two samples. In the two samples, coarse-grained corundum in the leucosomes and fine-grained corundum in the mesosomes had similar compositions. Muscovite is only found as relic inclusions within corundum porphyroblasts in the leucosome. White mica has Si per 11-oxygen formula unit ranging from 3.0 to 3.14. Biotite commonly occurs in the mesocratic domains or as round inclusions within K-feldspar in the leucosomes. The analyzed biotites displayed high Al (from 1.55 to 1.85 a.p.f.u. on the basis of 11 oxygen) and relatively high Ti contents (Ti = 0.17-0.25 a.p.f.u.); the highest Ti contents were preserved in biotite inclusions in the K-feldspar of leucosome. Fe/(Fe + Mg) in biotite varied from 0.34 to 0.53.
Plagioclase within the matrix is sodium-rich with a compositional range of Ab72-98. Alkali feldspar is generally perthitic and has a XAb in the range of 0.04-0.34.

Anatectic Origin of Corundum
Corundum formation in rocks has been attributed to a wide variety of processes, including primary igneous crystallization, xenocrysts in alkali igneous rocks, metamorphic, metasomatic, and anatectic origins [36,74]. Textural relationships at both the meso-and micro-scale (Figures 4 and 5) and bulk compositions (Table 1) of corundum-bearing rocks in the NDZ clearly exclude the magmatic and metasomatic origin of the corundum. An intimate association between corundum and leucosomes can be observed, with corundum porphyroblasts systematically occurring within the leucosomes (Figure 4a,b). We therefore infer that the corundum formed in situ during anatexis. The anatectic model is in agreement with the large size of corundum in leucosomes, as well as with its euhedral shape.
A number of experimental studies have demonstrated that corundum can be a peritectic phase during partial melting of muscovite in the absence of quartz [75][76][77][78][79]. Experiments in the system K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (KASH), showed that corundum + melt + K-feldspar form through incongruent melting of muscovite under water-absent conditions at pressures of 1.5 GPa at 885 °C [78]. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that, opposite to sub-solidus conditions, under which aluminum is a highly immobile element, Al2O3 may rapidly be transported to the surface of growing corundum crystals in the presence of melt [80].
Natural examples of corundum-bearing migmatites have been reported from different localities. Dehydration melting of muscovite with the formation of peritectic corundum, K-feldspar and melt was described by [27] in the Lewisian Complex, North-west Scotland. They reported peritectic melting of aluminous rocks to give corundum-bearing restites and quartz-normative melts at T = 900-925 °C and P > 1.1 GPa. [81] reported the formation of corundum porphyroblasts in anatexites from the Mozambique Belt near Morogoro, in Tanzania. However, they suggested that corundum formed through dehydration of paragonite, according to the reaction: Paragonite = Albite + Corundum + H2O at T = 695 °C and P = 0.77 GPa. [22] described the corundum-leucosome-bearing aluminous gneiss from Ayyarmalai, Southern Granulite Terrain, India. They thought that corundum is the peritectic product of muscovite dehydration-melting in a silica-undersaturated system within a narrow P-T range of ca. 800 °C and 10-12 kbar. Corundum megacryst-bearing rocks belonging to the Nakkedal Nappe Complex, North Norwegian Caledonides were studied by [44]. They suggested that corundum was formed through the incongruent melting of plagioclase under water-saturated conditions, at temperatures >850 °C and pressure >1.2 GPa. Overall, natural occurrences of corundum-bearing anatectic rocks described so far are the result of high-temperature (amphiboliteto granulite-facies) metamorphism of Al-rich and Si-poor protoliths. These suitable protoliths and P-T conditions occur where passive margins are subducted at continental collision zones. Therefore, corundum-bearing anatectic rocks are considered to be a plate tectonic indicator [74].

Reaction Microstructures and Petrogenetic Grid
Microstructures and mineral assemblages observed in both the leucosome and mesosome domains point to corundum formation through in situ partial melting involving muscovite breakdown. More specifically: (i) In the leucosomes, the occurrence of muscovite relics within corundum porphyroblasts suggests that corundum grew at the expense of muscovite. Moreover, textural relationships in the leucosomes (i.e., corundum porphyroblasts systematically occurring in the central part of the leucosomes) are similar to the structures described for granulite-facies migmatites which experienced peritectic melting involving biotite [82][83][84], where low melt fractions and the absence of differential stresses allowed the anatectic melt to accumulate at the sites of nucleation and growth of peritectic ferromagnesian phases such as garnet, cordierite, and orthopyroxene. By analogy, corundum was interpreted here as the peritectic product of muscovite dehydration melting.
(ii) In the mesosomes, corundum occurs in aggregates of oriented grains intergrown with K-feldspar (Figure 4c,d) and locally includes rounded sillimanite relics rimmed by K-feldspar (Figure 5a,b). [23] described similar microstructures in aluminous gneisses from the central Grenville Province, consisting of resorbed, rounded quartz, rimmed by K-feldspar and included in sillimanite; they suggested that this was evidence for melting involving muscovite breakdown in the presence of quartz, according to the reaction: Muscovite + Quartz ± Plagioclase → Al-silicate + K-feldspar + Liquid, with the Al-silicate formed in the presence of melt. By analogy, we suggest that the clusters of small corundum are the product of the muscovite dehydration melting in the presence of Al-silicate, according to the reaction Muscovite + Al-silicate → Corundum + K-feldspar + Liquid.
Phase relations of metapelite in the NCKFMASH system are largely controlled by the phase relations in the subsystem KFMASH, which in turn is governed by the subsystem KASH. In our samples, aside from the small Mg content of muscovite (see Table 2), biotite is the only ferromagnesian phase which has the passive behavior during melting and the addition of CaO and Na2O introduces only one phase, plagioclase. Hence, muscovite melting reactions that have occurred in the studied corundum-bearing rocks can be constrained, as a first approximation, using a relatively simple P-T projection in the model system KASH. The petrogenetic grid was calculated with the software PerpleX (version 6.8.6, [85]) using the thermodynamic data set of [86], the equation of state for H2O of [87,88] and the solution model of [89] for the melt phase.
The calculated P-T projection in the system KASH ( Figure 6) shows both quartz-present and quartz-absent equilibria. The main phases considered are muscovite, aluminosilicate, K-feldspar, quartz, corundum, liquid and H2O. Within the considered P-T range, the topology of equilibria around the invariant points [Crn] and [Qtz] agrees with the chemographies deduced from experimental studies and thermodynamic modeling [78,86]. The calculated P-T projection is also consistent with that published by [22] except for the different location of the [Als, Qtz] absent invariant point, which is likely due to the updated thermodynamic data of [86].  [22] and it was explained as the result of uncertainties inherent in the thermodynamic data set; this reaction does not have a significant influence on corundum-bearing rocks. The numbers from 1 to 4 refer to the reactions discussed in the text.
The quartz-absent reaction curves emanating from the invariant point [Qtz] are located at higher temperatures than the quartz-present equilibria and are the key for the interpretation of metamorphic reactions in silica-undersaturated systems. In silica-undersaturated rocks, the sub-solidus dehydration of muscovite occurs through Reaction (1): When water is present as a vapour phase, the first melt-producing reaction encountered is the vapour-present muscovite melting with Al-silicate (Reaction (2)), Ms + Als + H2O = Crn + Melt (2) which occurs at T > 780 °C and produces corundum as a peritectic phase. Under vapour-absent conditions, however, the first voluminous melt-producing reaction is the muscovite dehydration melting with Al-silicate (Reaction (3)),

Ms + Als = Kfs + Crn + Melt
which occurs at slightly higher temperatures and yields both corundum and K-feldspar as peritectic products. In the absence of Al-silicate, muscovite starts melting at higher temperatures (i.e., T > 840 °C) through Reaction (4), emanating from the [Sil, Qtz] invariant point, which also produces corundum and K-feldspar as peritectic phases. The growth of coarse-grained peritectic corundum porphyroblasts hosted in leucosome domains is modeled by the muscovite dehydration melting reaction (Reaction (4): Ms = Kfs + Crn + Melt) at P-T conditions above the [Als, Qtz] invariant point (11 kbar, 840 °C). The clusters of oriented corundum grains intergrown with alkali feldspar occurring in mesocratic domains and the inclusions of sillimanite and K-feldspar in these small corundum grains both suggest that these aggregates of corundum could be pseudomorphs after former aluminosilicate grains. In the KASH system, these microstructures are well explained by the vapour-absent dehydration melting of muscovite with Al-silicate (Reaction (3): Ms + Als = Kfs + Crn + Melt).

P-T Pseudosection Modelling and P-T Evolution
Pseudosection modelling provides further insight on the melting reactions and assists in the interpretation of the microstructures. The P-T pseudosection was computed in the system Na2O-CaO-K2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-TiO2 (NCKFMASHT). Fe 3+ was neglected because Fe 3+ rich oxides were absent and the amount of Fe 3+ in the analysed minerals was very low. The phase diagram was calculated using Perple X (version 6.8.6; [85]), with the updated internally consistent thermodynamic database of [86]. The solid solution models of minerals considered in the calculation were: melt, garnet, biotite and white mica [89], feldspar [90] and spinel [91]. P-T pseudosection was calculated for the sample 1509GB. The effective bulk composition ( Table  1) was obtained by combining the mineral proportions obtained from the modal estimate of micro-XRF maps (Figure 3) with mineral chemistry acquired at EPMA ( Table 2). The bulk H2O was calculated based on the proportion of biotite using the H-Ti substitution scheme of [92] (see also [93]). The effective bulk composition was used for the thermodynamic modeling because the determined bulk composition obtained using conventional methods do not provide an accurate estimate of H2O content. The effective bulk composition based on the mineral proportions obtained from the modal estimate of the XRF map of the whole thin section combined with the mineral chemistry acquired at the EPMA allows a precise estimate of the modal percentage of hydrous minerals (biotite) in the rock.
The P-T pseudosection for sample 1509 GB is shown in Figure 7. In this pseudosection, the solidus is predicted at temperature between 740 and 850 °C over the range of modelled pressure (5-15 kbar), although the solidus temperature will vary slightly with any change in H2O content. The peak phase assemblage in this sample was inferred to have been biotite + K-feldspar + corundum + liquid. Rutile was interpreted as crystallized directly from the melt, because it is idioblastic and exclusively present in the leucosomes. The observed peak phase assemblage was modeled by the broad Crn + L + Bt + Kfs field in Figure 7, at conditions above 870 °C, 6 kbar. The Ti-in biotite isopleths (maximum Ti content of 0.25 a.p.f.u. measured on biotite inclusions in the K-feldspar of leucosome) further constrained peak P-T conditions at ca. 900-950 °C and 9-14 kbar.

White Mica Decompression Melting in the NDZ
Dehydration of hydrous minerals is crucial for partial melting of deep continental crust, because in most cases continental crustal rocks, especially in the middle and lower crustal levels, are devoid of free water. White mica is one of the most common hydrous minerals in continental crustal rocks subducted at depth, being thermodynamically stable in a large pressure range, even at UHP conditions. According to both experimental and thermodynamic studies [7,12], the isothermal decompression of deeply subducted continental crustal slices would cause phengite breakdown, triggering dehydration-driven in situ partial melting of HP/UHP eclogite-facies rocks, now overprinted by granulite-facies assemblages. The positive P-T slopes of the dehydration melting reactions involving phengite and/or muscovite explains why dehydration melting during decompression is a relatively common process during continental collision (i.e., these reactions are systematically crossed during decompression). Based on petrogenetic grids and P-T pseudosections, it has been suggested that up to 40 vol% melt may be produced during isothermal decompression melting assuming a closed system behavior [94]. Even in the case of melt loss episodes, the amount of melt produced during isothermal decompression melting of white mica -bearing rocks should be sufficient to significantly influence the rheological and chemical behavior of continental crust.
The NDZ is an ideal natural laboratory for exploring the importance of white mica decompression melting. In fact, the NDZ underwent a complex metamorphic evolution characterized by repeated episodes of anatexis, resulting in the widespread exposure of migmatites with different generations of granitic leucosomes and dykes [65]. The complex anatectic evolution of the NDZ is mostly related to its retrograde history. The whole retrograde P-T-t evolution of the NDZ was constrained by [63] by applying the Zr-in-rutile and Ti-in-zircon thermometers and zircon U-Pb geochronology on granulitized eclogites. They provided evidence of a multistage high temperature evolution, from UHP eclogite-facies conditions to granulite-facies overprinting. Recently, several studies focusing on the partial melting of NDZ suggest that the NDZ experienced at least two anatectic events [65,70]. The first anatectic event was related to decompression-melting during exhumation in the Triassic, whereas the second anatectic event was related to post-orogenic heating-melting, coeval with the widespread Cretaceous migmatization in the NDZ.
The first, decompression-melting event experienced by the NDZ was constrained based on petrographic observations from the granulitized eclogites, suggesting that, during the initial exhumation in the Triassic, phengite began to melt according to the melting reaction: Phe + Cpx + Qz = melt + San + Grt + Pl [70]. Petrologic modeling constrained this event at pressures of about 20 kbar, for T > 850°C.
The corundum-bearing gneisses investigated in this study provide additional petrographic and petrologic evidence for white mica decompression melting in the NDZ. We have demonstrated that corundum is a peritectic phase (i.e., it grew in equilibrium with anatectic melt) and is derived from muscovite dehydration melting in a silica-undersaturated system. Petrogenetic grid and P-T pseudosection modeling suggest that the corundum-bearing rocks experienced peak P-T conditions at ca. 900-950 °C and 9-14 kbar, i.e., at lower pressures with respect to those estimated for the granulitized eclogites.
Combining our new data with those obtained for the granulitized eclogites in the area [55,63,70], it is suggested that the white mica decompression melting during exhumation of the NDZ was a long-lasting process occurring on a depth interval of more than 30 km (Figure 8). Figure 8. Synthesis of the NDZ P-T path (modified from [70]), with emphasis on the main melt-producing reactions occurred during isothermal decompression, as inferred from previous studies (black and grey dashed curves: S04: [10]; P98, [95]; D19: [70]; A06: [12]) on granulitized eclogites and from this study (red dashed curves) on corundum-bearing anatectic gneisses. The yellow ellipse refers to the peak P-T conditions estimated for the corundum-bearing assemblages.

Conclusions
The corundum-bearing rocks in the NDZ provide a classic example of quartz-absent muscovite decompression melting during exhumation of deeply subducted crustal slices. Textural evidence and phase equilibria modeling suggest that corundum was formed by two different muscovite dehydration melting reactions: (1) in the leucosomes, the coarse-grained peritectic corundum grew through the reaction: Ms = Crn + Kfs + Melt; (2) in the mesosomes, the fine-grained corundum + K-feldspar clusters grew through the reaction: Ms + Als = Kfs + Crn + Melt, in the sites of aluminosilicates. P-T pseudosection modeling constrain peak P-T conditions at ca. 900-950 °C, 9-14 kbar, in good agreement with the P-T evolution of the eclogites in the region. These results are robust evidence that the NDZ experienced white mica decompression melting during exhumation, and confirm that partial melting in UHP rocks commonly took place during decompression exhumation.